简明英语语法

简明英语语法
2012.5.5
句子是表达思想、传递信息的基本单位，就像家庭是社会的基本单位一样。

家庭对社会有多么重要，句子对学习语言就多么重要。

英语语言的所有要点和基本功能都体现在句子中。

在句子里，单词才会有确切的意义；通过句子，人们才总结出无数的语法规则；在句子里，英语才展现出连续和起伏的韵律；通过句子，口语才形成一个个完整的表意单元；在句子里，英语的语言思维和语言习惯才能得到体现。

掌握英语就要学好句子。

怎样学好句子? 怎样解读翻译复杂的句子?
英语句子千变万化，归根结底都离不开五个英语动词句型。

掌握好这些句型，就为灵活运用语言打下基础。

句子的关键在谓语动词, 因此学习掌握这五个基本句型及其谓语动词的变化是我们学习英语语法的出发点, 也是《大学英语考试》课的重点, 是学习英语语言的核心。

1．主语+ 系动词+ 表语：
“How are you?” “I am fine.”
Every man is the master of his own fortune.
Learning is your enterprise of a lifetime.
Necessity is the mother of invention
To know the disease is half the cure.
The price remains constant
The dish smells good.
The medicine tastes awful.
When she saw this, she turned red.
He has fallen ill.
This law holds good.
Overpopulation could become a serious worldwide threat.
A vegetarian diet proves physically beneficial.
Tom’s dream has come true.
Rose looks happy
The weather is getting hot.
The proposal seems quite convincing and constructive.
2. 主语+ 不及物动词：
This machine works well.
The sun is rising.
The economic crisis broke out first in the United States.
The boss and his secretary are flying to Paris.
The price peaked in March.
Notions about euthanasia differ widely
Did you sleep well?
The baby is coming on well.
How did the accident come about?
The bomb blew up. The engine broke down.
3. 主语+ 及物动词+ 宾语：
I taught Chinese in London last year.
The early bird catches the worm.
Walls have ears.
Silence means consent.
I can’t express myself in English.
Don’t deceive yourself.
He smiled a strange smile.
She closed her eyes and wished a good wish.
She hated to loose her temper.
I don’t recommend buying that book.
Junk food impairs people’s health.
Corporal punishment violates children’s dignity
Traveling broadens one’s view.
Overwork brought on insomnia.
We must abide by the rules of the game.
The treaty will come into force next month
Look out for snakes.
Pay attention to your grammar.
Help yourself to some more meat.
4. 主语+ 及物动词+ 间接宾语+ 直接宾语：
He handed methe letter.
She assigned the students a few books to read.
Could you fetch me the evening paper?
They fined her $100.
The mother will buy her daughter a dress.
Museum gives people a sense of national pride and belonging.
I wish you great success in your career.
Taking a part-time work offers students an opportunity to combine theory and practice.
5. 主语+ 动词+ 宾语+ 宾补：
We should keep our classroom tidy and clean.
They elected Mr. Wang our monitor.
All work and no play make Jack a dull boy.
The parents consider the child a genius.
Hopes and dreams keep the cold green.
Hardly did I think it possible.
I sincerely invite you to pay a visit to my hometown.
We thought him to be an honest man.
I found her in better spirit when we met again.
This placed her in a very difficult position.
Get me home at once. Don’t leave me behind.
I saw her chatting with Nancy.
They watched the sun setting behind the trees
He kept his eyes shut and stayed where he was.
You will be informed of what is going on here.
对there引导的句子要特别注意。

There引导的是一种特殊的句子，主语在后面, 全
句倒装：
There is a rainbow in the sky.
Is there a car park nearby?
There is a boy and two girls dancing on the meadow.
There are a number of swans on the lake.
Where there’s a will, there is a way.
I expect there to be no argument about this.
There must be something wrong with it.
There appeared to be a war between his heart and his mind.
There ought to be a comma here.
许多学生对“双重谓语”迷惑不解，语法书中又极少提及这一语言现象，而在英语阅读和语言交际中会时常遇到这类含双重谓语的句子。

因此，对双重谓语做一个简要介绍并通过一些实例加深理解是必要的。

所谓双重谓语是由实义动词+ 形容词（过去分词或名词）两个部分构成的一种特殊的谓语形式。

第一部分的实义动词，说明主语的行为动作，通常是不及物动词，间或也有及物动词；
第二部分用以说明主语在进行这一动作时的特征、身份或状态，其作用相当于表语, 这部分可以是形容词、过去分词或名词。

请看实例：
He went to work sick.
(= He went to work and he was ill.)
Holding the note in his hand, he stood there dumbfounded.个人收集整理
(= Holding the note in his hand, he stood there and he was dumbfounded.)
He returned a noted surgeon
(=He was a noted surgeon when he returned.)
He went to bed hungry last night.
John lay ill in bed
I can’t drink it hot.
They parted the best of friends.
The tomatoes should be picked up green.20-mile walk.
He reached home damp and weary after long walk.
He died a millionaire.
My uncle sat silent in corner
The revolutionary martyrs died young.
All men are created equal.
从上述句子中不难看出，双重谓语就其结构特征而言，可以说它是两个谓语的合成，具有动词性谓语和名词性复合谓语（即系表结构）的双重作用。

从结构上说，英语句子分为三类：
1．简单句（Simple Sentences）-- 句子成分都由单词或短语担任，且只有一个主谓结构：
Constant dropping wears the stone.
We are living a happy life.
From small beginnings come great things.
There is an English teacher and fifty students in the classroom.
Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.
2．并列句（Compound Sentences）
句子成分都由单词短语担任，但有两个或更多互不依从的主谓结构：
Honey is sweet, but the bee stings.
Don’t swear, for I dislike swearing
Either he did not speak distinctly, or I did not hear well.
Hurry up, it’s getting late.
3．复合句（Complex Sentences）有一个或更多成分由从句担任：
Get everything ready before opportunity comes.
All things are difficult before they are easy.
Come again when you are free.
Tell me something about the movie you saw last night. What I saw in the
university today impressed me deeply.
如果把并列句看作简单句通过连词形成的平等组合，把复合句看作简单句通过关联
词形成的主从关系句子组合，那么，当我们读解复杂难解的句子时，采用先分解后
化合的方法解题就比较容易。

翻译的技巧也在于此。

这也正是我们强调熟练掌握五
个英语动词句型的意义所在。

You have all heard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction and
deduction that by the help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract
from Nature certain natural laws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their
own, they build up their theories.
这个50多字的复合句选自考研真题，主句You have all heard it repeated时态为现在
完成时、结构为主谓宾补, it 为形式宾语, 属结构上的指代, 它代替that引导的三
个并列从句: men of science work 主谓结构; they manage to extract certain natural
laws 主谓宾结构, 动词不定式短语作宾语; they build up their theories 主谓宾结构；
后两个从句中，they 指men of science。

其余部分为6个用作状语的介词短语，
注意these指代certain natural laws。

全句可译为：你们多次听说过，科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的，他们用这些方
法，在某种意义上说，力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，然后他们根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论。

英语复合句，先进行“分解”，化繁为简，确认主句、从句，运用句型，先解主句，后解从句，最后进行全句整合；把复杂的中文句子译成英语也照此程序办理。

这像作化学试验、解方程式或数学题一样有趣、有章可循，有法可依。

化繁为简就是先分析解决主要矛盾。

主要矛盾解决了，问题的复杂性就大大减弱了，次要问题也就好解决了。

化繁为简，看似简单，其实不易，需要大量练习，才能逐步掌握。

（摘自英语口译教程吴守谦编著）。