动词时态和语态
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语法复习八:动词时态和语态(1)
一、动词的分类和形式:
动词是表示动作和状态的词。动词有时态、语态和语气3种形式的变化。
1、动词按其能否独立作谓语而分为:“谓语动词”和“非谓语动词”两种
2、动词的4种基本形式:动词原形、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
3、动词按其构成动词词组作用分为:实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。1)实义动词分为及物动词vt和不及物动词vi。还可分为持续性动词和瞬间动词;2)连系动词有两种:一种表特征或状态如be,另一种表状态变化过程如go。
4、五种不同的短语动词:1)“动词+介词”;2)“动词+副词”;3)“动词+副词+介词”;4)“动词+名词(或代词)+介词”;5)“be+形容词(包括相当于形容词的过去分词+介词”。
二、动词的时态:
1、一般现在时的用法:1)表示现在的习惯,经常发生的动作或存在的状态。2)表示主语的特征、性格和能力。3)表示客观事实或真理。4)表示按照计划安排好的将来行为。(只限于是go,come, leave, start, stop, be等开始或移动意义的词。)
2、一般过去时的用法:1)表示过去的动作或状态。2)叙述过去连续发生的事情。3)表示过去一段时间内经常发生的动作。
3、一般将来时的用法:1)表示将来的动作或状态。2)表示将来的经常动作。
4、现在进行时的用法:1)表示说话时正在进行的动作。2)表示现阶段正在进行的动作。(说话时动作不一定进行。)
5、过去进行进的用法:1)过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。2)表示移动的动词:come, start, stay, leave, go等词的过去进行时可以表示过去的将来要发生的动作。3)was going to do可以表示在过去某一时间之后发生的动作。
6、现在完成时的用法:1)表示刚刚完成的动作,常与just连用。2)表示过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态,甚至延续到将来。常与since, for连用,但for, since不能与终止性的动词连用。3)表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
7、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别:1)现在完成时与现在有联系,它表示过去的动作对现在所产生的结果、影响。一般过去时通常表示在过去某一具体时间发生的动作,与现在没什么联系。2)现在完成时表示过去延续到现在的行为;一般过去时着重过去某一时刻的某一具体动作。
8、过去完成的用法:1)表示在过去某一或动作之前已经完成的动作。常与by, before等介词短语或一个状语从句或上下文暗示。2)表示由过去某一时间开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作,常和for(有时可省去)或since 构成的短语或since引导的从句连用。
9、过去将来时的用法:表示对于过去某一时刻而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
练习一:动词时态与语态(1)
1. When I saw Mary, she ______ on the piano.
A. is playing
B. plays
C. was playing
D. played
2. She ______ the door before she goes away.
A. had locked
B. is locking
C. has locked.
D. was locking.
3. A hunter is a man who ______ animals.
A. catch
B. catches
C. will catch
D. was catching
4. What _____ if I drink this?
A. happens
B. is happening
C. will happen
D. is happened
5. I will visit you if Father ______ me.
A. let
B. lets
C. is letting
D. will let
6. Look out! That tree _____ fall down.
A. is going to
B. will be
C. shall
D. would
7. My uncle _____ to see me. He'll be here soon.
A. comes
B. is coming
C. had come
D. came
8. They can't leave until they _____ their work.
A. did
B. are doing
C. have done
D. has done
9. "Has he seen this film?" " Yes. He ______ it several days ago. "
A. saw
B. has seen
C. had seen
D. was seeing
10. Now Mike isn't here. He ______ Mr Green's. Perhaps he ______ back in a few minutes.
A. went to; is coming
B. has gone to; will come
C. has been to; will be
D. is going to; has come
11. That day he ._______ his clothes before he came to see me.
A. has washed
B. washed
C. had been washing
D. was washed
12. I haven't finished my composition. I ______ for two hours and a half.
A. have written it
B. have been writing it
C. wrote it
D. am writting it
13. I will take my daughter with me when I _____ ShangHai,
A. go to
B. will go to
C. have been to
D. have gone to
14. This bright girl ______ the truth in front of the enemy.
A. didn't say
B. couldn't speak to
C. said
D. didn't tell
15. The bridge which ______ last year looks really beautiful.
A. was built
B. built
C. was set up
D. had been built
16. " When ______ school begin?" " Next Monday. "
A. has
B. does
C. did
D. is going to
17. I will ______ here till you give me some money.
A. leave
B. not leave
C. come
D. return
18. I _____ here since I moved here.
A. will work
B. worked
C. work
D. have been working
19. Every time I _____ there, I will buy him something nice.