英汉语言比较之二
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A Contrastive Study of Chinese and English (II)
• 1 Topic-prominent vs. Subjectprominent • 2 Hypotactic vs. Paratactic • 3 Left-branching vs. Right-branching • 4 Top-heavy vs. End-weight
• His skill qualify him for the job. • 他的技艺使他有资格担任这一工 作。 • 他有技术，能担任这一工作。
• You are lucky enough to have a united family. • 你真幸运，能有一个和睦的家庭。 • 你家庭和睦，真有福气。
• I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language. • —— (张培基)
• 汉语：主题显著的语言 (topic-prominent language), 采用主题-述题(topic-comment)的 句式 “话语 ---说明结构” 汉语句子建立 在意念主轴 (thought-pivot)上。 • 英语：主语显著的语言 (subject-prominent language), 几乎都采用主语-谓语(subjectpredicate) 的句式 “主语 --- 谓语结构” 英语句子建立在形式(或主谓)主轴(formpivot)上。
• 赵元任先生在《汉语口语语法》（1986） 一书中指出：“在汉语里把主语、谓语当 作话题和说明来看待，比较合适。”。 • 汉语句子的“话题”与“说明”是从句子 顺序上说的。“话题”是说话人想要说明 的对象，总是放在句子开头处。如果语言 环境或上下文能暗示话题，也可能省略不 提。“说明”部分位于话题之后，对话题 进行说明、解释或质疑。
• ------ AIdous Huxley: The Country
• It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no satisfactory explanation, that enthusiasm for country life and love of natural scenery are strongest and most widely diffused precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomfort. • ------ AIdous Huxley: The Country
• 这事到了现在，还是时时记起。 • Even now, this remains fresh in my memory. -----杨宪益，戴乃迭
• 汉语句子的特点： • 话题说明，叙述分层，可断可续， 意尽为界； • 英语句子的特点： • 主谓搭架，枝叶上挂，叠床架屋， 都有语法。
• • • •
Contrast Between English and Chinese
Chinese
Meaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隐性连贯) Paratactic
English
Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion （显性联接） Hypotactic
• Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses arranged with connectives; • E.g. I shall despair if you don’t come .(The American Heritage Dictionary, p.649 ) • Parataxis: The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them; e.g. • The rain fell; the river flooded; the houses were washed away. (The world Book Dictionary, p. 1513)
• It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no satisfactory explanation, that enthusiasm for country life and love of natural scenery are strongest and most widely diffused precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomfort.
语义型语言
(以意统形)
Hale Waihona Puke Baidu
形态型语言
(以形驭意)
• ①我常见许多青年的朋友，②聪明用 功，③成绩优异，④而语文程度不足 以达意，⑤甚至写一封信亦难得通顺， ⑥问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。
• ——(梁实秋《学问与趣味》)
• Translation 1:
• ①I have come across a great many young friends, ②bright and diligent, ③do exceedingly well in studies, ④but they are rather weak in Chinese, ⑤even can’t write a smooth Chinese letter. ⑥When asked why, they’ll say they are not interested in Chinese. • You are going to find out the mistakes of this paragraph and try to better the translation.
• 现代英语的五种基本句型：SVP，SV， SVOO，SVO，SVOC都可以分为三部 分。以动词为中心，前面为施动者， 后面为受动者，没有动词就不能成为 句子，缺了主语、宾语就是语法错误。 • 他的基础是逻辑思维。
• 汉语造句不大有词类的概念，只要符合阴 阳对立模式就行了。 • 汉语句子只有两个部分。话题和说明。他 的基础是阴阳辩证。 • 《诗经》是中国最早的文学精华，记录的 是西周至春秋五百年间的文学创作。所记 诗篇大多四字一顿、八字一句，前面四字 为话题，后面四个字是说明。
• Chinese-English • 我从乡下跑到京城里，一转眼已经六年 了。 -----鲁迅《一件小事》 • Six years have slipped by since I came from the country to the capital.
• • -----杨宪益，戴乃迭 -----鲁迅《一件小事》
• 汉语句子: (parataxis) 语义型或意合型 依仗 意义，即内在的逻辑关系组织语言的手段。 “以意统形” • 英语句子: (hypotaxis） 语法型或形合型 依 仗形式（包括词的形态变化，词汇的衔接等） 将语言符号由“散”（个体的词）到“集” （词组乃至语篇）的语言组织手段 • ——王力《中国语法理论》
• “何以解忧，惟有杜康。” • “白发三千丈，缘愁似个长。” • 满则虑嗛，平则虑险，安则虑危。 （荀子）
• The strange walls of the castle served as a good defense against the attackers. • 原译：那城堡的坚固城墙充当了抵御进攻者的 良好防御物。 • 改译：那座城堡的城墙很坚固，在敌人的进攻 中起到了良好的防御作用。 • 评论：SVO三分结构，直译，显得不通顺。改 译为阴阳结构，原主语的偏正结构变为描写句 （名词＋形容词），后句续评论。通顺，符合 汉语表达习惯。
• •
• •
冷死我了。 弄得不好，就会前功尽弃。 不经一事，不长一智。 在历史上由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了 众多的湖泊。 婚姻的事，年轻人都自己做主了。 这种鸭，觅食力强，能适应当地湖荡水网的饲养 条件，而且生长速度快，产卵能力好，肉白，细 嫩，味美，是优良的卵肉兼用鸭。 My duty forbis me to fly from danger. 他开车时心不在焉，几乎闯祸。
• That dirty house is an offense to everyone who lives in the street. • 那座肮脏的老房子使住在那条街上的 人都很讨厌它。 • 那座老房子很脏，住在那条街上的人 都很讨厌它。
• Her effort gained her a reputation. • 她的努力为他赢得了声誉。 • 她很努力，名声很好。
• In an English sentence, prominence is usually given to the subject. There are five basic sentence patterns in English: SV, SVC, SVO, SVO1O2, SVOC, all with SV as its essentials. We can venture to say that an English sentence is built on the subjectpredict-pivot, with the subject and predicate in agreement. On the other hand, a Chinese sentence often lays emphasis on the thought or notion, so it is based on the thought pivot.
• As E. A. Nida points out in his “Translating Meaning”, …so far as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis.
Contrast Between English and Chinese
Chinese
Topic-Comment Sentence Structure （话题-评论结构）
English
Subject-Predicate Sentence Structure （主语-谓语结构）
Topic-prominent Subject-prominent Language Language 话题突出型语言 主语突出型语言
• 1 Topic-prominent vs. Subjectprominent • 2 Hypotactic vs. Paratactic • 3 Left-branching vs. Right-branching • 4 Top-heavy vs. End-weight
• His skill qualify him for the job. • 他的技艺使他有资格担任这一工 作。 • 他有技术，能担任这一工作。
• You are lucky enough to have a united family. • 你真幸运，能有一个和睦的家庭。 • 你家庭和睦，真有福气。
• I have come across a great many bright and diligent young friends who have done exceedingly well in their studies, but are rather weak in Chinese. They cannot even write a letter in correct Chinese. When I asked them why, they said they were not interested in the Chinese language. • —— (张培基)
• 汉语：主题显著的语言 (topic-prominent language), 采用主题-述题(topic-comment)的 句式 “话语 ---说明结构” 汉语句子建立 在意念主轴 (thought-pivot)上。 • 英语：主语显著的语言 (subject-prominent language), 几乎都采用主语-谓语(subjectpredicate) 的句式 “主语 --- 谓语结构” 英语句子建立在形式(或主谓)主轴(formpivot)上。
• 赵元任先生在《汉语口语语法》（1986） 一书中指出：“在汉语里把主语、谓语当 作话题和说明来看待，比较合适。”。 • 汉语句子的“话题”与“说明”是从句子 顺序上说的。“话题”是说话人想要说明 的对象，总是放在句子开头处。如果语言 环境或上下文能暗示话题，也可能省略不 提。“说明”部分位于话题之后，对话题 进行说明、解释或质疑。
• ------ AIdous Huxley: The Country
• It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no satisfactory explanation, that enthusiasm for country life and love of natural scenery are strongest and most widely diffused precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomfort. • ------ AIdous Huxley: The Country
• 这事到了现在，还是时时记起。 • Even now, this remains fresh in my memory. -----杨宪益，戴乃迭
• 汉语句子的特点： • 话题说明，叙述分层，可断可续， 意尽为界； • 英语句子的特点： • 主谓搭架，枝叶上挂，叠床架屋， 都有语法。
• • • •
Contrast Between English and Chinese
Chinese
Meaning-focused with emphasis on implicit coherence (隐性连贯) Paratactic
English
Form-focused with emphasis on explicit cohesion （显性联接） Hypotactic
• Hypotaxis: The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses arranged with connectives; • E.g. I shall despair if you don’t come .(The American Heritage Dictionary, p.649 ) • Parataxis: The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation between them; e.g. • The rain fell; the river flooded; the houses were washed away. (The world Book Dictionary, p. 1513)
• It is a curious fact, of which I can think of no satisfactory explanation, that enthusiasm for country life and love of natural scenery are strongest and most widely diffused precisely in those European countries which have the worst climate and where the search for the picturesque involves the greatest discomfort.
语义型语言
(以意统形)
Hale Waihona Puke Baidu
形态型语言
(以形驭意)
• ①我常见许多青年的朋友，②聪明用 功，③成绩优异，④而语文程度不足 以达意，⑤甚至写一封信亦难得通顺， ⑥问其故则曰其兴趣不在语文方面。
• ——(梁实秋《学问与趣味》)
• Translation 1:
• ①I have come across a great many young friends, ②bright and diligent, ③do exceedingly well in studies, ④but they are rather weak in Chinese, ⑤even can’t write a smooth Chinese letter. ⑥When asked why, they’ll say they are not interested in Chinese. • You are going to find out the mistakes of this paragraph and try to better the translation.
• 现代英语的五种基本句型：SVP，SV， SVOO，SVO，SVOC都可以分为三部 分。以动词为中心，前面为施动者， 后面为受动者，没有动词就不能成为 句子，缺了主语、宾语就是语法错误。 • 他的基础是逻辑思维。
• 汉语造句不大有词类的概念，只要符合阴 阳对立模式就行了。 • 汉语句子只有两个部分。话题和说明。他 的基础是阴阳辩证。 • 《诗经》是中国最早的文学精华，记录的 是西周至春秋五百年间的文学创作。所记 诗篇大多四字一顿、八字一句，前面四字 为话题，后面四个字是说明。
• Chinese-English • 我从乡下跑到京城里，一转眼已经六年 了。 -----鲁迅《一件小事》 • Six years have slipped by since I came from the country to the capital.
• • -----杨宪益，戴乃迭 -----鲁迅《一件小事》
• 汉语句子: (parataxis) 语义型或意合型 依仗 意义，即内在的逻辑关系组织语言的手段。 “以意统形” • 英语句子: (hypotaxis） 语法型或形合型 依 仗形式（包括词的形态变化，词汇的衔接等） 将语言符号由“散”（个体的词）到“集” （词组乃至语篇）的语言组织手段 • ——王力《中国语法理论》
• “何以解忧，惟有杜康。” • “白发三千丈，缘愁似个长。” • 满则虑嗛，平则虑险，安则虑危。 （荀子）
• The strange walls of the castle served as a good defense against the attackers. • 原译：那城堡的坚固城墙充当了抵御进攻者的 良好防御物。 • 改译：那座城堡的城墙很坚固，在敌人的进攻 中起到了良好的防御作用。 • 评论：SVO三分结构，直译，显得不通顺。改 译为阴阳结构，原主语的偏正结构变为描写句 （名词＋形容词），后句续评论。通顺，符合 汉语表达习惯。
• •
• •
冷死我了。 弄得不好，就会前功尽弃。 不经一事，不长一智。 在历史上由于长江不断改道，在武汉地区形成了 众多的湖泊。 婚姻的事，年轻人都自己做主了。 这种鸭，觅食力强，能适应当地湖荡水网的饲养 条件，而且生长速度快，产卵能力好，肉白，细 嫩，味美，是优良的卵肉兼用鸭。 My duty forbis me to fly from danger. 他开车时心不在焉，几乎闯祸。
• That dirty house is an offense to everyone who lives in the street. • 那座肮脏的老房子使住在那条街上的 人都很讨厌它。 • 那座老房子很脏，住在那条街上的人 都很讨厌它。
• Her effort gained her a reputation. • 她的努力为他赢得了声誉。 • 她很努力，名声很好。
• In an English sentence, prominence is usually given to the subject. There are five basic sentence patterns in English: SV, SVC, SVO, SVO1O2, SVOC, all with SV as its essentials. We can venture to say that an English sentence is built on the subjectpredict-pivot, with the subject and predicate in agreement. On the other hand, a Chinese sentence often lays emphasis on the thought or notion, so it is based on the thought pivot.
• As E. A. Nida points out in his “Translating Meaning”, …so far as English and Chinese are concerned, the most important difference linguistically is the contrast between hypotaxis and parataxis.
Contrast Between English and Chinese
Chinese
Topic-Comment Sentence Structure （话题-评论结构）
English
Subject-Predicate Sentence Structure （主语-谓语结构）
Topic-prominent Subject-prominent Language Language 话题突出型语言 主语突出型语言