2019版高考英语一轮复习精细化学通语法第十讲定语从句讲义

第十讲定语从句

全面理解先

行词

先行词

词展开的。正确理解定语从句的关键就是“找到先行词”。只有先正确找出先行词，才能明白定语从句所修饰的究竟是什么成分，才能正确理解句子前后各部分之间的逻辑关系，分清句子结构，从而正确理解句子意思。尽管我们把定语从句所修饰的对象称为先行词，但先行词并不一定都是一个“词”，先行词可以是：

1．一个词(通常是名词，也可以是代词)

This is the place which is worth visiting.

这是值得参观的地方。

He laughs best who laughs last.

谁笑到最后，谁笑得最好。

2．一个短语

Many life’s problems which were solved by asking family members, friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.

许多以前可以通过询问家庭成员、朋友或者同事就能解决的生活问题，是现在的大家庭无力解决的。

3．一个分句

The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought, which took root in Europe long before people have realized how diverse languages could be.

希腊人认为，语言结构和思维过程之间存在着某种联系。这一观点是在人们尚未认识到语言的千差万别以前就早已在欧洲扎下了根。

4．一个完整的句子

I found an old man lying on the ground and I took him to hospital in a taxi immediately, which was why I was late that morning.

我发现一个老人躺在马路上，我乘出租车立即把他送到了医院，这就是那天上午我迟到的原因。

正确使用关

系词

(一)关系代词

关系代词先行词句法功能

who 人主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)、表

语

whom 人宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略) whose (＝of whom/

of which)

人或物定语

that 人或物主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)

which 物主语、宾语(限制性定语从句中可省略)

as 人或物主语、宾语

would be awarded a diploma by the headmaster.

每个毕业生都由父亲或母亲陪伴着站在操场上，等待校长给他们颁发文凭。

My daughter, whose job requires her to do a lot of travelling, is always away from home.

我的女儿总不在家，她的工作需要经常出差。

1．关系代词that与which的用法

(1)限制性定语从句中只用that的情况：

①先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that。

Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself?

你有什么要为自己说的吗？

②先行词被序数词、形容词最高级， the only, the very, the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。

This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.

这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。

This is the only thing that we can do now.

这是我们现在唯一能做的事情。

③先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。

The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.

我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。

④在which或who的特殊疑问句中含有定语从句时用that。

Which is the bike that you lost?

哪辆是你丢的自行车？

Who is the boy that won the gold medal?

赢得金牌的那个男孩是谁？

⑤有两个定语从句时，其中一个关系代词宜用which，另外一个宜用that。

They secretly built up a small factory, which produced things that could cause pollution.

他们偷偷地建了一家小工厂，这家工厂生产的东西可能会造成污染。

⑥当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也作表语时，用that不用which引导。

Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.

上海不再是过去的那座城市了。

⑦主句是there be句型且关系词在从句中作主语时，用that不用which引导。

There is a seat in the corner that is still available.

在那个角落还有一个座位可坐。

(2)只用which的情况：

①引导非限制性定语从句。

Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him.

海伦对她最小的儿子比对其他的儿子好得多，这当然让其他的儿子嫉妒他。

②关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前。

This is the house in which Lu Xun once lived.

这是鲁迅曾住过的房子。

③先行词为that, those时。

What’s that which was put in the car?

放在车子里的那个东西是什么？

2．which与as引导非限制性定语从句的区别