翻译过程：理解与表达

主题：翻译过程：理解与表达（注意最后是翻译练习啊！）

The Process of translation

According to Nida, difference in translation can generally be accounted for by three basic factors in translating: (1) the nature of the message, (2) the purpose or purposes of the author and, by proxy, of the translator, and (3) the type of the audience. (Nida, 1964: 156)

奈达：分析、传译、重组、检验

The four basic processes in translating consist of (1) analysis of the source text, (2) transfer from source to target language, (3) restructuring in the target language, and (4) testing of the translated text with persons who represent the intended audience.（Nida, 2001: P. 108)

中国传统方法：理解、表达、审校

理解与翻译

理解是语义辨析、语法分析和逻辑分析相互交叉的过程。

语义辨析就是识别词语的本义和喻义、搭配意义和情感意义、语法意义和语用意义等。

语义辨析1.根据词义搭配确定词义

吃官司(be bought to court)

吃回扣(accept a kickback)

吃馆子(eat out; dine out)

吃亏(suffer losses)

吃枪子(be hit by a bullet)

吃得开(be popular)

吃闲饭(unemployed and without income)

吃香(popular)

(1) 老战士(2) 老领导(3) 老师傅(4) 老闺女

(5) 老黄牛(6) 老芹菜(7) 老皇历(8) 老生常谈

(1) 老战士a veteran (2) 老领导a senior leader(3) 老师傅a master craftsman(4) 老闺女the youngest daughter(5) 老黄牛a willing ox(6) 老芹菜overgrown celery(7) 老皇历last year's calendar(8) 老生常谈commonplace

申请书

报告书

协议书

成绩通知书

（使用）说明书

旅行委托书

成交确认书

电视机使用说明书

白皮书

家书

无巧不成书

letter of application;

report; agreement;

grade report;

direction;

booking form;

sales confirmation;

television operation guide;

white book;

a letter from home;

no coincidence, no stories

2.根据词类确定词义

留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。

As long as green mountains exist, there will be no shortage of firewood.

While there is life, there is hope.

事在人为Human effort is the decisive factor.

父母都在Both parents are still around.

事情发生在去年。It happened last year.

3. 根据语境判断词义

青出于蓝而胜于蓝

青布

the indigo blue is bluer than the plant it comes from--the pupil surpasses the master The new coming from the old is better than the old.

4. 根据专业和场合确定词义沙眼

管子有沙眼(small whole) 眼睛患有沙眼病(trachoma)

语法分析表层结构

逻辑分析深层含义

“打扫卫生”

“养病”

“吃食堂”

“救火”

“修复皱纹”（眼霜）

你不去我去

“你去哪？吃饭没？”

（功能分析）

利用语法知识分析语句意义这本书我读了三天了。

这本书我读了三天。

利用逻辑知识分析语句内在逻辑

明枪易躲，暗箭难防。（转折）

It is easy to dodge a spear in the open, but hard to guard against an arrow shot from hiding.)

路遥知马力，日久见人心。（并列）

As a long road tests a horse’s strength, so a long task proves a person’s heart.)

人无远虑，必有近忧。

If a man takes no thought about what is distant, he will find sorrow near at hand.)

从语义和行文的角度对汉语流水句进行断句

汉语流水句这一生动说法是吕叔湘先生提出来的，他曾指出，“汉语口语里特多流水句，一个小句接一个小句，很多地方可断可连” (吕叔湘，1979：27)。这种句式汉译英的要点是理清其语义和关系,加以拆译,添加必要连接词语以体现英语句子之间逻辑关系的显性连接和汉语的隐性连贯.

He was a handicapped child，but he persevered in his studies，and later he became a well-known scholar．

他身残志坚，坚持学习，后来成为有名得学者。

When Chou En-lai’s door opened they saw a slender mall of more than average height with gleaming eyes and a face so striking that it bordered on the beautifu1．(Agnes Smedley：The Great Road)

周恩来的房门打开了。他们看到一位身材修长的人，比普通人略高，目光炯炯，面貌引人注目，称得上清秀。

通过语境对汉语歧义句进行分析

父在母先亡。

教师的平均工资应当不低于或高于国家公务员的平均工资水平。

怎样理解原文？

一、要理解原文语句的内部关系

二、要理解特殊语言现象的特殊含义：