温度&温湿度分布

Temperature & Temperature/Humidity Mapping
温度&温湿度分布
Recently FDA regulations including HACCP, various CFR code of federal regulations, and the push to eliminate wasted time and money in fixing temperature related product failures has made Temperature and Temperature/Humidity Mapping an integral aspect of any warehouse operation.
最近，包括HAPPC、各种CFR联邦法规、以及在与产品失效相关的特定温度中减少时间和资金浪费的FDA法规已经使得温度和温湿度分布成为仓库运行的一部分。

Inadequately controlled environments can lead to ineffective medicines, spoiled produce, damaged materials and frequent critical equipment failures. This all ads up to wasted dollars. Fortunately the cost of monitoring large warehouses has dropped significantly over the years as temperature and temperature/humidity sensing technology has become more accurate, easier to use and more affordable.
控制不好的环境会导致失效的药品、损坏的产品、被破坏的物料以及频繁的关键设备故障。

所有这些都会增加资金浪费。

好在监控大型仓库的费用在这几年中已经大幅下降，因为温度和温湿度传感技术已经变得更准确、更容易使用、更加便宜。

Whether you are concerned about maintaining a consistent temperature in a 5,000 or 500,000 sq. ft. warehouse, you’ll want to make sure that you are using the right tools for the job and that you’re using them correctly.不论你是否关心在一个5000或500000平方英尺的仓库中维持一个一致的温度，你都想确认你在做这个工作时使用的是正确的工具，并且你以正确的方式使用了它们。

In this guide, we will discuss best practices for mapping temperature in large spaces.
本指南中，我们将讨论在大型空间中测试温度分布的最佳做法。

Planning Your Steps:
计划你的步骤：
Mapping is not a one-time job, but an ongoing process that takes into account changes in seasons, HVAC/R modifications, warehouse layout modifications and any other significant changes to the warehouse environment. Proper organization and documentation are critical in maintaining compliance and consistency.
分布测试不是一个一次性的工作，而是一个需考虑季节性变化、HVAC/R改造、仓库布局改造以及其他仓库环境重大变更的持续的过程。

合适的组织构架和记录
对维持合规性和一致性是至关重要的。

Step 1 – Determine Critical Mapping Points
第一步—决定关键的分布测试点
Step 2 – Determine Sample Rate
第二步—决定采样速率
Step 3 – Establish Data Logger Criteria and Select
第三步—建立数据采集仪标准并选择仪器
Step 4 – Place Data Loggers at Pre Determined Points
第四步—将数据采集仪放置在预先决定的点上
Step 5 – Retrieve, download and evaluate Logged Data
第五步—回收、下载并评估记录的数据
Step 6 - Document Processes and Repeat
第六步—记录过程并重复
Step 7 – Data Logger Maintenance and Calibrations
第七步—数据采集仪的维护和校验
Step 8 – Remediation
第八步—纠正措施
Step 1 – Determine Critical Mapping Points
第一步-决定关键的分布测试点
Problem Locations:
问题位置：
Large open spaces present a considerable challenge when working to maintain a consistent temperature or temperature/humidity level. Problem spots include:
当要维持一个一致的温度或温湿度水平时，大型开放空间是重大的挑战。

问题点包括：
• Areas near the ceiling or exterior walls may stay warmer or cooler in response to temperatures outside.
• 靠近吊顶或外墙的地方可能由于外部温度的影响而更温暖或更冰冷。

• Temperature levels stratify due to the fact that warmer air rises. • 由于暖空气上升导致的温度水平分层。

• Temperatures will tend to be higher near heaters. If fans are undersized or improperly placed they will be incapable of mixing the heated air effectively.
• 靠近加热器的温度倾向于更高。

如果风扇尺寸过小或者安置位置不合适，它们就不能有效地混合加热了的空气。

• Racking, shelving and pallet storage areas may create “hot spots” by obstructing air circulation.
• 堆放、架放或托盘储存的区域通过妨碍空气循环可能产生“热点”。

• Doors that are left open will affect temperature conditions.
• 保持开启的门会影响温度。

Additional Locations:
其他位置：
In addition to problem spots logger placement is also critical for the following locations:
除了问题点之外，对于下列位置，放置温度记录器也很关键：
• HVAC outputs
• HVAC输出点
• Exits to unconditioned spaces (loading docs and staging areas)
• 至无条件要求区域的退出口（装载与分段运输区）
• Outside (to compare outside temperatures to internal temperatures) • 外部（比较外部温度与内部温度）
• High, medium and low locations in the general storage area
• 储存区的高、中、低位置
Spacing:
间距：
Studies have shown that a spacing of every 3,000 to 5,000 feet in an open warehouse plan, without walls to block airflow, is adequate enough to accurately represent readings that are meaningful. A distance of greater than every 5,000 feet may yield data that does not accurately reflect conditions in the warehouse space, while spacing data loggers closer than every 3,000 feet will result in extra data that adds no value while creating extra work.
研究表明，在一个没有隔墙阻隔气流的开放仓库平面中，每3000至5000英尺的空间足以准确反映有意义的读数。

大于5000英尺的距离可能会得到不能准确反映仓库空间中的条件的数据，而间距小于3000英尺的数据记录仪可能会导致额外的数据，在增加工作量的同时没有增加价值。

Determination of critical mapping points should include all potential problem spots in addition to the normal storage area. Be sure to space the critical mapping points in an evenly distributed grid using every 3,000 to 5,000 feet as your spacing guide.
除了正常的储存区域，关键分布测试点的确定应包括所有潜在的问题点。

使用3000至5000英尺作为间距的指导值，确保关键分布点在一个平均的分布网格中。

Step 2 – Determining Sample Frequency
第二部-决定采样频率
The key to determining sample frequency is to not take too many or too few samples. Too many samples will create too much data making analysis cumbersome and difficult. Too few samples will not adequately represent changes in the warehouse environment. In most warehouses, one temperature or temperature and humidity sample every 15 minutes should adequately evaluate temperature trends.
决定采样频率的关键是不采过多或过少的样本。

太多样本会产生过多的数据，令
分析变得麻烦、困难。

太少样本又不能充分地代表仓库环境中的变化。

在大多数仓库中，每15分钟记录一个温度或温湿度样本足以评估温度趋势。

If you think you need to take readings more frequently, consider the following:
如果你认为你需要更频繁地采集数据，考虑以下情形：
Scenario 1
情形一
10 data loggers sampling every 15 minutes for 1week will provide 6,720 sample points.
10个数据采集仪每15分钟采样一次，连续一周，将产生6720个样本。

Scenario 2
情形二
10 data loggers sampling every minute for 1 week will provide 100,800 sample points.
10个数据采集仪每1分钟采样一次，连续一周，将产生100800个样本。

Scenario 1 will provide the same general results as Scenario 2 with 1/15th of the data and much less time spent analyzing logged data.
情形一产生的结果与情形而十五分之一的数据一样，并且分析数据的时间更少。

The key here is response time. Most temperature data loggers take at least a minute to respond to changes in temperature, and in a space as large as a 50,000 sq. ft. warehouse, most changes will happen very slowly over several minutes, making frequent sampling unnecessary and wasteful.
此处的关键是响应时间。

大多数温度记录仪至少1分钟采样一次来响应温度的变化，在50000平方英尺（4645.152平方米）的仓库中，大多数变化发生得非常慢，超过几分钟，频繁的采样是不必要的、浪费的。

Step 3 – Establish Data Logger Criteria and Select
第三步-建立数据采集仪标准并选择仪器
Temperature and Temperature/Humidity Data Loggers come with many features. The goal is to select the data logger that will most effectively monitor your warehouse. Key features you should consider are:
温度和温湿度数据采集仪有许多特点。

目标是选取能最有效地监控仓库的数据采集仪。

需要考虑的关键特点是：
• Data Capacity: Data Ca pacity determines how many readings or sample points can be taken by a logger before memory is full. The more sample points a logger has, the more readings it can store.
• 数据能力：数据能力决定了一个采集仪能记录多少多数或采样点。

采样点越多，能储存的读数就越多。

• Sample Rate: The frequency in which samples are taken. The logger should feature user selectable sample rates.
• 采样速率：采样的频率。

采集仪应提供用户可选择的采样速率。

• Monitoring Range and Accuracy: Be sure to select a data logger with a temperature range that can monitor temperatures even in the most extreme
of cases. Don’t pay extra for accuracy you don’t need. +/-2oF and +/-2% RH should be adequate for most warehouse mapping situations. For refrigerated storage areas or locations requiring tighter tolerances, data loggers with an accuracy of +/-.5 oF should be selected.
• 监控范围和准确度：保证选择的数据采集仪的温度范围可以监控最极端的情况。

不要选取你不需要的准确度。

±2℉和±2%的相对湿度对大多数仓库分布情况应
该足够了。

对于冷藏区或者要求更精确的位置，应选择准确度为±0.5℉（0.3℃）的数据采集仪。

• Size: Make sure the logger will fit in your selected locations. Some loggers are as small as a quarter making them perfect for tight locations or when you don’t want them to be noticed.
• 尺寸：确保记录仪匹配你选择的位置。

某些记录仪和25美分硬币一样小，使
得它们能胜任任何位置或者当你不想它们被注意到的时候。

• Networking: Ethernet connectivity lets you view and download logged data and modify logger settings from your PC on any logger connected to your Local Area Network. These are perfect for smaller warehouse locations where critical items are stored and more frequent temperature readings are necessary.
• 网络：以太连接能使你看到并下载记录的数据，并通过你的电脑修改任何连接到LAN网络上的记录仪的设定值。

对于储存了关键项目、需要更频繁温度读数的较小仓库位置来讲，这非常完美。

• Battery Life: Make sure the battery life is long enough to last between mapping sessions. Many data loggers feature battery life between one and five years. More than enough to last through several mapping sequences. • 电池寿命：确保电池寿命足够长，可以维持分布测试期。

许多温度记录仪的电池寿命在1-5年之间。

足以维持若干个分布测试。

• Calibrations: Be sure to purchase your data logger from a manufacturer who is A2LA accredited, NIST traceable, ISO 17205 compliant and can provide calibration services. The data loggers should be calibrated at least every 12 months.
• 校准：确保从被A2LA认可的、可追溯至NIST、符合ISO 17205并且能提供校准服务的制造商购买你的数据采集仪。

数据采集仪至少每12个月应进行校准。

• Software: Make sure the data logger software is easy to use and that you can export data into Excel for easy mapping of Mean Kinetic Temperature • 软件：确保数据采集仪软件容易使用，可以导出数据至excel，便于绘制平均
动力学温度。

Be sure to purchase at least one data logger for each location.
确保为每一个位置购买至少一个数据采集仪。

Step 4 – Place Data Loggers at Pre Determined Points
第四步-将数据采集仪放置在预先决定的点上
Be sure to document the location of each data logger and label each data logger to ensure that it is repeatedly placed in the same location.
确保记录了每个数据采集仪的位置、给每个数据采集仪贴了标签，以保证该记录
仪在相同的位置重复放置。

To ensure consistency practice the following rules:
确保一致地实践以下原则：
• Using the data logger software, name each logger by its location. • 使用数据采集仪软件，按每个采集仪的位置为其命名。

• Label the outside of each logger by its location
• 按每个采集仪的位置在其外表粘贴标签
• Label the exact spot where the data logger should be placed by the data logger’s location name.
• 按数据采集仪的位置名称在每个数据采集仪应该放置的位置粘贴标签
• Create a physical map wit h all data loggers marked by name
• 创建一个带有所有数据采集仪名称标记的物理分布图。

Step 5 – Retrieve and download Logged Data
第五步-回收并下载采集的数据
Once the loggers have been placed and data has been collected, collect the data loggers and transfer the logged data to your PC.
一旦采集仪被放置到位，数据已经采集，收集数据采集仪并将采集的数据传输到你的电脑上。

The logged data can now be exported to Excel where Mean Kinetic Temperature can be calculated.
采集的数据现在可以导出到excel中，计算平均动力学温度。

Mean Kinetic Temperature is a calculated fixed temperature that simulates the effects of temperature variations over a period of time. It expresses the cumulative thermal stress experienced by a product at varying temperatures during storage and distribution.
平均动力学温度是一个计算得来的固定温度，模拟了一段时期的温度变化的效果。

它表示产品在储存和配送过程中的变化温度下经历的累计温度作用。

The formula for Mean Kinetic Temperature is as follows:
平均动力学温度公式如下：（见附件）
TK=平均动力学温度
.H=活化能，9982.68的常数
R=普适气体常数
T=绝对温度（℃+273.1）
n=采集数据的总时间
e=自然对数的底数
该公式的应用比其表达式更直接。

T(1)是第一段时间内记录到的平均温度，T(2)是第二段时间内记录到的平均温度，直到第N段时间。

In addition to calculating MKT it is also recommended that Min and Max temperatures should be monitored carefully and that the location and the time of day at which they occur should be recorded. Any trends should be investigated.
除了计算平均动力学温度，也建议谨慎地监控最小温度和最大温度，并应记录它
们出现的位置和一天中的时间。

任何趋势都应进行调查。

A free program to calculate Mean Kinetic Temperature is available at: /mkt.htm
有一款计算平均动力学温度的免费程序，可从此处获得：
/mkt.htm
Step 6 - Document Processes and Repeat
第六步-记录过程并重复
Now that you have completed your first mapping, be sure to place the data loggers back in their original locations throughout the warehouse and make sure to document each and every step used.
既然你已经完成了第一次分布测试，确保将数据采集仪放回它们在仓库中原先的位置，并确保记录每一个及使用的每一步。

Step 7 – Data Logger Maintenance and Calibrations
第七步-数据采集仪维护和校验
Over time the most robust data loggers can drift causing inconsistencies in recorded data thus requiring regular calibration in order to ensure accurate readings.
经过一段时间后，最可靠的数据采集仪也会漂移，导致记录数据的出入，因此要求规律地校验以确保准确的读数。

It is recommended that each data logger be calibrated at least every 12 months. In addition, it is prudent to request before and after readings when calibrating each data logger so corrections can be made to previously logged and mapped data.
建议每个数据采集仪至少每12个月校验一次。

此外，在校准每一个数据采集仪之前和之后进行读数是有用的，可以修正先前记录的数据。

Best practice recommends sending the data logger to a NIST certified calibration facility, and to the original manufacturer for calibration whenever possible.
建议的最好的做法是，在任何可能的时候，把数据采集仪送到一个有NIST认证的校验设施、原生产商处进行校准。

Step 8 – Remediation
第八步-纠正措施
Now that you have your results it is time to fix any trouble spots that show up in your calculations.
既然你获得了结果，是时间修整你的计算中显示的任何故障点了。

Common Fixes:
常见的修理：
• Hot Spots: Hot spots are frequently caused by walls or shelving that block airflow and/or inadequately sized fans that are unable to circulate air. Increasing the size or number of fans and removing unnecessary walls or rearranging shelves to promote airflow is helpful.
• 热点：热点常常由阻塞气流的墙或者货架或者不能循环空气的尺寸不够的风扇导致。

增加风扇的尺寸或数量，移除不必要的墙或重新布置货架有助于改善气流。

• Wide Temperature Fluctuations: Frequent changes in temperature in one location can be caused by direct exposure to outside air sources. Doors that are habitually left open, sky-lights, open doc doors and hallways to nonconditioned locations can make maintaining consistent temperatures difficult. Plastic curtains over open hallway or dock entrances will bock much of the hot or cold air from entering the warehouse space.
• 宽的温度波动：一个位置的温度频繁变换可能由于直接暴露于外部空气来源引起。

习惯性地保持开启的门、顶窗、向非调控位置打开滑动门和走廊能使维持一致的温度变得困难。

遮蔽走廊或货物入口的塑料帘布能阻止热空气或冷空气进入仓库。

• Inability to maintain target warehouse temperature. If the overall warehouse temperature can not be maintained, an expert evaluation of the HVAC system is in order.
• 不能维持仓库目标温度。

如果仓库总体温度不能维持，就要求对HVAC进行专家级评估。

Conclusion
总结
Temperature mapping can be an extremely powerful tool to aid in regulatory compliance and create possible cost savings via implemented improvements and efficiencies. The key is to carefully analyze the warehouse space to ensure proper placement of data loggers, document logger locations and mapping processes, audit data including having data loggers calibrated on a regular basis and finally making the necessary changes to continuously improve warehouse conditions.
温度分布可以成为符合法规要求的极有力的工具，通过实施的改进和效率可以节省费用。

关键是仔细地分析仓库空间、合适地放置数据采集仪、记录采集仪位置及布点过程、审查数据，包括周期性校准数据采集仪，最终进行必要的变更持续低改进仓库条件。