英语中的平行结构剖析

B. 并列句and和定语从句的转换
Ex: Bamboos are hollow and this makes them very light. 定从：Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light. 1.She heard a terrible noise and ___ brought her heart into her mouth. A. which √ B. it C. / D. what 转换： She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth.
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英语中的平行结构
一、平行结构, 即并列结构：由并列连词连 接两个或两个以上对等的语言成分构成。
连词是一种虚词， 它不能独立担任句子成 分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句 与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列 连词和从属连词。 并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。 从属连词用来引导名词从句和各类的状语 从句。
√ 6.They got off the train, carrying all their cases and their father’s jacket. 7. Turning down the radio and the baby is sleeping. Turning---Turn them---which/and none 8. I have three coats, none of them fits me. √ 9. The secretary worked into the night, preparing a long speech for the president. 10. As there are nearly 50 streets in the city, most of which we can’t remember clearly. which---them
在高考中的体现及解题思路
1.The house belongs to my aunt but she＿＿ here any more．(2006年全国卷) A．hasn’t lived B．didn’t live C．hadn’t lived D．doesn’t live
五、 And的用法
综述：and 是并列连词，它既能连接两个并 列（平行）的结构，也能连接两个并列的 分句。我们可以通过分析它在句子结构中 的功能，从而巧妙的解题。
（一）：and连接两个或两个以上的并列 结构在形式上要一致。在不同的语境中， 也可用其他并列连词or，but等。
句1:We rushed back to the palace and 句1可转化成不定式作目的状语。 looked for it . We rushed back to the palace to look for it. 句2: Father sat at the desk and wrote 句2可转化成现在分词作伴随状语。 something. Father sat at the desk, writing something. 句3: I had to lie to the company and pretend to be a man.
三、平行结构主要类型
1. 名词和名词平行结构 The patient's symptoms were fever, dizziness, and headache. 病人的症状是发烧、头晕和头痛。 2. 形容词和形容词平行结构 Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起使人健康、富有、聪明。 3.副词和副词平行结构 The work is handsomely and skillfully done. 这项工作做得漂亮，有水平。 4. 分词平行结构(现在分词与现在分词 / 过去分词与过去 分词 ) The boys were running, shouting and laughing. 男孩子们边跑，边喊叫着、笑着。（伴随状语） The old man returned home, disappointed and exhausted.
二、 对连接词连接的成分要求：形式对称； 功能相同（充当同样的句子成分），时态 平衡。
并列平行结构应该是名词和名词，副词和副词， 分词和分词，不定式和不定式，动词和动词，句 子和句子等的并列，而不能其中一个概念用分词 结构表达，而另一个概念用不定式或从句来表达。 比如下面句子就违反了平行结构的准则： Do some nice things for your parents that they don't expect like cooking, doing the dishes, washing clothes, or clean the floors. "做饭"、"刷碗"、"洗衣服"、"拖地"在本句中应为 并列结构作为介词like“像”的宾语，故应用相同 的形式，都用动名词，所以应将clean改为 cleaning。
常见的并列连词有： 1、表递进关系：and, not only…but also…, neither…nor…, not… but… 2. 选择关系：or，either…or…, otherwise, whether...or 3. 转折对比关系: but, yet, whereas, while, still 4. 因果关系：so, for 5. 并列关系：and, when
A. 并列句和简单句，状语从句的转换。 Ex :Use your head and you will find a way. 简单句：Using your head，you will find a way. 从句：If you use your head，you will find a way. ___and they bought a picnic with them. A. It being a fine day B. It is a fine day C. Being a fine day √ D. It was a fine day
3. She went to the market, ____ everything she needed √ a taxi home. and took A. buy B. bought C. buying D, to buy
三个并列的谓语动词：went, bought and took
（二）：and连接并列分句，这种并列句 可转换成简单句或者从句。
句3中的and连接两个不定式，后一个 不定式to要省略。
例1: the goat rolled over and ____ . A. died B. dead C. dying D. death √
2. He called at every door and ___ people the exciting news. A. tell B. telling C. √ told D. having told
2. She had two sons and ___ were doctors. A. all of them B. all of whom C. √ both of them D. both of whom
转换： She had two sons, both of whom were doctors. 3. The decision ___, what is to be done now is how to carry it out. A. is made B. has been made √ C. having been made D. having made 4. I saw a lot of children playing in the garden, most of them ___ girls. A. are B. were C. being D. have been √
called 和 and 为并列谓语。若将and改为逗号，择选B， 现在分词作伴随状语。 若是既无and也无逗号，则用不定式to tell 作目的状语。 既是B: He called at every door, telling people the exciting news. C: He called at every door to tell people the exciting news.
四、需掌握的知识点
1. be about to do sth when+从句 2.祈使句+and+句子 3. while conj.然而，而 4. 分辨谓语动词的并列和伴随状语 5. what名词性短语的并列 6. “随着”两种表达:with+复合结构/as+句子 7. 分辨短语和句子 8. 分辨定语从句和并列句 9. 不定式的并列 10. 分辨：句子+并列连词+句子、短语+句子


5. 动名词doing平行结构 Henry's work is reading books and writing book reviews. 亨利的工作是读读书，写写书评。 6. 动词不定式平行结构 On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers, and (to) buy plants and young trees.另一 方面，40%的同学认为应收门票，他们认为门票费可以作 为支付园林工人及其他工作人员的工资和购买新花木的费 用。and 连接并列不定式第二个不定式往往省略 to。 7. 介词短语平行结构 1）Your semester grade is based not only on how well you do on each test, but also on how you participate in class. 2）We often go to the countryside as well as to factories. 8. 谓语动词平行结构 谓语形式时态要一致 He went downtown, bought some books and visited his daughter. 9.句子的并列（并列句） I was tired, but I felt happy.
判断下列句子的正误
1. The weather turned out to be very good, it was more than we could expect. It ---which / it 前加and 2. Spring comes, leaves turn green. comes---coming/and leaves 3. Keep on trying, you’ll succeed. keep---keeping/and you 4. They get coal out of the ground, changing it into electricity and send it to many places. changing---change 5. He has made a wonderful discovery, which I think it is of great help to us.