that引导的定语从句的用法 2

that引导的定语从句的用法

关系代词that可以引导限定性定语从句，修饰代表人或事物的先行词，但不能用于引导非限定性定语从句。that可以充当从句的主语、宾语、表语。例如：

The bag that lies on the ground is hers. 地上的那个包是她的。（关系代词that 修饰bag的定语从句中充当主语）

The old man that I visited yesterday is my teacher. 我昨天拜访的那个老人是我的老师。（关系代词that在修饰man的定语从句中充当宾语）

在先行词是事物的限定性定语从句中， that和which一般可互换，但在下列情况下不可以互换：

1. 只能用that，不能用which作先行词的情况

（1）先行词是不定代词或者先行词被不定代词所修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。例如：

① That’s all that I know. 我知道的就这些。

② Is there anything that you want to buy in town? 你有什么东西要在城里买吗？

③ Nothing that the teacher does doesn’t influence his students. 老师所做的事情没有不影响到学生的。

（2）先行词被序数词、形容词最高级、 the only, the very, the last等修饰时，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。例如：

① The first English novel that I read was Cities. 我读的第一本英文小说是《城市》。

② This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen. 这是我见过的最激动人心的足球比赛之一。

③ This is the only thing that we can do now. 这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。

（3）先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。例如：

① The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all. 我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。

② The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace. 外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。

（4）关系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时，通常只用that，不用which。例如：

① He is no longer the star that he was. 他不再是过去的那位明星了。

② Our school is no longer the school that it used to be. 我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。

（5）句中其他位置已出现which，为避免重复，不用which而用that引导限定性定语从句。例如： Which is the car that has overtaken us? 超过我们的是哪辆车？

2. 只用which，不能用that作先行词的情况

（1）在介词提前到关系代词之前形成“介词＋关系代词”结构来修饰表事物的先行词时，关系代词必须用which。例如：

① The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。

② This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking. 这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。

注意：如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首， which就可换为that，例如： This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。

（2）先行词为“those＋表事物的复数名词”时，关系代词通常只用which而不用that。例如：

①Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior. 学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。

②A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published. 书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。

［考题1］ All ____ is needed is a supply of oil. （1989）

A. the thing

B. that

C. what

D. which

［答案］ B

［解析］先行词是不定代词all，其限定性定语从句应由关系代词that引导，在该定语从句中充当主语。

考点72： who/whom引导的定语从句的用法

who、 whom可以引导定语从句，修饰表示人的先行词，在从句中分别充当主语和宾语（在非正式场合下，除非紧跟于介词之后， who经常可以代替在定语从句中作宾语的whom）。例如：

1. The visitor who came yesterday is Tom. 昨天来访的那个人是汤姆。（who引导修饰visitor的限定性定语从句，并且在该从句中充当主语）

2. His friends， who had tried to dissuade him from smoking， did not succeed. 他的那些已经尽力劝阻他抽烟的朋友们并没有成功。（who引导修饰friends的非限定性定语从句并且在该从句中充当主语）

3. First came Mary, whom few of us had expected. 首先来的是我们当中几乎没有人料到的玛丽。（whom引导修饰Mary的非限定性定语从句并且在该从句中充当宾语，这里的whom可以被who所代替）

4. He is John to whom you ought to address the request. 他是约翰，你应该向他提出此项请求。（whom引导修饰John的非限定性定语从句并且在该从句中充当介词to的宾语，这里紧跟于介词to之后的whom不可以被who代替）

注意： that引导限定性定语从句修饰表示人的先行词时，通常可以与who换用。不紧跟在介词后的whom和that通常可以换用（紧跟在介词后的whom不可以被that代替）。例如： The scientist who/that discovers a cure for cancer will be great. 发现治愈癌症的方法的科学家将会因此而伟大。// Jim is the man with whom she talked. 跟她说过话的那个人是吉姆。

［考题1］ Women ____ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those ____ don’t. （2006北京）

A. who; 不填

B. 不填; who

C. who; who

D. 不填; 不填

［答案］ C

［解析］两个下划线处分别引导定语从句修饰表示人的women、 those，并且在定语从句内部充当主语，均应采用who的形式。

［考题2］ The famous basketball star, ____ tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. （2002北京春）

A. where

B. when

C. which

D. who

［答案］ D

［解析］ Who引导非限定性定语从句，修饰先行词star。

［考题3］ He is the only one of the students who ____ a winner of scholarship for three years. （2002上海春）

A. is

B. are

C. have been

D. has been

［答案］ D

［解析］被who所引导的限定性定语从句所修饰的先行词是表达单数含义的“the only one”（of the students是the only one的后置定语），题干中的“for three years”意味着应采用现在完成时表示已经赢得奖学金的情况，因此本题只能选D。