经济学原理(英文)4优秀课件
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Consumer income Prices of related goods Tastes Expectations Number of buyers
12
Figure 3 Shifts in the Demand Curve
Price of Ice-Cream
Cone
Increase in demand
Monopolistic Competition
Many sellers Slightly differentiated products Each seller may set price for its own product
3
DEMAND
Quantity demanded is the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.
8
Market Demand versus Individual Demand
Market demand refers to the sum of all individual demands for a particular good or service.
Graphically, individual demand curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market demand curve.
Monopoly
One seller, and seller controls price
2
What Is Competition?
Competition: Perfect and Otherwise
Oligopoly
Few sellers Not always aggressive competition
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
10
Changes in Quantity Demanded
Price of IceCream Cones
B
$2.00
1.00
0
4
A
D
8 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
11
Shifts in the Demand Curve
The demand curve is a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.
7wenku.baidu.com
Figure 1 Catherine’s Demand Schedule and Demand Curve
Law of Demand
The law of demand states that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.
4
The Demand Curve: The Relationship between Price and Quantity Demanded Demand Schedule
Price of IceCream Cone
Price of IceCream Cone
Price of IceCream Cone
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
4
8
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
3
5
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
7
13
The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity demanded.
5
Catherine’s Demand Schedule
6
The Demand Curve: The Relationship between Price and Quantity Demanded Demand Curve
9
The Market Demand Curve
The market demand curve is the horizontal sum
of the individual demand curves!
Catherine’s Demand
+ Nicholas’s Demand
=
Market Demand
The Market Forces of Supply and demand A competitive market is a market in which
there are many buyers and sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price.
Decrease
in demand
Demand
Demand
curve, D2
curve, D1 Demand curve, D3
0
Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
13
Shifts in the Demand Curve
Price of Ice-Cream Cone
$3.00
2.50
1. A decrease in price ...
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
2. ... increases quantity of cones demanded.
1
What Is Competition?
Competition: Perfect and Otherwise
Perfect Competition
Products are the same Numerous buyers and sellers so that each has no
influence over price Buyers and Sellers are price takers
12
Figure 3 Shifts in the Demand Curve
Price of Ice-Cream
Cone
Increase in demand
Monopolistic Competition
Many sellers Slightly differentiated products Each seller may set price for its own product
3
DEMAND
Quantity demanded is the amount of a good that buyers are willing and able to purchase.
8
Market Demand versus Individual Demand
Market demand refers to the sum of all individual demands for a particular good or service.
Graphically, individual demand curves are summed horizontally to obtain the market demand curve.
Monopoly
One seller, and seller controls price
2
What Is Competition?
Competition: Perfect and Otherwise
Oligopoly
Few sellers Not always aggressive competition
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
10
Changes in Quantity Demanded
Price of IceCream Cones
B
$2.00
1.00
0
4
A
D
8 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
11
Shifts in the Demand Curve
The demand curve is a graph of the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded.
7wenku.baidu.com
Figure 1 Catherine’s Demand Schedule and Demand Curve
Law of Demand
The law of demand states that, other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.
4
The Demand Curve: The Relationship between Price and Quantity Demanded Demand Schedule
Price of IceCream Cone
Price of IceCream Cone
Price of IceCream Cone
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
4
8
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
3
5
Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
7
13
The demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of the good and the quantity demanded.
5
Catherine’s Demand Schedule
6
The Demand Curve: The Relationship between Price and Quantity Demanded Demand Curve
9
The Market Demand Curve
The market demand curve is the horizontal sum
of the individual demand curves!
Catherine’s Demand
+ Nicholas’s Demand
=
Market Demand
The Market Forces of Supply and demand A competitive market is a market in which
there are many buyers and sellers so that each has a negligible impact on the market price.
Decrease
in demand
Demand
Demand
curve, D2
curve, D1 Demand curve, D3
0
Quantity of
Ice-Cream Cones
13
Shifts in the Demand Curve
Price of Ice-Cream Cone
$3.00
2.50
1. A decrease in price ...
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Quantity of Ice-Cream Cones
2. ... increases quantity of cones demanded.
1
What Is Competition?
Competition: Perfect and Otherwise
Perfect Competition
Products are the same Numerous buyers and sellers so that each has no
influence over price Buyers and Sellers are price takers