英语中的暗喻
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metaphors ,like sustained metaphors sustained metaphors博喻 and extended metaphors扩喻.
In some metaphors,the primary term is compared to two or more secondary terms.These metaphors are called "sustained metaphors " .It involves various comparisons of the primary term in different perspectives. Poetry is the scent of the rose,the lightening in the sky,the gleam of the fly,the sound of the sea. (Poetry is compared to scent,lightening,gleam and sound--all in different prspectives. )
1.Introduced by the link verb"be" He is a stupid ass. He is a fox. 2.Modifiers an iron heart,the silver moon,a sea of faces,etc. 3.Constructed by verbs or popular set phrases birds of the same feather , a wolf in sheep's clothing
When we make metaphors,we should avoid mixed metaphors
混合隐喻
and dead metaphors死喻 .
Sometimes,metaphors may get out of control.If metaphors run wild,mixed metaphor will come into bing--two or more incongruous comparisons run together. For example, The seeds of rebellion were kindled in secret. ("seeds" and"kindle" are incongruous) I skim over the book to taste the tone of it. (Tone cannot be tasted.) At last he felt a ray of hope. (Rays can be seen,not felt.)
Structure
Ontology (本体） 被比喻的事物或情境 Metaphors（喻体） 打比方的事物或情境
Pre-figurative word（喻词） 表示比喻关系的词语
According to the structure,metaphors can be divided into two categories: visible metaphors and invisible metaphors.
隐 喻 METAPHOR
Definition
The word "metaphor"means transference, carring over.It is a very commom figure of speech in English.Metaphor uses words to indicate something different from their literal meaning--one thing is described in terms of another so as to suggest a likeness or analogy between them.Metaphor and simile share quite a few common qualities.Both simile and metaphor involve the comparison between two unlike elements.
To be effective,a metaphor should meet three requirements:freshments and originality; aptness(适 合);consistency.Some metaphors have been used for so long that they have lost their figurative strength and become lifeless.Dead metaphors can be divided into three types.
In the visible metaphor,both the primary term(tenor本体) and the secondry term(vehicle喻体) are present in the sentence.It takes the form of "X is Y", as in the examples below: You are my sunshine. He is the apple of her eye. The house will be paradise. That pudding was an absolute dream.
隐喻的表达形式
( 1 ) 名词型 ( noun metaphors ) Time is money. Life is a journey. All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players. ( William Shakespeare ) 整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。
Compare:
Habit may be likened to a cable; every day we weave a thread, and soon we cannot break it. 习惯像缆索，每天我们编上一条线，不 久我们便扯不断了。 Habit is a cable; every day we weave a thread, and soon we cannot break it. 习惯是缆索，每天我们编上一条线，不 久我们便扯不断了。
He 1ives in a palace of a house. 他住在宫殿一般的房子里， The boat disappeared in a mountain of a wave. 船在一般如山高的大浪中消失了。 She was an angel of a wife. 她是天仙般的妻子。 I’ve got the devil of a toothache. 我牙痛不堪。
Extended metaphor is another form of comparison, in which an initial comparison is made and then developd.For example,
All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages...(W.Shakespeare) （The initial comparison is "The world is a stage."It serves as a basic comparision and then it is developed by the consequent comprisions,which serve as its extending part.）
2.
The secondary term is present in the sentence but the primary term is not.The primary term is suggestd by the secondary term.This kind of metaphor leaves room for the reader's imagination.For example, The machine sitting at that desk was no longer a man;it was a busy New York broker...(O. Henry) The primary term "man" is not present,but it is suggested by the secondary term"machine". "Man''is replaced by "machine" because the man at the desk performd his duty mechanically [mi'kænikəli]. In writer's mind,the man was no longer a man but a machine.
Like similes明喻,metaphors can also be used for three purposes:
1.
Description Illumination Illustration
Hale Waihona Puke 2.3.Besides the one-aspect metaphors,there are multi-aspect
A silver plate (=The moon) is rising up in the sky. 一个银盘在天边升起。 The human tide was rolling westward. ( Dickens ) 人流向西涌去。 The web of our life is of a mingled yarn, good and ill together. ( Shakespeare ) 我们的生活是吉凶交织而成的网。
The invisible metaphor refers to either of the following two types.
1.
The primary term is present ,but the secondary term is not-but it is hinted at by other words in many cases by the verb or verbs. For example, Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested. In this sentence,the secondary term "food" doesn't appear literally,but it is suggested by the verbs"tasted","swallowd","chewed","digested".
霎时间，东西长安街成了喧腾的大海。 （袁鹰：《十月长安街》） At once，the Eastern and Western Chang’an Roads became roaring oceans.
他是一本活词典(百科全书) 。 He is a walking dictionary／encyclopedia.
In some metaphors,the primary term is compared to two or more secondary terms.These metaphors are called "sustained metaphors " .It involves various comparisons of the primary term in different perspectives. Poetry is the scent of the rose,the lightening in the sky,the gleam of the fly,the sound of the sea. (Poetry is compared to scent,lightening,gleam and sound--all in different prspectives. )
1.Introduced by the link verb"be" He is a stupid ass. He is a fox. 2.Modifiers an iron heart,the silver moon,a sea of faces,etc. 3.Constructed by verbs or popular set phrases birds of the same feather , a wolf in sheep's clothing
When we make metaphors,we should avoid mixed metaphors
混合隐喻
and dead metaphors死喻 .
Sometimes,metaphors may get out of control.If metaphors run wild,mixed metaphor will come into bing--two or more incongruous comparisons run together. For example, The seeds of rebellion were kindled in secret. ("seeds" and"kindle" are incongruous) I skim over the book to taste the tone of it. (Tone cannot be tasted.) At last he felt a ray of hope. (Rays can be seen,not felt.)
Structure
Ontology (本体） 被比喻的事物或情境 Metaphors（喻体） 打比方的事物或情境
Pre-figurative word（喻词） 表示比喻关系的词语
According to the structure,metaphors can be divided into two categories: visible metaphors and invisible metaphors.
隐 喻 METAPHOR
Definition
The word "metaphor"means transference, carring over.It is a very commom figure of speech in English.Metaphor uses words to indicate something different from their literal meaning--one thing is described in terms of another so as to suggest a likeness or analogy between them.Metaphor and simile share quite a few common qualities.Both simile and metaphor involve the comparison between two unlike elements.
To be effective,a metaphor should meet three requirements:freshments and originality; aptness(适 合);consistency.Some metaphors have been used for so long that they have lost their figurative strength and become lifeless.Dead metaphors can be divided into three types.
In the visible metaphor,both the primary term(tenor本体) and the secondry term(vehicle喻体) are present in the sentence.It takes the form of "X is Y", as in the examples below: You are my sunshine. He is the apple of her eye. The house will be paradise. That pudding was an absolute dream.
隐喻的表达形式
( 1 ) 名词型 ( noun metaphors ) Time is money. Life is a journey. All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players. ( William Shakespeare ) 整个世界是座舞台，男男女女，演员而已。
Compare:
Habit may be likened to a cable; every day we weave a thread, and soon we cannot break it. 习惯像缆索，每天我们编上一条线，不 久我们便扯不断了。 Habit is a cable; every day we weave a thread, and soon we cannot break it. 习惯是缆索，每天我们编上一条线，不 久我们便扯不断了。
He 1ives in a palace of a house. 他住在宫殿一般的房子里， The boat disappeared in a mountain of a wave. 船在一般如山高的大浪中消失了。 She was an angel of a wife. 她是天仙般的妻子。 I’ve got the devil of a toothache. 我牙痛不堪。
Extended metaphor is another form of comparison, in which an initial comparison is made and then developd.For example,
All the world's a stage, And all the men and women merely players; They have their exits and their entrances, And one man in his time plays many parts, His acts being seven ages...(W.Shakespeare) （The initial comparison is "The world is a stage."It serves as a basic comparision and then it is developed by the consequent comprisions,which serve as its extending part.）
2.
The secondary term is present in the sentence but the primary term is not.The primary term is suggestd by the secondary term.This kind of metaphor leaves room for the reader's imagination.For example, The machine sitting at that desk was no longer a man;it was a busy New York broker...(O. Henry) The primary term "man" is not present,but it is suggested by the secondary term"machine". "Man''is replaced by "machine" because the man at the desk performd his duty mechanically [mi'kænikəli]. In writer's mind,the man was no longer a man but a machine.
Like similes明喻,metaphors can also be used for three purposes:
1.
Description Illumination Illustration
Hale Waihona Puke 2.3.Besides the one-aspect metaphors,there are multi-aspect
A silver plate (=The moon) is rising up in the sky. 一个银盘在天边升起。 The human tide was rolling westward. ( Dickens ) 人流向西涌去。 The web of our life is of a mingled yarn, good and ill together. ( Shakespeare ) 我们的生活是吉凶交织而成的网。
The invisible metaphor refers to either of the following two types.
1.
The primary term is present ,but the secondary term is not-but it is hinted at by other words in many cases by the verb or verbs. For example, Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested. In this sentence,the secondary term "food" doesn't appear literally,but it is suggested by the verbs"tasted","swallowd","chewed","digested".
霎时间，东西长安街成了喧腾的大海。 （袁鹰：《十月长安街》） At once，the Eastern and Western Chang’an Roads became roaring oceans.
他是一本活词典(百科全书) 。 He is a walking dictionary／encyclopedia.