非谓语动词 (1)

一、作主语
To help poor people is our duty.= It is our duty to help poor people.
Seeing is believing.
1）_______ twice a year, whether it is a car or a bus or a truck, is the rule that every driver must obey in this year. A. Examing B. Examined
C. Being examined
D. Having been examined
2).______ to sunlight for too much time will do harm to one’s skon.
A. Exposed
B. Having exposed
C. Being exposed
D. After being exposed
3) It took a long time for the connection between body temperature and illness ______ A. to make B. to be made C. making D. being made
二、作宾语
Vt + doing （略）:
Vt +to do: （略）
vt+ to do / -ing 有区别的：（略）
三、作表语
My job is to feed chicken. （表具体的行为）
His hobby is collecting stamps. （表抽象的或一般行为）
She looks worried. The door remained locked. (表状态)
-ing作表语: 主语所具有的特征，“令人/使人…的”
-ed作表语:主语（通常为人）所处的心理特征“感到….”
The story is exciting.
You are excited when you read it.
四、作定语
（一）不定式作定语与所修饰的名词存在的关系
1．主谓关系= 定语从句（用主动形式）
You must find a person to help you.= a person who can help you.
He is always the first one to come to school. =the first one who comes to school.
Ex: The first person ______ perspective in his paintings was Massaccio in 1428.
A. using
B. to use
C. uses
D. used
2．动宾关系
1) 常用被动形式=含被动语态的定语从句
An agreement to be signed next week will concern every one of us.
= which is to be signed
2) S + have/ get sth to do ( 用主动形式)
Get him something to eat./ She has a lot of work to do.
Ex: Li lei is going to Tangshan, do you have anything ______to your uncle ?
A. to take
B. taken
C. taking
D. to be taken
3）不定式与直接宾语有动宾关系，而间接宾语是不定式的逻辑主语时，（用主动形式）S+ vt + sb +sth +to do
Mother bought me a new coat to wear. / Please give me some paper to write on.
Here’s a patient for you to look after.
4).there be sth +to do (主被动均可)
There are two experiments to do （要做）/ to be done （可以做）
There’s nothing to do now.=We have nothing to do now.
There’s nothing to be done now. =We can’t do anything now.
3. 既不具有动宾也没有主谓关系（用主动形式）
There’s no need to worry about him./ Cf: There is no need to worry .
We have no time to think about it.
4. 不及物动词构成的不定式与被修饰的名词有动宾关系，须用To + vi +prep
I need a pen to write with. There is nothing to worry about.
The chair is comfortable to sit on.
EX: We have been looking for the boy all the morning, but he is nowhere ______.
A. to see
B. seeing
C. seen
D. to be seen
（二）ing作定语
1.表经常性的动作或状态=含一般时态的定从
They lived in a room facing south.= which faced
Australia is the only country covering an entire continent.= that covers
Ex: There was a terrible noise _____ the sudden burst of light.
A. followed
B. following
C. to be followed
D. being followed
2表正在进行=含进行时态的定从
A sleeping boy =a boy who is sleeping
Developing countries = countries that are developing.
3. 表用途
A sleeping bag =a bag (which is used )for sleeping
A waiting room= a room ( which is used) for waiting.
Ex:1) Reading is an experience quite different from watching TV; there are pictures _____ in your mind instead of before your eyes.
A. to form
B. form
C. forming
D. having formed
2). Don’t respond to any e-mails _____ personal information, no matter how official they look.
A. searching
B. asking
C. requesting
D. questioning
(三) 过分作定语
A broken window, experienced teachers
The problem discussed at the meeting=which was discussed
A kite made of silk =which is made (vt的过分可以换成含被动的定从)
A returned soldier =a soldier who has returned(vi的过分可以换成表动作完成或表状态的定从) Ex1: The disc digitally ______in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. having recorded
2: Don’t use words, experessions, or phrases_______only to people with specific knowledge.
A. being known
B. having been known
C. to be know
D. known
3. There have been several new events ______ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games . A. add B. to add C. adding D. added
4. Her ______ voice on the phone suggested that she was excited with the news I told her. A. excited B. exciting C. excite D. to be excited
5. The girl looked at me with a _______ expression. Maybe the problem was quite ____. A. puzzled, puzzling B. puzzling, puzzled
C. puzzeled, puzzeled
D. puzzling, puzzled
Note: 非谓语动词作定语的时间关系
The building to be finished at the end of this year will be our new teaching building.（动作将要发生）
Did you hear the noise being made by the running train?（动作正在发生）
Most of the guests invited to the party were her classmates.（动作已完成）
五. 作状语
1) To do 作状语，表目的，结果，原因
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.
His family was too poor to support him.
He woke up only to find himself in hospital. (意外结果)
We are glad to hear the news.
EX: I’m examing the article he has just finished ______ the possible mistakes in it.
A. being corrected
B. to correct
C. corrected
D. having corrected
2) -ing 作状语，表时间，条件，原因，结果，让步，伴随( 逻辑主语与句子主语一致，
有主谓关系)
Mr. Bumble, having spread a handkerchief over his knee, began to eat and drink.
=who had spread （时间）
Hearing the cry for help, they all rushed out. = when they were hearing .（时间）
Knowing all this , they made me pay for the damage. （让步）
Not knowing his address, I can’t send this book to him.（原因）
Many of us, being so excited, couldn’t go to sleep that night.（原因）
She was so angry that she threw the toy on the ground , breaking it into pieces.(自然而然的结果) They stood there for half an hour ,watching the stars in the sky.（伴随）
Ex: China became the 143rd member of the WTO on December 11,2001, thus ____its 15-year wish to join the global trade.
A. realized
B. to realize
C. having realized
D. realizing
注意：1. 以下为“悬垂分词”，
Climbing to the top of the hill, there is a beautiful view to be seen.
Entering the house, the door closed with a bang.
Waiting for a bus , a brick fell on my head.
Having been away from his hometown for more than 20 years, no one recognized him.应修改：Climbing to the top of the hill, he saw a beautiful view.
Entering the house, he closed the door with a bang.
2.-ing（非延续动词）若发生在谓语动词之前，应用having done, 但某些非延续性动词，如hear, see, return, understand, turn, arrive, learn等表位移或心理的动词，若先于谓语动词发生，仍用一般式，只能为于句首，也可用on+doing来代替。

Alan, _______home very late from club, found an angry wife waiting for him at breakfast. A. returning B. to return C. returned D. has return
作状语，要求逻辑主语一致，否则用On one’s doing sth
On reading the letter, he cried.= As soon as he read the letter.
On our arriving at home last night, it began to rain heavily.
3)-ed 作状语（同-ing ）（逻辑主语与句子主语一致，有被动关系）
When (it is ) heated, water can be changed into steam.
(If they had been )Given/giving more attention, the cabbages could have grown better.
(As it was) founded in 1636, Harvard is one of the most famous universities in the United States. The actress came in,(who was) followed by her fans.
She sat by the window, lost in thought.
Note: be lost in , be faced with, be dressed in, be intended for,等作状语时，省去be (Though he was) Much tired, he still kept on working.
EX: 1) The official’s speech, _____ to please the artists in the conversition, was interrupted now and then, however.
A. had intended
B. intended
C. being intended
D. to intend
2). ________ that there was a danger close to the volcano, he stood far away watching it. A. To believe B. Believing in C. Convinced D. Convincing
Ex1 :_____ alone at home, Sam did not feel afraid at all.
A. Left
B. Leaving
C. Being
D. Having left
2: Hit by a car,____________.
A. a police man was asked to help
B. the driver was searched
C. she was sent to the nearest hospital at once.
D. He was looked for everywhere
3. Finding her car stolen,________.
A. a policeman was asked to help
B. the area was searched
C. it was looked for everywhere
D.she hurried to a policeman for help.
4. No matter how well translated, we don’t like the poem.应改为：
注意：1过分作状语与并列句的区别：(过分作状语，不再用but, so ,and ,or)
Known to all, so he was recognized very easily.
=Because he was known to all,
Laughed at by everyone, but he had my sympathy.
=Though he was laughed at by everyone,
Ex:1) ______ many times, but he still couldn’t understand it.
A. Having been told
B. Though he had been told
C. He had been told
D. Having told
2) _____ the tall building, where you can see the whole town.
A. Standing on the top of
B. Get to the top of
C. If you get to the top of
D. When you reach the top of
3) ______ to see me when it is convenient to you
.A. To come B. Come C. Coming D. Came
2.习惯搭配作插入语起评注说明的作用，用法固定，不必考虑逻辑上的关系。

如：Generally speaking, considering, supposing that, talking of, seeing that, judging from .
Eg: Generally speaking, man can run faster than woman.
Considering everything, it wasn’t a bad holiday.
Ex: 1)_____ from this point of view, the question will be of great importance.
A. Considering
B. Being considered
C. Considered
D. Having considered
2). Faced with a bill for $10,000 _______.
A. an extra job has been given to John
B. the boss has given john an extra job
C. an extra job has been taken
D. John has taken an extra job
3) We often provide our children with toys, football or basketball , _______ that all children like these things.
A. thinking
B. think
C. to think
D. thought
4). Don’t sit there ______ nothing . Come and help me with this table.
A. do
B. to do
C. doing
D. and doing
5) Whenever he was asked why he was late for class, he would answer carelessly, always _____ the same thing.
A. saying
B. said
C. to say
D. having said
6). The visiting Minister expressed his satisfaction with the talks, _____ that he had enjoyed his stay here.
A. having added
B. to add
C. adding
D. added
7) My cousin came to see me from the country ,______ me a full basket of fresh fruits. A.
brought B. bringing C. to bring D. had brought
8) When ______ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the differences without noticing the many similarities.
A. compared
B. being compared
C. comparing
D. having compared
9) No matter how frequently ______ , the works of Beethoven still attract people all over the world.
A. performed
B. performing
C. to be performed
D. being performed
10). ________ in France, the old man was pleased to find that great changes had taken place in his hometown.
A. To be back home
B. He went home
C. Back home
D. He being back home
六. 作补语
(一) 不定式作宾补
S+Vt +sb +to do
feel / hear,listen to / have,let, make /see, look at, watch, notice +sb do
换成被动时，还原to
cf: get/ leave sb to do
(二) -ing作宾补
Vt+sb/sth +doing (feel ,hear,listen to , have,let, make ,see, look at, watch, notice,
Keep, leave, set,catch, find)，换成被动时，成了主语补足语
I noticed a man running out of the bank when I got off the car.
Last night the shopkeeper caught a child stealing some food in the shop.
We were kept waiting for quite a long time.
Jily was never heard singing that song again.
(三) 过分作宾补Vt + sb/sth+ done
Please keep us informed of the latest news.
We mustn’t leave the work unfinished.
Keep your mouth shut and your eyes open.
Have sb/sth done
1. =get 叫别人做某事
I usually have my clothes washed on Sundays.
2. 使完成某事，有
They have their house painted
Brown has hardly any money saved for his old age.
3.“遭遇”说明宾语的一种无意识被动行为。

The park had everything robbed of in the war.
She had her arm broken in an accident.
Ex1: the managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ______the next year. A. carry out B.carrying out C. carried out D. to carry out
2. A cook will be immediately fired if he is found _______in the kitchen.
A. smoke
B. smoking
C. to smoke
D. smoken
3. When the poor boy got back from the theatre, he found the lamp _____ but the door ___.
A. burning , shut
B. burning, shutting
C. being on, shut
D. on, shutting
4. ---Why did you go back to the coffee bar?
--- I left my friend _______ there.
A. waiting
B. to wait
C. wait
D. wait
E.waited
5. When he was a little boy, he used to go there and watch _______.
A. to repair trucks
B. trucks to repair
C. trucks being repaired
D. trucks repairing
6. We found the students seated/sitting at tables and had their eyes ______ on the screen of the TV. A. to fix B. to be fixed C. fixed D. fixing
7. You should understand the policy of the party by now. You’ve had it ____ enough. A. explaining B. to explain C. explain D. explained
8. Richard was disappointed to find his suggestions ______.
A. being turned down
B. turned down
C. to be followed
D. to turn down
9. It was astonishing that the mayor should have got the harbour, which would be of great benefit to the local economy, _____ within half a year.
A. be completed
B. to be completed
C. completed
D. being completed
总之：I heard him call me several times.（动作已结束，全过程）
Do you hear someone calling you?（动作正在进行，主谓）
When I heard my name called, I stood up.（动作已完成，被动）
非谓语动词的否定式：not+to do / doing
---- I must apologized for not letting you know ahead of time.--- That’s all right.
______ full prepatrations , they decided to put their wedding off until December.
A. They didn’t make
B. Having not made
C. They had not made
D. Not having made
非谓语动词的时态和语态：
to do /to have done to be doing/to be done /to have been done
-ing / being done having done / having been done
It’s pity to be kept in doors in fine weather.
He pretended to be working hard when the teaching came in
Bell was considered to have invented the telephone.
The book is said to have been translated into 7 foreign languages.
Having done/ having been done 可用作状语和宾语或独立主格中。

Having drunk two glasses of water, Jack felt a little better.
Having been translated into several languages, the book sells well.
I don’t remember having ever been given a chance to try this method.(宾语)
Ex: Kate’s brother , ____ it clear to us that he hated to join the club, left the ball.
A. who has made
B. having made
C. made
D. making
复合结构
1.with 复合结构（可作定语和状语），表时间，原因，条件，伴随，结果，补充说明）
2 .动名词的复合结构
形容词性物主代词1)若逻辑主语是有生命的，
N’s Tom’s/ His coming is what we haveexpecte
Sb(宾格) + doing His coming made us very happy.
N She didn’t mind Jack/ him /Jack’s coming late.
They insist on Tom’s /his staying longer.
3、there 有时可作动名词being 的形式主语。

4、It being +名词（代词）如：
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.
I never dreamed of there being such a quiet place in the noisy city.
Ex: 1) _______ ill worried my parents greatly.
A. I fell
B. Me falling
C. My falling
D. I
2). I can hardly imagine Rachel ______ across the icy water of the North Atlantic by himself. A. sail B. to sail C. sailing D. th have sailed
3). How about our team _______ to the mayor to draw his attention to this issue?
A. to write
B. write
C. writing
D. to be writing
4). I really appreciate _______ to help me with my maths, but I’m afraid that I have no time thhis week.
A. you to offer
B. it you offer
C. your offering
D. this you are offering
5). ----What caused the party to be put off? ----_______ the invitations.
A. Tom delayed sending
B. Tom’s delaying sending
C. Tom delaying to send
D. Tom delayed to send.
6). ---We didn’t find the Blacks attending the lecture.
----- No one had told them about ______ a lecture.
A. there to be
B. there being
C. there be
D. there was
7) I never expected there ________ a chance to go abroad for study further.(be)
5.to do的复合结构
It is + adj + of sb +to do(形容词修饰人的性质特征)
It is + adj + for sb+to do（形容词修饰不定式的特征）
Ex: 1) The bell _____the end of the period rang, _____ our heated discussion.
A. indicating , interrupting
B. indicated , interrupting
C. indicating, interrupted
D. indicated, interrupted
2). The picture ____ on the wall is painted by my nephew.
A. having hung
B. hanging
C. hangs
D. being hung
3). The spy suddenly stopped and looked back as if _______ whether he was followed. A. to see
B. having seen
C. seeing
D. to have seen。