6英语词汇学第六章_同义反义上下义

4.1. definition of synonymy synonymy : ---refers to the sameness relation between words.
Synonym: --a word that is equivalent in sense to another word.
• e.g.: word-building word formation fricative spirant摩擦音
• b. Relative synonyms ---those that denote different shades of meaning or different degrees of given quality.
Main contents: (semantic field) 1.）definition of hyponymy 2. ） superordinate and hyponym 3. ） relationship between superordinate and hyponym 4. ） use of superordinate and hyponym 5. ） meronymy
• Move
•
Walk run jog swim
fly
3.2. superordinate and hyponym 上义词/下义词 superordinate or upper term: ---the more inclusive words hyponym, lower term or subordinate: ---the more specific words • kinship: father /mother/brother/cousin • process of cooking: roast, boil, cook, grill
a.complete (absolute/total) synonym b. relative synonym quasi-synonym loose synonym
• a. complete (absolute/total) synonym (rare) ---two words identical in meaning, i.e. interchangeable in all contexts and with identical connotation.
4.2. Sources of synonyms A. historical reason: a) Anglo-Saxon (native) b) French, Latin, Greek (foreign elements)
Patterns: doublets: native words / borrowed 成对同义词 homely domestic house mansion triplets: Anglo-Saxon French Latin rise mount ascend
semantic component.
( Jost Trier / German 1930’s)
• words of a semantic field are not synonyms but are joined together by some common semantic component
b. satisfy stylistic purpose: cease to think gone to sleep forever c. emphasis setbacks and reverse d. explanation He was cashiered, that is to say, dismissed. He was murdered, or rather executed.
• antonym: ---words that’ re in opposition
• 5.2. kinds of antonyms a. (classified according to morphological structure) * ---root antonyms • clear/vague large/small • *---derivational antonyms: prewar/ postwar code/decode
• e) euphemism /vulgarism to lie--to distort the fact poor--needy, deprived, underprivileged, disadvantaged strike---industrial action
• •
4.3. Kinds of synonyms
Differences between relative synonyms:
• A) different in degrees of given quality, semantic intensity --- I hate people who tell lies. --- I detest people who tell lies. B)--different in emotional color ---economical/stingy ---intellectual/egghead
4. synonymy
词与词之间的同义关系
Main contents:
4.1.definition of synonymy 4.2. sources of synonyms 4. 3. kinds of synonyms # differences between relative synonyms 4.4. effects of synonyms
• • • •
代表整体的词：holonym 代表局部的词：meronym 属于局部的词: co-meronyms共局部词 e.g: book: holonym cover/page: co-meronyms 共局部词
•
Plant
• leaf, bud, stem, root, flower, shoot • • Petal stamen
4.1. definition of synonymy synonymy : ---refers to the sameness relation between words.
Synonym: --a word that is equivalent in sense to another word.
C) different in stylistic meaning (level of formality ): fearful / afraid /yellow D)different in collocation or distribution (syntagmatic relation) accuse…of… charge …with… reproach…with (for) F) different in local color lift/elevator
(between the genus（类概念） and the species（种概念）.
Note:***---grammatical structure: • He likes dogs and other animals. • There is no flower more beautiful than a rose. • I like all fruits except bananas. • She reads books all day---mostly novels.
• Furniture • bed,table,sofa.chair
• （co-hyponym共下义词） • ---set of terms which are hyponyms of the same superordinate term.
3.3. relationship between superordinate and hyponym: relative Living • (plant ) (animal ) • (tree flower bush ) (tiger wolf sheep )
Main contents:
5.1.definition of antonymy 5.2. kinds of antonyms 5. 3. use of antonyms
• 5.1. definition of antonymy • antonymy : • ---oppositeness of meaning between words
semantic field theory 语义场理论 • vocab. of a language is not just a listing of independent items, but organized into areas or fields, the members of which are joined together by some common
B. geographical reason American/British English dialect: girl lass C. linguistic phenomenon pick up choose fall out quarrel D. figurative meaning star-gazer day dreamer walk of life occupation/profession
**** meronymy(局部与整体关系）
Meronymy---a term used to describe a partwhole relationship between lexical items. cover/page → book
X is part of Y. A page is part of a book. Y has X. A book has pages. (hierarchical classifications.)
• Exercises:
1. Comment on the differences between relative synonyms. 2.Why do writers often use synonyms in their writing? Give one example.
5. Antonymy 词与词之间的反义关系
• words in the same semantic field may have a number of collocations in common • pork /beef -------fry,stew, roast,raw
3. Hyponymy 词与词之间的上下义关系 (hierarchical classifications) 3.1.Hyponymy--semantic inclusion语义内包） ---- relationship which obtains between general and specific lexical items
4.4. effect of synonyms
a. avoid repetition/achieve precision They hide out on the illegal journey in the smugglers, cars, trucks and vans, sometimes stowing away in cardboxes or disappearing behind the loads of watermelons and sacks of potaபைடு நூலகம்oes.
• (pine oak maple ) • (white pine/ yellow pine )
ram ewe lamb
3.4. use of superordinate and hyponym General terms : vague / trite ( thing, go) ---Specific words ------ add force , clarity,and evoke vivid pictures. walk