胡壮麟语言学 重点名词解释

语言学重点名词解释

refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication.

refers that there is no logical connection between a linguistic symbol and what the symbol stands for(meaning and sounds).

means the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.

system must be learned by each speaker.

people what they should say and not say.

in which languages are treated as self-contained systems of communication at any particular time在那一刻、时、块的情况（当代、古代）

历时in which the changes to which languages are subject in the course of time and treated historically.(在过程中都有什么变化、区别、有大时间变化)2个共时即为历时

occur in the world’s languages.

are sounds produced by obstructing the flow of air in the oral cavity。V owels：are produced when the air stream meets with no obstruction。

are additional symbols or marks used together with the consonant and vowel symbols to indicate nuances of change in their pronunciation.

governs the way sounds are organized in languages, and to explain the variations that occur.

studies of the production of speech sounds.

studies of the physical properties of speech sounds

is concerned with the perception of speech sounds

means when a speech sound changes and becomes more like another sound which follows it on precedes it

Anticipatory coarticulation: a sound becomes more like the following sound. Eg: lamb

Perseverative coarticulation: the sound shows the influence of the preceding sound. Eg: map

Narrow transcription: the transcription with letters,symbols together with the diacritics.

phones.But a phone does not distinguish meaning.

allophones of that phoneme. The choice of an allophone is not random, it is rule-governed in different contexts

sound and which also differ in meaning.

24.Allophones of a phoneme always occur in different phonetic environment, so they are said to be in complementary

distribution.

25.If the phonetically similar sounds are 2 distinctive phonemes,they are said to form a phonemic contrast.

they are in free variation.

is a process by which one sound takes on some or all the characteristics of a neighboring sound。

a set of sounds to undergo the process; a set of sounds produced by the process ; a set of situations in which the process applies.

is the smallest meaningful unit of language in terms of the relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be divided into further smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical词汇的or grammatical.

30．Morphology形态学studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.

31.Endocentric compound: is one in which one constituent is the center and the other is the modifier.

Exocentric compound: is one in which there is on focal element and the whole refers to sth else rather than what either of the constituents denotes

or the study of the interrelationships between elements in sentence structures.

be used to mean any syntactic construct which is assigned one or more conventional functions in a language, together with whatever is linguistically conventionalized about its contribution to the meaning or use the construct contains.

can be further analyzed into morphemes(Bloomfield)

into the immediate constituent of their own,and the process goes on until the ultimate constituent are reached.

the internal structure of a sentence is demonstrated and ambiguity can be revealed.

功能相同equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable center or head一个词或一组词是整个结构的核心或中心

refers to a group of syntactically related words where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group as a whole, that is, there is no definable centre or head inside the group.

Surface structure: the final stage in the syntactic derivation of a construction, which closely correspond to the structural organization of a construction people actually produce and receive.

conversation.

means the theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for.