英汉翻译文档

重复法

文字活动，包括写作、翻译等，都讲究简洁，所谓“Brevity is wisdom”（简洁即智慧）说明了这个道理。但有时我们为了表示强调、突出重点、分清主次或为了增强感染力，也会运用重复手段。重复是一种修辞手法，不能与不必要的赘述相提并论。英、汉两种语言中重复修辞格的存在表明了重复的必要。此外，有时还要重复原文中省略的部分，使语义精确明了。实质上，重复是一种特殊的增补方法。本章分原文修辞重复的处理、重复省略部分、增强感染力和汉语四字词的运用四个方面讨论翻译中的重复方法。
一、原文修辞重复的翻译处理
英、汉语言的重复修辞格基本上都可分为紧接重复（immediate repetition）、顶针式重复（catchword repetition）和同义词重复（tautology repetition）。翻译时一般可采用直译和替换两种方法。例如：
1、 Oh, the dreary, dreary moorland!
Oh, the barren, barren shore!
啊，凄凉的、凄凉的荒野！
啊，荒芜的、荒芜的海岸！
2、 Farewell to the mountains high covered with snow!
Farewell to the straths and green valleys below!
Farewell to the forests and wild hanging woods!
Farewell to the torrents and loud-pouring floods!
永别了，积雪皑皑的高山！
永别了，脚下的沟壑绿川！
永别了，森林和野藤垂悬的树木！
永别了，奔腾咆哮的洪水和急流！
修辞上的重复汉译时不能省略，否则违背原作的意图而失去原意。有时为了避免紧接重复，也可改用同义词重复。例如：
3、 One of our ancient prayers says:
"Common be your prayer;
Common be your purpose;
Common be your deliberation;
Common be your desires;
Unified be your heart;
Unified be your intentions;
Perfect be union among you."
我国古代一祷文云：
原同祈祷，目标相同，意念合一，谋虑与共，翼求一致，精诚团结，意旨相承，故此联盟。
这是一篇古印度祷文，原文结构整齐，谴词妥帖，风格古朴。“Common”一词重复四次，“Unified”一词重复二次。译文采用同义词重复，避免了机械重复，效果可谓异曲同工。
4、 Every change of season, every change of weather, every hour of the day produces some change in the magical hues and shape of these mountains.
原译：每一个季节的转换，气候的每一变化，乃至一天中每一小时的转变，都会使这些山峦的万姿千态有所变换。
原译文用“转换”、“变化”、“转变”、“变换”来译原文的“change”，措词虽略有不同，但总觉单调、重复。其实，原文里的“change”一词与其它各词搭配在汉语里均有不同的表达方式。而且，“每一小时的转变”也不符合汉语中词语搭配习惯。因此，全句可改译为：
季节的交替，气候的变化，

甚至时辰的更迭，都会使这千姿百态的山峦别具一番风采。
二、表示强调的重复：原文表示强调的重复，译文中一般也作相同重复。
1、I have written in bed and written out of it, written day and night.
我卧床写，起床也写；白天写，晚上也写。
2、Gentlemen may cry for peace, peace-but there is no peace.
先生们尽管可以高喊和平，和平！但还是没有和平。
3、Prominent among the most prominent upon the most prominent shelf were series of splendidly bound volumes entitled "Skinner's Works".
在那个最显眼的书架上最显眼的书籍中显眼的几卷精装的名叫《史金纳全集》的丛书。
4、 Blood must atone for blood.
血债要用血来偿。
5、 Eye for eye, tooth for tooth.
以眼还眼，以牙还牙。
三、重复省略部分：英语的修饰结构为多枝共干，而汉语的修饰结构为一枝一干。
多枝共干可以说时英语的一种特色，用式子表示就是：
a（b+c）或（a+b）c
而汉语的表达方式则倾向于
ab+ac或ac+bc
因此，翻译处理就是使a（b+c）= ab+ac或（a+b）c= ac+bc，例如：
1、 Ignorance is the mother of fear as well as of admiration.
无知时羡慕的根源，也是恐惧的根源。
2、 Let us revise our safety and sanitary regulations
我们来修订一下安全条例和卫生条例吧。
3、 Chairman Mao is an activist, a prime mover, an originator and master of strategy achieved by alternating surprise, tension and easement.
毛泽东是一位活动家，是原动力，是创造和运用出其不意、紧张和松驰而取得成就的战略大师。
4、 I have experienced oxygen and / or engine trouble。
我曾经历过氧气设备故障，也曾经历过发动机故障，还曾经历过氧气设备和发动机同时发生故障。
四、增强感染力
1、 运用词的重叠
1） Only a very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him.
欢迎他的只有几下轻轻的、零零落落、冷冷淡淡的掌声。
2）I had been completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing
我的回答完全是坦坦荡荡，直言不讳。
3）His children, too, were as ragged and wild as if they belonged to nobody.
他的那些孩子，也是穿得破破乱乱，粗野不堪，就象没有父母似的。
2、 运用二个四字同义词词组
1）Target priorities were established there
目标的轻重缓急，孰先孰后，是在这里决定的。
2）The streets were overrun by Hitler's bullies.
那时希特勒的暴徒在街上横行霸道，无恶不作。
3）But there had been too much publicity about my case.
但我的事现在已经弄得满城风雨，人人皆知了。
3、 运用四字对偶词组
汉语中有不少四字对偶词组，前后两对字形成对偶，往往具有

相同或类似的含义，所以也是一种重复。酌情使用对偶四字词组可使译文生动活泼。

vivid 生动活泼
rumors 流言蜚语
careless 粗心大意
gratitude 感恩戴德
1) Whatever initial worries we had about the plane soon vanished.
不管开始时我们对这架飞机有什么不放心，不久就烟消云散了。
2) If it was a time of triumph for the many, it was a painful period for the few.
多数人兴高采烈之日，确是少数人伤心失意之时。
3) He sat there and watched them, so changelessly changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay.
他坐在那儿注视着，觉得眼前的景象，既是始终如一，又是变化多端，既是光彩夺目，又是朦胧黑暗，既是庄严肃穆，又是轻松愉快。

Ex-08
1. Sentences

A. In her face were too sharply blended the delicate features of her mother, a Coast aristocrat of French descent, and the heavy ones of her florid Irish father.
B. For the man sound in body and serene of mind there is no such thing as bad weather; every sky has its beauty, and storms which whip the blood do but make it pulse more vigorously.
C. When Smith was drunk, he used to beat his wife and daughter; and the next morning, with a headache, he would rail at the world for its neglect of his genius, and abuse, with a good deal of cleverness, and sometimes with perfect reason, the fools, his brother painters.

THE INFLUENCE OF LITERATURE

I will tell you what literature is! No-I only wish I could. But I can't. No one can. Gleams can be thrown on the secret, inklings given, but no more. I will try to give you an inkling. And, to do so, 1 will take you back into your own history, or forward into it. That evening when you went for a walk with your faithful friend, the friend from whom you hid nothing-or almost nothing. . . ! You were, in truth, somewhat inclined to hide from him the particular matter which monopolized your mind that evening, but somehow you contrived to get on to it, drawn by an overpowering fascination. And as your faithful friend was sympathetic and discreet, and flattered you by a respectful curiosity, you proceeded further and further into the said matter, growing more and more confidential, until at last you cried out, in a terrific whisper: "My boy, she is simply miraculous!" At that moment you were in the domain of literature.
Let me explain. Of course, in the ordinary acceptation of the word, she was not miraculous. Your faithful friend had never noticed that she was miraculous, nor had about forty thousand other fairly keen observers. She was just a girl. Troy had not been burnt for her. A girl cannot be called a miracle. If a girl is to be called a miracle, then you might call pretty nearly anything a miracle. . . That is just it: you might. You can. You ought. Amid all the miracles of the universe, you had just wakened up to one. You were full of your discovery. You were under a divine impul

sion to impart that discovery. You had a strong sense of the marvelous beauty of some thing and you had to share it. You were in a passion about some thing, and you had to vent yourself on somebody. You were drawn towards the whole of the rest of the human race. Mark the effect of your mood and utterance on your faithful friend. He knew that she was not a miracle. No other person could have made him believe that she was a miracle. But you, by the force and sincerity of your own vision of her, and by the fervor of your desire to make him participate in your vision, did for quite a long time cause him to feel that he had been blind to the miracle of that girl.
You were producing literature. You were alive. Your eyes were unlidded, your ears were unstopped, to some part of the beauty and the strangeness of the world; and a strong instinct within you forced you to tell someone. It was not enough for you that you saw and heard. Others had to see and hear. Others had to be wakened up. And they were. It is quite possible -I am not quite sure -that your faithful friend the very next day, or the next month, looked at some other girl, and suddenly saw that she, too, was miraculous. The influence of literature I
(Arnold Bennett)
Troy: 特洛伊城，在小亚细亚的西北部。希腊史诗中叙述特洛伊王子帕里斯（PARIS）与斯巴达王后海伦（HELEN）私奔，引起长达十年的战争。最后，特洛伊被希腊人用木马计攻破，留下废墟一片。




1. In her face were too sharply blended the delicate features of her mother, a Coast aristocrat of French descent, and the heavy ones of her florid Irish father.
A. 在她的脸上明显地混合了法国海滨贵族后裔的母亲的娇柔和爱尔兰人的父亲的粗旷。
B. 这位小姐脸上显然混杂着两种特质：一种是母亲给她的娇柔，一种是父亲给她的豪爽。因为她母亲是个法兰西血统的海滨贵族，父亲是个皮色深浓的爱尔兰人，所以遗传给她的质地难免不调和。
2. For the man sound in body and serene of mind there is no such thing as bad weather; every sky has its beauty, and storms which whip the blood do but make it pulse more vigorously.
A. 对于一个身体健全、精神平静的人来说，没有什么坏天气，每一个天空都有其美丽，激荡血液的暴风雨只会使血液更有力的流淌。
B. 对于一个身体健全、精神平静的人来说，是没有坏天气的；无论什么样的天气都有其美好的一面。譬如说暴风雨可以励血液流淌，可以使脉搏跳动得更加活跃。
C. 对于一个身体健全、神智安祥的人来说，根本不存在什么坏天气；在他看来，无论什么样的天气都有其美好的一面，譬如说暴风雨，它可以激荡血液的流淌，振奋一个人的精神。
3. When Smith was drunk, he used to beat his wife and daughter; and the next morning, with a headache, he would rail at the world for its negl

ect of his genius, and abuse, with a good deal of cleverness, and sometimes with perfect reason, the fools, his brother painters.
A. 史密斯喝醉时常常殴打老婆和女儿；第二天早晨，虽然头疼，还抱怨世界忽视他的天才，接着又很聪明地、有时是很有道理地漫骂那些傻瓜们——他的画家同行。
B. 史密斯喝醉酒时常常打老婆和女儿。第二天早上虽然还在头疼，抱怨世界忽视他的才华，非常聪明地有时又是颇有理由地骂那些傻瓜——他的画家同行。
C. 史密斯醉酒后常常殴打老婆和女儿。第二天早上虽然还在头疼，仍然继续发酒疯：不是满嘴牢骚，就是骂骂咧咧。他抱怨世人都不常识他的才华；他痛骂他的画家同行都是笨蛋，骂得不但讥俏，而且有时也头头是道。


文学的感染力

我要跟你们讲讲文学是什么！-- 不，但愿我能做到，不过我做不到。没有一个人做得到。对于文学的奥秘，只能略窥幽隐，只能作些提示，再多就办下到了。我就来给大家作些提示吧！而要做到这一点，我得引导你回顾你的亲身经历，或者作一番设想。比方说，那大夜晚你和你的挚友一块儿散步，对他你是元话不谈，或者几乎无话不谈……。当时你心头荤绕着一桩不同寻常的事，说实话，你倒有点想对他保守秘密。然而，这件事使你神魂颠倒以至你不得不讲，不知怎地你终于想出办法，拐弯抹角地谈到了它。更由于你的挚友富于”同情心，能体谅人，他那急于知晓内情、洗耳恭听的模样，使你感到高兴，于是你越说越多，越来越推心置腹，到了最后，你激动地低声喊道：“哎呀，她简直是奇迹一般的！-- 这时候你就进入了文学的领域了。
请容许我解释一下。当然，照这个词的通常意义来说，她并不是“奇迹一般的”。你的挚友从来没有注意到她是奇迹般的美好，此外约莫四万个观察力相当敏锐的人也没有注意到这一点。她下过是个姑娘，特洛伊城并不曾因她而迫焚毁。一个姑娘是不能称作奇迹的。如果一个姑娘可称作奇迹，那你就不妨把几乎所有的东西都称作奇迹了……。然而当前的事实却正是这样：你可以，你能够，你应该这样称呼她。在宇宙之间几乎所有的奇迹里，你突然醒悟而意识到了其中的一个。你的新发现充满了你的整个身心，你有一种神圣的冲动，非把这个发现透露出来不可。你强烈地感到某个事物是出奇地美好，你必须与别人分享这种感受。你对某个事物满怀激情月卜找个人一吐为快。你觉得想向整个人类去吐露胸怀。清注意你这时的心情和言语在你挚友身上产生厂什么效果。他知道她并不是个奇迹。舍你而外也不会有任何人能使他相信这一点。可是，由于她

在你心中的形象是如此美好，你的感情是那么热烈而真挚，而且你要你的朋友与你具有同感的愿望又是那么强烈，结果竟使他在相当长的一段时间里以为那姑娘的确是个奇迹，而他以往竟会视而不见。
这时候你就是在创作文学作品。你的感觉灵敏起来了，对于世界上某些美丽和新奇的事物，你的彼蒙住的眼睛现在睁开了，你的被塞住的耳朵现在开启了；而且你的内心有一个强烈的感觉，要把你的发现告诉别人。你觉得光自己看到听到还不够，非让别人看到听到不可，你非唤醒别人不可，而他们果真被唤醒了。很有可能--虽说我不能保证--、你的挚友第二天或者下个月瞧着另一个姑娘时突然发现，她也是奇迹般的！这就是文学的感染力！
（阿诺德·贝肉特）