阅读障碍初探

阅读障碍初探
阅读障碍初探

初三英语阅读理解(10篇)

初三英语阅读理解(10篇) (一) Little Tom down the street calls our dog "The keep dog".Zip is a sheep dog. But when Tom tries to say" Seep", it comes out "keep". And in a way Tom is right. Zip is always bringing things hoem for us to keep! I'll tell you about some of them. Zip's first present was a shoe. It was made of green silk. We didn't know how Zip found the shoe. But after a moment Mary, my big sister, told me the shoe had a strange smell. I nodded(点头)and held my nose. "What do you think it is?" "It smells like something for cleaning. I think someone tried to clean a spot (污点) off the shoe. Then he put it at the door to dry." "Along came Zip. And good-bye shoe!" I said."We should take it back." "We can't ".said my sistter. "Maybe little Tom is right," Mary said. "Maybe Zip is a keep dog!" 1.The writer and Mary didn't know______. A.what Zip's first present was B.how Zip carried its first present home C.who owned Zip's first present D.what Zip's first present was made of

汉语发展性深层阅读障碍的个案研究

收稿日期:2001-08-15。  3国家自然科学基金(30070259)和香港理工大学基金(CRG G -YC74))资助项目。 汉语发展性深层阅读障碍的个案研究 3 栾 辉 舒 华   黎程正家   林 薇 (北京师范大学心理学系,北京 100875) (香港理工大学护理与医疗科学系,香港) (北京金色雨林学习能力研究中心,北京100045) 摘 要 报告了一个发展性阅读障碍个案J ,J 的语音技能存在缺陷,音位、声调意识差,语音短时记忆能力弱,在汉字命名中产生大量语义错误、视觉错误和选择错误,表现出一系列深层阅读障碍症候群,是一例典型的深层阅读障碍个案。还讨论了汉语发展性阅读障碍亚类型的分类标准以及分布特点。关键词 发展性深层阅读障碍,生理年龄对照组,语音缺陷,语义错误。分类号 B842 1 引 言 汉语发展性阅读障碍的研究是目前活跃的崭新研究领域。研究者一系列的集体研究证实了汉语中阅读障碍的存在[1],发现阅读障碍儿童的心理词典中汉字的形、音、义表征及其联结都很弱[2],阅读障碍儿童的困难可能表现在字词水平,也可能表现在段落水平[3]。进一步的研究发现,阅读障碍儿童组内的个体差异极大[4],表现出不同的特点及缺陷。采用针对性强、深入细致的个案研究方法,对阅读障碍儿童进行区分与分类,开展汉语发展性阅读障碍的亚类型研究成为研究者面临的重要课题。 根据双通道信息加工理论,西方发展性阅读障碍主要分为语音阅读障碍和表层阅读障碍,它们分 别来源于亚词汇(语音)和词汇(视觉)通路受到损害。第三种阅读障碍—深层阅读障碍—的定义由Marshall 和Newcombe [5]首先提出,这种类型的病人 的亚词汇通路受到损伤,词汇通路也相对较弱,只能利用间接的正字法表征与语义表征的匹配,并从语义表征中提取语音,从而产生语义、视觉和构词错误,病人对词的可想象性和具体性非常敏感,他们在 阅读中出现语义错误(即读出与目标词有语义关系的词,如:city →town ,mother →daughter )、视觉错误(visual error ,如:chest →cheat )、词源错误(deriva 2tional error ,如:children →child )、功能词替换错误(function word substitutions ,如:them →us )。 西方发展性阅读障碍个案研究的发现以语音障 碍和表层障碍为主,深层障碍的个案较少[6~8]。1983年,Johnston [6]首次报告了一个个案C.R ,18 岁,女性,在382个单词的命名任务中,她错了85 个,并产生了5个语义错误,如,chair →table 。Siegel [7]检验了6个不同年龄的阅读障碍儿童的口语阅读,发现他们表现出深层语义障碍的症候群,产生语义错误(如:look →see ,cat →kitten )、视觉错误、功能词错误、词源错误。Temple [8]报告了一个个案K.S ,在他9岁时进行的一项单词命名任务中,共产生了77个错误,其中有4个语义错误,eye →blue 、mother →mummy 、Peter →pan 、Mary →Brenda 。这个深层语义障碍的个案也受到一些质疑,因为K.S 曾有过听觉损伤,并且早期使用的语言并非英语,而是祖鲁语。 在日语中,Yamada [9]报告了一个发展性深层阅读障碍个案,12岁的男孩T.S ,他的主要特征是在阅读中产生大量的视觉错误(2615%)、语义错误(1215%)、选择错误(selection error ,即产生目标字组成的双字词中的另外一个字,如将目标字“季 [ki ]”读作“[setsu ]节”,‘节’与‘季’构成词‘季节’)(2315%)以及一些混合性错误,研究者认为这些错 误是语音通路损害与较弱视觉通路相互作用的结果。 在汉语中,Lai [10]对40名智力正常的香港阅读障碍儿童分别进行了阅读(或命名)测验,发现他们产生大量的视觉、语义、选择以及混合错误,表现出深层阅读障碍的特点,从而证实汉语发展性阅读障  心 理 学 报 2002,34(4):338~343 Acta Psychologica Sinica 338

阅读障碍

今年上三年级的悦悦,家长反映他语文听写成绩很差,刚学过的字很快就忘记,读书速度很慢,阅读时老是漏字、读错字、跳行,读不成句子,而且读完之后不知道什么意思。不太记住。数学题方面家长讲题能理解,但自己做时容易出错。当爸爸带悦悦到美希儿童教育工作室经过综合的测试评估后,我们发现他有较严重阅读障碍,悦悦的阅读能力和识字量水平,仅相当于一年级孩子的水平。阅读障碍问题,是造成他学习困难的重要原因。 阅读障碍是学习障碍的最主要类型之一,占所有被诊断为学习障碍儿童的70%以上。据研究资料表明,英语国家中有阅读障碍的儿童高达10%-30%,汉语儿童中有阅读障碍的人约10%-50%左右。 阅读障碍儿童通常有如下表现: 1、认字与记字障碍重重,刚学过的字很快就忘记; 2、听写成绩很差; 3、朗读时增字、减字,读错字,跳行; 4、阅读速度很慢,逐字阅读或以手指协助; 5、语言表达能力不错,但写作文很枯燥; 6、阅读后回答问题有困难; 7、错别字连篇,写字经常多一划或少一笔; 8、经常搞混形近的字,如把视与祝弄混; 9、经常搞混音近的字; 10、学习拼音障碍,经常把Q看成O; 11、爱做数学计算题,不爱阅读和学习语文; 12、朗读尚佳,但对内容一知半解,不知所云。 儿童有六条以上的均存在阅读障碍,需要在美希儿童教育进行针对性的阅读障碍纠正或综合阅读能力提升训练。 造成阅读障碍的原因: 1、视知觉能力落后。例如:视觉分辨能力和视觉追踪能力落后,就会造成阅读时加字漏字,跳行,阅读速度很慢等现象; 2、听知觉能力落后,会造成读而不闻,读而不懂等现象;另外如失语症、智力迟钝和运动失调等大脑神经功能障碍也会造成阅读障碍。 3、心理、情绪因素造成的。有的孩子存在严重的胆小、自卑情绪,不敢在课堂上朗读,结果越不练就越有障碍,还有的孩子非常敏感,对别人的评价特别紧张,生怕读错了引起同学笑话,所以朗读时忧心忡忡,不能够轻松流畅地阅读。 4、教育方法问题。对于阅读障碍的孩子,家长和老师要学会用正确的态度看待孩子的问题,不要总是一味地逼着孩子练习阅读,而不是用科学的方法进行特殊训练,长时间不见成效,孩子就会产生很大的心理压力,对阅读更加有抵触情绪,甚至产生厌烦心理。 美希儿童教育中心老师在长期教育实践中,建议从以下几个方面帮助儿童的进行有效纠正阅读障碍的问题: 1、针对性视觉统合系列训练:如:准备一张白纸,家长在白纸上用彩色笔写数字1——100,注意数字在白纸上书写顺序逐渐排列混乱、顺序位置颠倒;让孩子按1—100数字顺序找寻连线;每日2—3张。 2、提升听知觉练习,培养儿童阅读兴趣,调整指导儿童阅读方法;如:每日晚饭后,陪儿童读一篇短小精典的美文或故事,陪同孩子一起有感情的朗读,可采取:扮角色朗读、分段朗读、指定朗读等不同形式;读后家长有意识的提问,

神经康复学试卷(B卷)

诚信考试,考试作弊者将不授予学士学位! (详见学校学士学位授予细则文件) 《神经康复学》考试试卷(B卷) 专业班级学号姓名 考试日期:年月日考试时间:100分钟 一、名词解释(每题2.5分,共10分) 1、突触的可塑性: 2、亨特综合征: 3、神经康复学: 4、阿尔兹海默病: 二、判断题(每题1分,共8分,正确打√,错误打ㄨ) 1、在多发性硬化的影像学检查中,CT是诊断多发性硬化最有效的辅助手段。( ) 2、偏瘫急性期正确的体位摆放应该是将患侧肢体置于抗痉挛体位。() 3、吉兰-巴雷综合征是导致急性弛缓性瘫痪最常见的原因。()

4、脊髓炎急性期康复训练的主要目的是防止失用综合征为以后康复创造条件。() 5、静止性震颤常为帕金森病的首发症状。() 6、神经生长因子是影响中枢神经可塑性的外在因素。() 7、在诊断为AD的人群中,女性患病率低于男性。() 8、面神经炎的发病部位位于茎乳孔以上面神经管内。() 三、单选题(每题1分,共43分) 1、中枢神经的可塑性的核心是() A.对侧半球代偿 B.突触可塑性 C.神经轴突发芽 D.古旧脑代偿 2、急性脑出血首选的影像学检查是() A.CR B.DSA C.CT D.MR 3、在运动控制中主要起承上启下作用的神经中枢结构是() A.脊髓 B.脑干 C.基底神经节 D.小脑 4、下列神经促进技术的治疗方法中,强调患者认知能力在康复治疗中的重要作用的是( ) A.Baboth神经发育疗法

B.Brunnstrom运动疗法 C.运动再学习方法 D.神经肌肉本体感觉促进技术 5、动眼神经麻痹的临床表现中不包括( ) A.上睑下垂 B.复视 C.光反射消失 D.内斜视 6、脑卒中最常见的类型是() A.脑血栓形成 B.脑栓塞 C.脑出血 D.蛛网膜下腔出血 7、下列脑神经中属于混合神经的是() A.面神经 B.舌下神经 C.视神经 D.外展神经 8、失用症是指() A.偏瘫肢体运动功能障碍 B.偏瘫肢体感觉功能障碍 C.偏瘫患者的触觉障碍 D.偏瘫患者的认知障碍 9、颅脑损伤后记忆障碍的康复治疗方法中,不属于内部策略的是() A.背诵

最新中考英语阅读理解分类训练(20200708142120)

最新中考英语阅读理解分类训练 环境保护类短文阅读 1. 阅读理解 It is reported that some developed counties have shipped broken parts of computes to China.Such a thing can be founded every day although it is against international laws. Last month Hong Kong officers found 131,000 kilograms of broken computers, TVs and phones send from Japan. Things like these are called electronic waste, or e-waste. Dealing with is not an easy job because dangerous poison like mercury(汞)and lead (铅)can be found in them. Every time an old computer breaks down, it needs to be deal with safely. But at present, broken computer parts are usually buried. It may be hundreds of years before they are really goes in the earth. Many places in China are polluted by e-waste. Guiyu in Guangdong province is one of them. This town is named as”the e-waste capital of the world”. It has to deal with 1.5mllion kilograms of e-waste each year, from which it makes 75 million years. But it comes at a cost. Many of the poison in e-waste find their way into the environment. Plastic is burned outdoors and chemical water is poured into rivers, Greenpeace, an environmental group, has found the air, the earth and the rivers in G uiyu badly polluted. The Chinese government wants the country to develop, but in a way that doesn;t do harm to the environment life. This year,China presents a new protection law, the strictest one we have ever had. Computer and people’s complies like Lenovo and Dell will be asked to take back their old computers. This is because the complies that make computers know best to deal with them safely. Hopefully, the problem with e-waste will be solved in near future. 61. The e-waste found in Hong Kong last month was from ________. A.France B.Japan C.Germany D. Aus tralia 62. The underlined word buried probably means _______ in the passage. A.焚烧 B.障碍 C.回收 D.掩埋 63. The town of Guiya in Guangdong Province _________. A.is the e-capital of the world B.has serious e-waste pollution C. Deals with e-waste safely D.speeds much money on e-waste 64. This year,the Chinese government __________.

2019中考英语阅读理解100篇(一):中考英语阅读理解真题及答案(1-20)(完整版)

中考英语阅读理解100篇:中考英语阅读理解真题及答案(1) Edward rose early on the New-year morning. He looked in every room and wished a Happy New Year to his family. Then he ran into the street to repeat that to those he might meet. When he came back, his father gave him two bright, new silver dollars. His face lighted up as he took them. He had wished for a long time to buy some pretty books that he had seen at the bookstore. He left the house with a light heart, expecting to buy the books. As he ran down the street, he saw a poor family. “I wish you a Happy New Year.” said Edward, as he was passing on. The man shook his head. “You are not from this country.” said Edward. The man again shook his head, for he could not understand or speak his language. But he pointed to his mouth and to the children shaking with cold, as if (好像) to say, “These little ones have had nothing to eat for a long time.” Edward quickly understood that these poor people were in trouble. He took out his dollars and gave one to the man, and the other to his wife. They were excited and said something in their language, which doubtless meant, “We thank you so much that we will remember you all the time.” When Edward came home, his father asked what books he had bought. He hung his head a moment, but quickly looked up. “I have bought no books”, said he. “I gave my money to some poor people, who seemed to be very hungry then.” He went on, “I think I can wait for my books till next New Year.” “My dear boy,” said his father, “here are some books for you, more as a prize for your goodness of heart than as a New-year gift” “I saw you give the money cheerfully to the poor German family. It was nice for a little boy to do so. Be always ready to help others and every year of your life will be to you a Happy New Year.” 48. Edward expected to _________ with the money he got from his father. A. help the poor family B. buy something to eat C. buy some pretty books D. learn another language 49. Why did the poor man shake his head when Edward spoke to him? A. He couldn’t understand the boy B. He wouldn’t accept the money C. He didn’t like the boy’s language D. He was too cold to say anything 50. How much did Edward give the poor family? A. One dollar B. Two dollars C. Three dollars D. Four dollars 51. We know that Edward_________ from the passage? A. got a prize for his kind heart B. had to buy his books next year C. bought the books at the bookstore D. got more money from his father 【参考答案】:48-51 CABA 【语篇解读】:本篇是一个记叙文。主要记叙了一个叫Edward的小男孩,用父母给自己的两美元去帮助更需要的穷人。最后小男孩不仅从爸爸那得到了喜欢的书作为新年礼物并且

中文发展性阅读障碍的认知

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