战略联盟PPT课件
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• 结论是有争议的。
•The Model by D’Aspremont and Jacquemin (AER 1988) Two firms produce an identical product The inverse demand function: P = a – bQ qi: Output produced by firm i xi: Amount of research undertaken by firm i The cost function of a firm: Assume 0 < A < a and 0 < β < 1 R&D reduces a firm’s cost (“process innovation”) β表示 R&D 溢出效应。 Total cost of R&D: Two-stage model •Stage 1: 企业同时选择 xi ；Stage 2: 企业同时选择 qi
二、为什么实施战略联盟？
• Theory of the firm: two ways to organize production • – Market (contract) • – Firm (merger) Strategic alliance is an organization form that lies
国的情况，违反垄断协议第13条）
• Relative to mergers, strategic alliances can • – Be more flexible and easier to dissolve
• – Allow the partners to reap the gains of integrating a portion of their businesses without merging other parts of their operations
In both models: • Oligopolistic firms engage in R&D • R&D has spillover effects Main conclusion:
• There is no uniform conclusion with regard to the effects of R&D cooperation on R&D spending. They depend on the size of spillovers as well as how R&D cooperation is organized
战略联盟ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
一、战略联盟的定义
• （Qster 1994）An agreement in which two or more firms combine resources outside of the market in order to accomplish a particular task or set of tasks。
firms but it may be harmful to consumers Two major strands of literature • – R&D strategic alliances
• – Production strategic alliances • 欧盟，一般对第一类比较宽松，对生产方面的战略联盟限
制得紧一些。
研究与开发战略联盟
• R&D Alliances • 在正的外部性存在的情况下，单独投资会使经济效
率偏低，若将两企业合在一起，则使效率提高。 （例如，苹果园与蜜蜂园） • 在中国，产、学、研战略联盟成功的例子。校办企 业的产生… Firms cooperate in R&D spending and/or activities Two seminal papers: D’Aspremont and Jacquemin 1988, Kamien, Muller and Zang 1992 Kamien et al is a generalization of D’Aspreomont and Jacquemin
between market and firm In an alliance resources are combined across
organizations but the organizations themselves remain separate identities • 既能得到企业的好处，又能避免完全成为一个企业带来 的弊端，如，文化背景不同等。
• 包括两层含义： • 1）为了一件任务或一组任务而合作； • 2）通过市场之外进行资源组合。（不通过市
场进行交易）
• 战略联盟有时间性。（不同于一个企业） • 战略联盟包括资本的共享。 • 合资企业是一种特殊的战略联盟 • 也有将战略联盟与合资企业平行来用。 • 对于战略联盟，虽然削弱竞争不是目的，但可 能带来正或负的影响。 带来法律上的灰色地带 • 法律上的模糊性本身就可能带来经济损失。
• 3. 可分担因不对称信息而带来的风险。 （overcoming the imperfections in capital market or
insurance market caused by asymmetric information） • 4. 不完全竞争。以战略联盟作幌子来实现串谋。（中
三、战略联盟的竞争效应
• Competition Effects of Strategic Alliances Strategic alliances can affect how firms compete against
each other If a strategic alliance lessens competition, it benefits the
哪些因素导致企业进行战略联盟？
• 1. 成本的节省。如，大家共同开发新产品 （Cost savings and synergies: e.g., eliminating duplications in spending on facilities and R&D ）
• 2. 交易成本的节省。如，外部效应内部化使效率提高。 （reducing the efficiency losses caused by investment holdup problem or externalities (R&D spillovers)
•The Model by D’Aspremont and Jacquemin (AER 1988) Two firms produce an identical product The inverse demand function: P = a – bQ qi: Output produced by firm i xi: Amount of research undertaken by firm i The cost function of a firm: Assume 0 < A < a and 0 < β < 1 R&D reduces a firm’s cost (“process innovation”) β表示 R&D 溢出效应。 Total cost of R&D: Two-stage model •Stage 1: 企业同时选择 xi ；Stage 2: 企业同时选择 qi
二、为什么实施战略联盟？
• Theory of the firm: two ways to organize production • – Market (contract) • – Firm (merger) Strategic alliance is an organization form that lies
国的情况，违反垄断协议第13条）
• Relative to mergers, strategic alliances can • – Be more flexible and easier to dissolve
• – Allow the partners to reap the gains of integrating a portion of their businesses without merging other parts of their operations
In both models: • Oligopolistic firms engage in R&D • R&D has spillover effects Main conclusion:
• There is no uniform conclusion with regard to the effects of R&D cooperation on R&D spending. They depend on the size of spillovers as well as how R&D cooperation is organized
战略联盟ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
一、战略联盟的定义
• （Qster 1994）An agreement in which two or more firms combine resources outside of the market in order to accomplish a particular task or set of tasks。
firms but it may be harmful to consumers Two major strands of literature • – R&D strategic alliances
• – Production strategic alliances • 欧盟，一般对第一类比较宽松，对生产方面的战略联盟限
制得紧一些。
研究与开发战略联盟
• R&D Alliances • 在正的外部性存在的情况下，单独投资会使经济效
率偏低，若将两企业合在一起，则使效率提高。 （例如，苹果园与蜜蜂园） • 在中国，产、学、研战略联盟成功的例子。校办企 业的产生… Firms cooperate in R&D spending and/or activities Two seminal papers: D’Aspremont and Jacquemin 1988, Kamien, Muller and Zang 1992 Kamien et al is a generalization of D’Aspreomont and Jacquemin
between market and firm In an alliance resources are combined across
organizations but the organizations themselves remain separate identities • 既能得到企业的好处，又能避免完全成为一个企业带来 的弊端，如，文化背景不同等。
• 包括两层含义： • 1）为了一件任务或一组任务而合作； • 2）通过市场之外进行资源组合。（不通过市
场进行交易）
• 战略联盟有时间性。（不同于一个企业） • 战略联盟包括资本的共享。 • 合资企业是一种特殊的战略联盟 • 也有将战略联盟与合资企业平行来用。 • 对于战略联盟，虽然削弱竞争不是目的，但可 能带来正或负的影响。 带来法律上的灰色地带 • 法律上的模糊性本身就可能带来经济损失。
• 3. 可分担因不对称信息而带来的风险。 （overcoming the imperfections in capital market or
insurance market caused by asymmetric information） • 4. 不完全竞争。以战略联盟作幌子来实现串谋。（中
三、战略联盟的竞争效应
• Competition Effects of Strategic Alliances Strategic alliances can affect how firms compete against
each other If a strategic alliance lessens competition, it benefits the
哪些因素导致企业进行战略联盟？
• 1. 成本的节省。如，大家共同开发新产品 （Cost savings and synergies: e.g., eliminating duplications in spending on facilities and R&D ）
• 2. 交易成本的节省。如，外部效应内部化使效率提高。 （reducing the efficiency losses caused by investment holdup problem or externalities (R&D spillovers)