专业英语(段落翻译)
专业英语翻译
1) Electricity can be measured in amount and quality.电可以用数量和质量来度量。
2) Instrument transformers are installed on the high-voltage equipment.互感器安装在高压设备上。
3) Electric power is generated in power generating stations or plants.电能是在发电站或发电厂产生的。
4) The meters are calibrated and the scale is designed to read the value of the desired unit.这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程，以便读出期望的数值。
5)Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulation medium. Such a device is called a capacitor, and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance. It is measured in Farads.电能可以储存在被一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板中，这样的装置被称为电容器，它储存电能的能力就被称为电容。
电容的测量单位是法拉。
1)The signal should be filtered before it is amplified.The signal should be filtered before being amplified.放大信号前，应先对其进行滤波。
2)An object becomes hot. It is placed in the sun.Once being placed in the sun, an object becomes hot.物体放置在太阳下会变热。
专业英语短文翻译2
专业英语短文翻译2南京邮电大学复习资料五:《专业英语》短文翻译1.The reader may ask , how does the demultiplexer know which groupof 8-digits relates to channel 1, 2, and so on ? Clearly this is important ! The problem is easily overcome by specifying a frame format , where at the start of each frame a unique sequence of pulses called the frame code , or synchronization word , is placed so as to identify the start of the frame. A circuit of the demultiplexer is arranged to detect the synchronization word, and thereby it knows that the next group of 8-digits corresponds to channel 1.2.Advances in audio, video and speech coding and compression algorithms and progress in Very Large System Integration technology influence the bit rate generated by a certain service and thus changethe service requirements for the network. In the future, new services with unknown requirement will appear. For the time being it is yet unclear, e. g. what the requirement in terms of bit rate for HDTV will be. A specialized network has great difficulties in adapting to changing or new service requirements.3.When the transmitter wishes to send data, it first places the line in a space level (i. e. , the complement of a mark) for one element period. This element is called the start bit and has a duration of T seconds. The transmitter then sends the character, 1 bit at a time, byplacing each successive bit on the line for a duration of T seconds, until all bits have been transmitted. Then a single parity bit is calculated by the transmitter and sent after the data bits. Finally, the transmitter sends a stop bit at a mark level (i. e. the same level as the idle state) for one or two bit periods. Now the transmitter may send another character whenever it wishes4.The cellular switch, which can be either analog or digital, switches calls to connect mobile subscribers to other mobile subscribers and to the nationwide telephone network.. It also contains data links providing supervision links between the processor and the switch and between the cell sites and the processor. The radio link carries the voice and signaling between the mobile unit and the cell site. Microwave radio links or wire lines carry both voice and data between the cellsite and the MTSO.5.Today's telecommunication networks are characterized by specialization . This means that for every individual telecommunication service at least one network exists that transports this service. A few examples of existing public networks are described below Computer data are transported in the public domain by a packet switched data network (PSDN) based on X.25 protocol6.Today’s telecommunication networks are characterized by specialization . This means that for every individual telecommunication service at least one network exists that transports this service. A few examples of existing public networks are described below:Computer data are transported in the public domain by a packet switched data network (PSDN) based on X.25 protocols.Television signals can be transported in three ways: broadcast via radio waves using ground antenna, by the coaxial tree network of the community antenna TV (CATV) network or recently via a satellite, using the so-called direct broadcast system (DBS)7.By far the most popular serial interface between a computer andits CRT (显示器) terminal isthe asynchronous serial interface . This interface is so called because the transmitted data and the received data are not synchronized over any extended period and therefore no special means of synchronizing the clocks at the transmitter and receiver is necessary. In fact, the asynchronous serial data link is a very old form of data transmission system and has its origin in the era of the第1页共4页南京邮电大学teleprinter.8.At the receiving end of an asynchronous serial data link, the receiver continually monitors the line looking for a start bit. Once the start bit has been detected, the receiver waits until the end of thestart bit and then samples the next N bits at their centers, using a clock generated locally by the receiver. As each incoming bit is sampled, it is used to construct a new character. When the received character has been assembled, its parity is calculated and compared with the receivedparity bit following the character. If they are not equal, a parityerror flag is set to indicate a transmission error.9.If we consider binary transmission , the complete informationabout a particular message will always be obtained by simply detecting the presence or absence of the pulse. By comparison, most other forms of transmission systems convey the message information using the shape , or level of the transmitted signal ; parameters are most easily affected by the noise and attenuation introduced by the transmission path . Consequently there is an inherent advantage for overcoming noisy environments by choosing digital transmission.10. The Internet is the largest repository of information which can provide very large network resources . The network resources can be divided into network facilities resources and network information resources . The network facilities resources provide us the ability of remote computation and communication . The network information resources provide us all kinds of information services , such as science , education , business , history , law , art , and , entertainment , etc11.The SDH standards are based on the principle of direct synchronous multiplexing which is the key to cost effective and flexible telecommunication networking. In essence, it means that individual tributary signals may be multiplexing directly into a higher rate SDH signal without intermediate stage of multiplexing. SDH Network Elements can then be interconnected directly with obvious cost and equipment savings over the existing network.12.Improvements in component performance, cost, and reliability by 1980 led to major commitments on the part of telephone companies. Fibre soon became the preferred transmission medium for long-haul trunks. Some early installations 0. 8 µm light sources and graded-index multimode fibre, but by 1983, designers of intercity links were thinking in terms of 1. 3 µm, single-mode systems. The single-mode fibere, used in conjunction with a 1. 3 µm laser, provides a bandwidth advantage which translates into increased repeater spacings for high data rate system.13.The individual elements of multimedia are already handled by a standard 486 personal computer, such things as audio, graphics and text, but the major challenge is in real time video, for this is the major business requirement and a necessity if multimedia systems are to become standard items for the desktop. This real time processing requires a vast amount of data storage and this is a function of the amount of information contained in a colour picture, for instance a normal640×480pixel colour picture requires well over 1 M bytes of storage to give the required quality, though for full motion video this is increased up to 100 M bytes of data.1.读者也许会问，解复用器怎么知道哪一组8位码对应于第一路、第二路及其他各路呢?显然这是很重要的。
地质专业英语翻译段落 (学习版)
Petroleum occurs widely in the earth as gas,liquid,semisolid,or solid,or in more than one of these states at a single place.Chemically any petroleum is an extremely complex mixture of hydrocarbon compounds,with minor amounts of nitrogen ,oxygen,and sulfur as impurities.Liquid petroleum ,which is called crude oil to distinguish it from refined oil,is the most important commercially .It consists chiefly of the liquid hydrocarbons ,with varying amounts of dissolved gases,bitumens,and impurities.石油，以气态、液态、半固态或固态、或在某一个地方以一种以上形态广泛存在于地球中。
从化学上讲，任何石油都是由烃化合物组成的极其复杂的混合物，并含有少量作为杂质的氮、氧及硫。
液态的石油，为区别于炼制油，成为原油，在商业上是重要的。
它主要由液态烃类组成，并含有不同数量的溶解气、沥青和杂质。
The origin and distribution of a reservoir rock are controlled primarily by the processes by which the sand was deposited. Scientists concerned with the origin of sedimentary rocks are fortunate because they can observe the conditions and processes by which sediments accumulate today and use their observations to interpret the origin of ancient sediment. By using the areas of modern environments of deposition as natural laboratories, scientists seek to improve the quality of their work. A massive effort has been underway for the past 30 years by industry, government and university scientists throughout the world to investigate modern environments of deposition and to interpret the results of the processes in Holocene sequences. Concepts have evolved from these studies that have revolutionized scientific thought about the sedimentary rocks.储集岩的成因和分布基本受砂沉积时的一些作用控制。
专业英语 翻译
1. Design means features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornamentation applicable to an article, being features that, in the finished article, can be judged by the eye, but does not include method or principle if construction .1 设计意味着形状的特征，结构，图案或装饰，用于一个物品中，成为一种特征，在完成的物品中，可以通过眼睛来判断，但不包括形成方法或原则。
2.Design is the activity that makes the living environment more suitable for people, it is also the tool by which the technologies, manufacture ability, market needs and resources can be transferred into the useful results and products.2 设计是一种能让生活环境更适宜人类生存的活动，也是一种可以将科学技术、制造能力、市场需求和资源转换为有用的结果和产品的工具。
3 Design is the area of human experience, skill and knowledge that reflects mains concern with the appreciation of his surroundings in the light of his materials and spiritual need, in particular, it relates with configuration, composition, meaning, value and purpose in man-made phenomena. 3设计是人类的体验、技能和知识的结合体，源于设计者对其周遭环境的欣赏，按照其当时拥有的材料和精神需求，反映了一些主要问题，特别是在人为现象中，设计与外形结构、组成成分、含义、价值和目的都有关系。
专业英语综合教程2翻译
Unit 11.那部关于古代战争的电影采用了先进的技术，令观众仿佛身临其境。
（illusion）Thanks to modern technology, the film about that ancient battle gives the audience the illusion of being on the battlefield themselves.2.在那场大火中，整个古城毁于一旦，但是这块石碑却幸运的保存了下来。
(devastate) That ancient city was devastated by the fire, but fortunately the stone table survived.3.他们看了那段录像，听了那位妇女的讲述，心里充满了对地震孤儿的同情。
(fill with) The videotape and the story by the woman filled them with sympathy for the child who had become an orphan in the earthquake.4.那场大地震中，我们听过太多太多教师的事迹，他们拒绝离开学生自己逃生，献出了自己的生命（leave behind)In that earthquake, we heard many stories of teachers who had refused to leave their students behind and laid down their lives.5.豫园的建造始于1558年，但由于资金短缺时建时停，1578年才建成。
(off and on）The construction of the Yu Yuan Garden began in 1558, but it was not completed until 1578 because building went off and on for lack of money.6.1980年我遇到她时，她刚从国外读完硕士回来。
专业英语翻译
UNIT1Although the use of chemicals dates back to the ancient civilizations, the evolution of what we know as the modern chemical industry started much more recently.尽管化学品的使用可以追溯到古代文明时代，我们所谓的现代化学工业的发展却是非常近代（才开始的）。
It may be considered to have begun during the Industrial Revolution, about 1800, and developed to provide chemicals roe use by other industries.可以认为它起源于工业革命其间，大约在1800年，并发展成为为其它工业部门提供化学原料的产业。
Examples are alkali for soapmaking, bleaching powder for cotton, and silica and sodium carbonate for glassmaking.比如制肥皂所用的碱，棉布生产所用的漂白粉，玻璃制造业所用的硅及Na2CO3. 我们会注意到所有这些都是无机物。
At the start of the twentieth century the emphasis on research on the applied aspects of chemistry in Germany had paid off handsomely, and by 1914 had resulted in the German chemical industry having 75% of the world market in chemicals.20世纪初，德国花费大量资金用于实用化学方面的重点研究，到1914年，德国的化学工业在世界化学产品市场上占有75%的份额。
专业英语翻译(9.13.14.15.16.23)
Unit 91、As is found in all phases of polymer chemistry, there aremany exceptions to this categorization.译：正如在高分子化学的各个部分都可以看到的那样，对这种分类方法有很多例外情况。
2、When the molecular chains are ‘straightened out’orstretched by a process of extension, they do not have sufficient attraction for each other to maintain the oriented state and will retract once the force is released. 译：当通过一个拉伸过程将分子链拉直的时候，分子链彼此之间没有足够的相互吸引力来保持其定向状态，作用力一旦解除，将发生收缩。
3、Therefore, a potential fiber polymer will not become a fiberunless subjected to a ‘drawing’process, i.e., a process resulting in a high degree of intermolecular orientation. 译：因此，可以制成纤维的聚合物将不成其纤维，除非经受一个抽丝拉伸的过程，即一个可以形成分子间高度取向的过程。
4、It must be borne in mind that, with the advent ofZiegler-Natta mechanisms and new techniques to improve and extend crystallinity, and the closeness of packing of chains, many older data given should be critically considered in relation to the stereoregular andcrystalline structure.译：必须牢牢记住，随着Ziegler-Natta机理出现，以及随着提高结晶度和提高链的堆砌密度的新方法的出现，对许多过去已得到的关于空间结构和晶体结构旧的资料，应当批判的接受。
专业英语翻译
1大多数的机加工主要是由五中基本的机床来完成Most of the mechanical operations are performed by five basic machine tools.2车床一般被成为整个机床加工设备家庭成员中之父。
The lathe is commonly called the father of the entire machine tool family.3.磨削加工是利用研磨颗粒来切学金属，磨削加工可分为精磨和非精磨。
Grinding makes use of abrasive particles to do the cutting.grinding may be classified as precisiom and nonprecision.ling can produce flat or angled surfaces,grooves,slots,gear teeth,and other profiles,depending on the shape of cutters being used.磨削可根据所用的铣刀形状分别加工平面，槽口，缝，轮齿及其他型面。
3.Nonprecision grinding involves the removal of metal where is not important.粗磨是指切除精度不高的工件多余的金属。
1A spherical mechanism is one in which each link has some point which remains stationary as the linkage moves and in which the stationary points of all links lie at a common location .在平面机构中，当连杆机构运动时，每一连杆都有某个保持静止的点，而且所有连杆的静止点都在同一位置上。
石油工程专业英语重点段落翻译
1—1Petroleum1 Petroleum is a substance,usually liquid or gas ,consisting of organic molecules composed of hydrogen and carbon atoms. Thus the general name “hydrocarbons”is often used.The possible variations in the construction of the molecule and mixtures of different molecules to form naturally occurring oil (crude oil) are virtually limitless.No two crude oils are identical. Because these complex mixtures of organic matter are found in rock,they are called “petroleum”,a word derived from the Latin words for rock (petra) and for oil (oleum).石油是由C，H原子组成的有机物物质，通常成气态或者液态。
因此也把石油叫做碳氢化合物。
组成原油的分子结构和不同分子的混合物的变化是无限的。
没有2种原油是相同的。
因为这些复杂的有机物混合物是在岩石中发现的，因此被称为石油，由拉丁文中的岩石和油演化而来。
2 The bed of sedimentary rock in which the petroleum is formed ate called the “source rocks”.They are usually dark gray or black shales,but limestone is a source under some conditions. Shale has an abundance of pore space between the clay particles which can contain liquid ,but the pores are much too tiny to allow the movement of fluids under normal conditions. In other words, shales are not “permeable”.However, the pressure produced by the processes of petroleum generation expels the fluid, and petroleum has to move from the source rock at some stage of development to become economically producible. The event is called“primary migration”.Once departed from the source bed ,the oil or gas will enter any nearby porous and permeable rock ,such as sandstone or limestone.能够形成石油的沉积岩层称为生油岩。
英语专业翻译
1.“I wanted to go off to another town, but then everyone got busy matchmaking and they were after me so they nearly tore my coat tail off. They talked at me and talked until I got water on the ear. She was no chaste maiden, but they told me she was a virg in pure.‖鄙人意欲远走他乡。
然而，此时人人皆忙于为在下做媒，在下所到之处，红娘紧随其后，形影不离，几乎将在下之燕尾扯下。
他们滔滔不绝，口若悬河，致使在下双耳嗡鸣。
此女即非大家闺秀，亦非小家碧玉，本无贞操可言。
然而，他们却称此女乃圣洁之贞女也。
2. My old friend Harrison, had lived in the Mediterranean for years before he returned to England. He had often dreamed of retiring in England and had planned to settle down to the country. He had no sooner returned than he bought a fine house and went to live there. Almost immediately he began to complain about the weather, for even though it was still summer it rained continuously and it was often bitterly cold.哈里逊是我的旧友，侨居地中海多年，近返英国。
英语翻译专业必翻经典文章英文原文+参考译文
文档简介文档简介一，一， 英语翻译经典文章之英语翻译经典文章之 英文原稿英文原稿 二，二， 中文翻译中文翻译：这篇英语文章的最好翻译版本！不是俺说的，是俺老师说哒！！英文原稿BrianIt seems my only request (It seems my only request (““please, let me sleep please, let me sleep””) is not clear enough, so I made this simple table that can help you when you that can help you when you’’re in doubt. Especially during the night Situa on what to do I’I’m sleeping m sleeping Do not enter my roomYou You’’re not sure if re not sure if I’I’I’m sleeping m sleeping and you want to checkNot your business Don Don’’t enter my room You You’’re under the re under the effect effect of drug of drugs s and you feel like entering my roomDon Don’’t enter my fucking room You saw a super cute video on you tu be and you want me to see it Don Don’’t enter my room Send me the link on FB World war 3 just started Don Don’’t care Don Don’’t enter my fucking room You or one of your friends want to want to ““have fun have fun”” with me I’I’m straight. m straight. m straight. I’I’I’m sorry m sorryDon't even touch my room door You want to clean my room Thanks but Thanks but I’I’I’ll take care of it myself ll take care of it myself Pu n just legalized gay marri agesThat That’’s wonderful! Finally !But don But don’’t enter my roomI’I’m not home m not homeDon Don’’t even think of entering my roomI’I’m m home, it it’’s day me, you knocked and I answered answered ““yes, come in yes, come in”” You can enter my room中文翻译中文翻译小子：小子：我只想好好地睡觉，你不明白吗？！所以，我做了这个简表。
英语专业翻译部分
1）承蒙厚爱。
I am indebted for your great kindness (favor).2）他突然受到主管的赞赏，深感受宠若惊。
When his boss expressed appreciation of his work, he was quite overwhelmed.中国人喜欢在农历二月二理发。
Chinese people like to have their hair cut on the lunar February 2.4) 我国有得天独厚的自然资源。
Our country is blessed with unsurpassed natural resources.5) 三人行，必有我师焉。
择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。
Among any three people walking, I will find something to learn for sure. Their good qualities are to be followed, and their shortcomings are to be avoided.6）Snow is blowing in at the window.雪花飘进了窗户。
7）The tea is brewing.茶在泡着。
8）The fire was at last under control.火势终于得到控制。
9）The praise of the man goes too far.把这个人夸得过头了。
10) Heated, water will change into vapor.水如受热，就会汽化。
11) The progress of the society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。
12) Love is not a commodity; the real thing cannot be bought, sold, traded or stolen.爱情不是商品；真情实意不可能买到，卖掉，交换，或者偷走。
医学专业英语文章翻译
医学专业英语⽂章翻译 健康,已成为当今全球性的四⼤问题之⼀(其它三个是:能源、⼈⼝和环境⽣态)。
下⾯是店铺带来的医学专业英语⽂章翻译，欢迎阅读! 医学专业英语⽂章翻译1 低头党注意啦：常常玩⼿机的⼋⼤风险! 1. Cyber Sickness 晕屏症 Also called "digital motion sickness," symptoms that range from headaches to woozy feelings can occur when you quickly scroll on your smart phone or watch action-packed video on your screen. 这种病也被称为“数字晕车”，症状包括头痛、甚⾄出现头昏眼花的感觉，这种病可能会发⽣在你快速刷屏或者看让⼈觉得很刺激的视频的时候。
The sensation results from a mismatch between sensory inputs, Steven Rauch, medical director of the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Balance and Vestibular Center and a professor of otolaryngology at Harvard Medical School, told the New York Times. 这种感觉是由感官输⼊的不匹配引起的，马萨诸塞州眼科顾问、来⾃哈佛⼤学医学院⽿⿐喉科的教授史蒂芬·劳奇对《纽约时报》说道。
“Your sense of balance is different than other senses in that it has lots of inputs,” he said. “When those inputs don’t agree, that’s when you feel dizziness and nausea.” In other words, you experience a "sensory conflict" when you see an active motion but don't physically feel it. “与其他感官不同，当有⼤量信息输⼊时，⼈的平衡感会发⽣改变。
专业英语翻译(中英对照)
1. Electrical Measuring Instruments电子测量仪表Electrical personnel use many different types of measuring instruments. 电子技术人员使用许多不同类型的测量仪器。
Some jobs require very accurate measurements while other jobs need only rough estimates. 一些工作需要精确测量面另一些工作只需粗略估计。
Some instruments are used solely to determine whether or not a circuit is complete. 有些仪器被使用仅仅是确定线路是否完整。
The most common measuring and testing instruments are voltage testers, voltmeters, ammeters, ohmmeters, continuity testers, megohmmeters, wattmeters（功率计）, and watt-hour meters（电度表，电表）。
最常用的测量测试仪表有：电压测试仪，电压表，欧姆表，连续性测试仪，兆欧表，瓦特表还有瓦特小时表。
All meters used for measuring electrical values are basically current meters. 所有测量电值的表基本上都是电流表。
They measure or compare the values of current flowing through them. 他们测量或是比较通过他们的电流值。
The meters are calibrated and the scale is designed to read the value of the desired unit. 这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程，以便读出期望的数值。
专业英语演讲稿带翻译(精选多篇)
专业英语演讲稿带翻译(精选多篇)演讲一：The Importance of Critical Thinking in Today’s Society Good morning, everyone. Today, I would like to talk about the importance of critical thinking in today’s society.As we navigate through an increasingly complex and interconnected world, it is becoming more and more important to be able to critically analyze the information that we are presented with. This means asking questions, challenging assumptions, and evaluating evidence in order to come to a well-reasoned and informed conclusion.Critical thinking is important not only in our personal lives, but also in our professional lives. Employers are looking for individuals who can think critically and creatively, solve problems, and make informed decisions. In fact, a recent study found that more than two-thirds of employers believe that critical thinking is among the most important skills for their employees to possess.Moreover, critical thinking is a key component of being an informed and engaged citizen. In a world where misinformation and propaganda are all too common, it is essential that we are able to separate fact from fiction and make informed decisions about the issues that affect us all.So, how do we develop our critical thinking skills? One way is through education. By encouraging students to think critically and providing them with the necessary tools and resources, we can help them develop the skills they need to succeed in a complex world.Another way is by actively seeking out different viewpoints and perspectives, and being open to challenging our own assumptions and beliefs. Instead of simply accepting what we are told, we should approach everything with a healthy degree of skepticismand a willingness to question what we think we know.In conclusion, the ability to think critically is more important now than ever before. By developing our critical thinking skills, we can become more informed, successful, and engaged members of society.谢谢大家!Translation:大家早上好。
食品专业英语部分翻译
P60 第一段：Alcoholic beverages are produced from a range of raw materialsbut especially from cereals, fruits and sugar crops. They include non-distilled beverages such as beers, wines, ciders, and sake. Disitlled beverages such as whisky and rum are produced from fermented cerealsand molasses, respectively, while brandy is produced by distillation of wine. Other distilled beverages, such as vodka and gin, are produced from neutral spirits obtained by distillation of fermented molasses, grain,potato or whey. A variety of fortified wines are produced by addition ofinclude sherries, port and Madeira wines.酒精饮料可由很多原料来生产，但以谷物、水果和糖料作物为主。
酒类饮料包含非蒸馏饮料，如啤酒、葡萄酒、苹果酒和日本米酒。
蒸馏饮料如威士忌和朗姆酒分别由谷物和糖浆发酵制得，而白兰地则是由葡萄酒蒸馏制得。
其余蒸馏饮料，象伏特加和杜松子酒则由发酵糖浆、谷物、马铃薯或乳清所得的白酒经蒸馏制成。
各种各种的加强葡萄酒是在葡萄酒中增添蒸馏的白酒使酒精含量提升到15 －20 ％制成。
有名的产品有雪梨白葡萄酒、波尔多红葡萄酒和马德拉烈性甜酒。
专业英语
专业英语翻译重点汉译英：一、持久性有机污染物1.持久性有机污染物是一类有毒的物质。
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a group of chemicals with toxic properties.2.持久性有机污染物在工农业方面有广泛的应用。
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are widely used in agricultural and industrial practices.3.持久性有机污染物通过很多人为活动无意排放进入环境。
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are unintentionally released from many anthropogenic activities around the globe.三句话合起来的表述：Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are a group of chemicals with toxic properties that are widely used in agricultural and industrial practices, as well as unintentionally released from many anthropogenic activities around the globe.二：电子垃圾1.发展中国家人力成本低廉，对原材料需求量大The labor cost in the developing world is low.The demand for raw materials in the developing world is strong. 2.这一现象催生了许多小作坊加入电子垃圾回收行业These have encouraged small operators to recover valuable materials from e-waste.3.这一现象还加剧了电子垃圾的跨境传输These have stimulated the trans-boundary flow of e-waste.4.这些小作坊没有响应的污染处理设施small operators have no proper pollution control equipment and technology.四句话合起来的表述：Low labor cost and strong demand for raw materials in the developing world have encouraged small operators, without proper pollution control equipment and technology, to recover valuable materials from e-waste, further stimulating the trans-boundary flow of e-waste.英译汉：1.The weight has been reduced by 80 kg．体重已经减了80公斤。
口腔医学专业英语 重点段落翻译总结
Unit 1牙齿为细菌的定殖和生长提供了理想的环境，相比较黏膜表面，牙齿表面不能稳定地通过被定殖上皮的脱落而不断更新。
此外，牙齿上的某些部位，例如邻面和牙合面的点隙裂沟，被保护得很好，免受口腔黏膜和食物的剪切力，并使细菌聚集，这些部位和龋病最初发现的部位是一致的。
但是，微生物定殖于牙齿，不仅仅是一个被动保留的问题，也需要细菌主动粘附于牙表面。
这其中的粘附机制很复杂，目前尚不清楚。
初期，在范德华引力及阴离子静电排斥力的（双重）的作用下，细菌非特异性地与牙面结合。
高度的表面疏水性可能有利于附着。
坚固的附着可能通过随后的特种的机械作用来实现。
Unit 2微生物的生态学，有关微生物和它们所处的环境之间的关系的研究是一个广泛的话题，它包括了基础的和实用的科学，控制这些关系的因素是普遍的，应用的非常多。
微生物和生态系的关系就像人类的嘴和海洋的关系或者牛的反刍。
到最近，生态学的观念和理论被运用于细菌在口腔中的生长，但生态学的某些方面已经在紧张的研究中，口腔微生物学家依赖于一些例子进行研究。
把生态学的观念运用到口腔细菌生态系中，使得微生物学家能解释在植物群和艾滋中的变化，以便理解一些像龋病之类的疾病。
龋病需要牙菌斑的参与和潜在的致病菌的出现。
在微生物的生态学中普遍使用的术语展示在表2-1中。
自然界中，大多数栖息地支持细菌植物群的存在，这对特殊的栖息地来说是与众不同的。
如果可能的话，很少会是一个栖息地被单一物种或有血缘的物种占据，大多数栖息地有或多或少的复杂的混合细菌，并且这些细菌能在环境中生存，因此，已发现的细菌，像一个栖息地中的植物群的组成成分，反映了当地的自然环境，并且环境中的变化将会在植物群的变化中被反映出来。
一般来说，更多简单的细菌的混合物是在极端的环境中被发现的，比如高温、强酸或营养不足。
不是很极端的环境条件的栖息地通常支持一个更复杂的植物群。
许多栖息地标志性的特征是一种或多种可能与液相有关联的表面的缺失。
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The process models covered here are the waterfall model, evolutionary development and component-based software engineering.这里论述的过程模型是瀑布模型、演化开发和基于组件的软件工程。
这3种类属过程模型在当前的软件工程实践中广泛使用。
它们不是互不相容，而是经常一起使用，尤其是在大型系统开发的情况下。
一个较大型系统内的子系统可使用不同的方法开发。
因此，尽管分别讨论这些模型比较方便，但应该明白，实际上它们经常结合使用。
For large systems, a mixed process is recommended which incorporates the best features of the waterfall and the evolutionary development models.对于大型系统，建议使用一种混合过程，将瀑布模型和演化开发模型的最佳特征结合起来。
这可能涉及到使用演化方法开发一个抛弃式原型，以解决系统规格说明中存在的不确定性。
然后，可使用一种结构化程度比较高的方法重新实现系统。
得到很好理解的系统部分可使用基于瀑布模型的过程进行规格说明和开发。
事先难以进行规格说明的其他系统部分，如用户界面，无例外地应使用探索式编程方法来开发。
Data storage traditionally used individual ,unrelated files, sometimes called flat files.数据存储传统上是使用单独的没有联系的文件，这些文件有时称为平面文件。
在过去，一个机构中的每个应用程序都使用自己的文件。
例如，在一个大学中，每个部门都可能有其自己的文件集：档案办公室保存着关于学生信息和学生成绩的文件；经济资助办公室保存着其自己的关于需要经济资助以继续学业的学生的文件；调度办公室保存着教授的姓名和他们所教的课程；工薪发放部门保存着其自己的关于全体教职员工（包括教授）的文件，等等。
然而，所有这些平面文件今天都可结合成一个实体——供整个大学使用的数据库。
In a relational model, data is organized in two-dimensional tables called relations.在关系模型中，数据被组织成称为关系的二维表。
关系模型没有分层或网络结构强加于数据。
然而，表或关系是相互关联的（图6A-4）。
关系数据库管理系统组织数据，使其外部视图呈现为关系或表的集合。
这并不意味着数据以表的形式存储：数据的物理存储与数据的逻辑组织方式毫无关系。
图6A-5给出了一个关系的例子。
关系数据库管理系统中的关系具有以下特征：Telecommunications systems deliver messages using a number of different transmission media, including copper wires, fiber-optic cables ,communication satellites , and microwave radio.电信系统使用多种不同的传输媒介传送信息，包括铜线、光缆、通信卫星和微波无线电。
划分电信媒介的一种方法，是看媒介是否使用导线。
基于导线（或有线）的电信提供了大多数电话与电话网之间的最初链路，是一种可靠的信息传输方式。
没有导线的电信，通常称为无线通信，使用无绳电话、蜂窝式无线电话、步话机、民用波段无线电台、寻呼机和卫星等技术。
无线通信提高了机动性和灵活性。
Convergence of telecommunications technologies will also trigger a change in the content available and the composition of the content providers.电信技术的融合也将在可获得的内容以及内容提供者的构成方面引起改变。
电视机和个人计算机都将不断地吸纳新的多媒体、交互和数字化特征。
例如，一个娱乐节目可能会有屏幕指针，链接到含有演员更多信息的万维网网页上。
从近期来看，在全数字化电信时代到来之前，调制解调器等设备在为旧的模拟世界与即将到来的数字世界提供基本链接方面，仍然必不可少。
The need to share information and resources among different computers has led to linked computer systems, called networks, in which computers are connected so that data can be transferred from machine to machine. I在不同计算机之间共享信息和资源的需要，导致了相互连接的计算机系统的产生。
这种相互连接的计算机系统被称为网络。
在网络中，计算机连接在一起，从而数据可以从一台计算机传输到另一台计算机。
在网络中，计算机用户可以交换信息，并共享分散在整个网络系统的资源，如打印能力、软件包以及数据存储设备。
支持这类应用所需的基本软件，已经从简单的实用软件包发展成一个不断扩展的网络软件系统，该系统提供了一个复杂的网络范围的基础结构。
从某种意义上说，网络软件正在演变成一个网络范围的操作系统。
Another early application of the client/server model was used to reduce the cost of disk storage while also removing the need for duplicate copies of records.客户机/服务器模型的另外一种早期应用是为了降低磁盘存储费用，同时消除复制记录的需要。
在这种情况下，网络中的某一台计算机配备了大容量存储系统（通常是磁盘），存储一个机构的所有记录。
这样，网络中的其他计算机可根据需要请求访问这些记录。
因此，实际含有记录的计算机扮演了服务器（称为文件服务器）的角色，而其他计算机则扮演了请求访问文件服务器上存储的文件的客户机角色。
If one “stood” at a domain’s gateway and “looked out” into the cloud.一个人如果“站”在一个域的网关处“向外看”云，就会发现各种结构。
的确，随着各种域找到与云建立连接的点，因特网也以有点随意的方式发展着。
然而，一种流行的结构是，将若干域的网关连接在一起，形成一个由网关组成的区域网络。
例如，一组大学可以选择将其资源集中起来，用于构建这样一个网络。
而这个区域网络接着又连接到一个更大的网络上，后者上面还连接有其他的区域网络。
这样，那部分云就呈现出了层次结构（图9A-1）。
The business phenomenon that we now call electronic commerce has had an interesting history.我们现在称之为电子商务的商业现象拥有有趣的历史。
电子商务发端于20世纪90年代中期，当时并不显山露水，但随后发展迅猛，直到2000年出现一次大衰退。
许多人看过相关的新闻报道，先是“网络公司繁荣”，继之以“网络公司不景气”或“网络炸弹”。
从2003年开始，电子商务开始显示出新生的迹象。
尽管繁荣岁月的快速扩张和高水平投资不可能重现，但电子商务的第二次浪潮已然来临。
Each domain’s local authority is responsible for maintaining a directory containing the mnemonic address and the corresponding IP address of those computers within its domain. This directory is implemented on a designated computer within the domain in the form of a server, called a name server, that responds to requests regarding address information.每个域的本地管理机构负责维持一个目录，里面含有该域中每台计算机的助记地址和相应的IP地址。
这个目录在该域中充当服务器的一台指定计算机上实现。
这个服务器叫做名称服务器，它对有关地址信息的请求作出响应。
整个因特网的所有名称服务器一起构成一个因特网范围的目录系统的一部分，该系统称为域名系统，用于将助记形式的地址转换成相应的位模式形式。
具体来说，当一个人请求将一份报文发送到以助记形式标识的一个目的地时，域名系统被用于将该助记地址转换成与因特网软件兼容的相应IP地址。
从域名系统提取信息的过程常常被称为“域名系统查找”。
一般来说，完成一个域名系统查找只需要几分之一秒。
In the first wave, Internet technologies were integrated into B2B transactions and internal business processes by using bar codes and scanners to track parts, assemblies, inventories, and production status.在第一次浪潮中，因特网技术通过使用条形码和扫描仪跟踪零部件、库存和生产状况而结合进B2B交易和内部商业过程。
这些跟踪技术未能很好地整合。
而且，公司彼此发送交易信息使用的是一些通信方法的大杂烩，包括传真、电子邮件和电子数据交换。
在第二次浪潮中，射频识别装置和智能卡正在与指纹读取器、视网膜扫描仪等生物统计学技术结合起来，以便在更为广泛多样的情况下控制更多的物品和人员。
这些技术正在越来越高的程度上互相整合，并与有关的通信系统整合，这些通信系统使不同的公司能够互相通信，有效地分享交易、库存量及顾客需求信息。
Human mistakes are inevitable. Data-entry errors are probably the most commonplace.人为差错不可避免。
数据输入错误或许是最常发生的。
程序员错误也经常发生。
有些错误可能是有毛病的设计所致，如软件制造商将删除命令设计得与另一个命令非常相似。