Pragmatics 语用学简介

Pragmatics
6. 2 Violation of CP and Conversational Implicature
• • • Dear Sir, Mr X’s command of English is excellent, and his attendance at tutorials has been regular. Yours,
Lecture 8
Pragmatics
Passage 23 Pragmatics • Questions: • 1. What are the definition and purpose of pragmatics? • 2. What are the speech act principles? • 3. What is illocutionary force? And what is implicit and • explicit illocutionary force? • 4. What are the conversational principles? • 5. What decides the appropriateness of speech? • 6. Why are implicit illocutionary force, conversation • principles, and presuppositions important?
9. Over-informativeness and additional information 10. Conversation analysis 11. Pragmatics and foreign language learning 12. Literary pragmatics
6. 3 Politeness principle
• • • • • • a. Tact Maxim b. Generosity Maxim c. Approbation Maxim d. Modesty Maxim e. Agreement Maxim f. Sympathy Maxim
Lecture 8
6. Pragmatic principles 6.1 Cooperative principle
• 1) The maxim of quantity • a. make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose of the exchange • b. do not make your contribution more informative than is required • 2) The maxim of Quality • Try to make your contribution one that is true, specifically: • a. do not say what you believe to be false • b. do not say that which you lack adequate evidence
Lecture 8
References:
Pragmatics
1. 《语用学：现象与分析》 冉永平 北京大学出版社 2006 2. Pragmatics: An Introduction Jacob L. Mey 外语教学与研究出版社 2001 3. Pragmatics Stephen C. Levinson 外) The maxim of Relevance • make your contribution relevant • 4) The maxim of manner • Be perspicuous and specially: • a) avoid obscurity • b) avoid ambiguity • c) be brief • d) be orderly
Lecture 8
Pragmatics
1. Definition and aims of pragmatics 2. Sentence (meaning) vs. utterance (meaning)
It’s very cold here. Abstract meaning vs. contextual meaning Natural meaning vs. non-natural meaning
Lecture 8
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Pragmatics
What’s the time now? The milkman has just come.
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• When an implicature rests not only on the conventional / literal meaning of the uttered expression but also on the supposition that the speaker is following or is intentionally breaking certain maxims of conversation, then the implication is called a conversational implicature.
8. Indrect speech act and direct speech act 8.1 Indirect speech act
• Could you paas the book to me?
8.2 Direct speech act
Lecture 8
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Pragmatics
I promise I will give it to next week I warn you it is dangerous there. I pologize to you for being late. I anounce that the sports meeting begins.
7. Speech acts
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Pragmatics
Speech act is an utterance as a functiomal unit in communication. Austin (1962) classified speech acts into three types: 1) locutionary act （ 以言指事 / 言内行为 ） I’m thirsty. 2) illocutionary act ( 以言行事 / 言外行为) 3) perlocutionary act ( 以言成事 / 言后行为) I’m thirsty.
3. Correctness vs. appropriateness 4. Context 5. Conversational implicature
Implication and implicature • You do me a favor. I’ll have dinner with you. • If you do me a favor, I’ll have dinner with you. • If you don’t do me a favor, I won’t have dinner with you.
Lecture 8
Pragmatics
• 晋国大夫董叔想娶范宣子之女。叔向劝阻道，“范氏富，不如算了 吧。” • （《国语 晋语九》） • Aunt: How did Jimmy do in his history examination? • Mother: Oh, not at all well. They asked things that has happened • before the poor boy was born.