语法层次、句子成分和句子类型

语法层次、句子成分和句子类型

一、语法层次

英语有五个语法层次，上一级语法单位由一个或多个下一级的语法单位构成。

自由词素：可以构成简单词并能独立使用, 但不能被进一步切分，常作词根构成派词素生词，如work, luck, friend.

粘着词素：不可独立成词，也不可独立使用，只能作为词缀，附着在词根上，

如worker lucky friendly中的-er, -y, -ly

简单词：由一个自由词素构成的词，如上文的work, luck, friend.

词派生词：由自由词素（作词根）加粘着词素（作词缀）构成，如worker lucky friendly。

复合词：由两个或更多的自由词素合并而构成的词：police + man= policeman

名词词组：a close friend

动词词组：drive a car, to learn English, playing basketball

词组形容词词组：very far

副词词组：so actively

介词词组: in the meeting

简单句：只有一个“主语+ 谓语”结构的句子：He likes dancing.

并列句：两个或多个简单句通过并列连词and, but, or连接起来的句子: He likes

句子dancing, but I like swimming.

复杂句: 一个句子的成分直接由另一个句子充当，该句便是复杂句：

I know he is a top student. I know it.

主语谓语宾语（从句）(简单句）

段落：段落由一个或多个句子组成，表达相对完整的意思，一般在段首或段尾有主题句（topic sentence)

二、句子成分

句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分包括表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语、同位语。

（一）主语：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。

请对下列句子的主语部分划线并指出其语法特征：

During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.

We often speak English in class.

One-third （of the students in this class）are girls.

To swim in the river is a great pleasure.

Smoking does harm to the health.

The rich should help the poor.

When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.

It is necessary to master a foreign language.

（二）谓语：谓语动词说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语动词有时态、语态、单复数的变化。

He practices running every morning.

You may keep the book for two weeks.

He has caught a bad cold.

The house has been built for three years.

（三）表语：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem，feel等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句充当。

请对下列句子的表语部分划线并指出其语法特征:

Our teacher is an American.

Is it yours?

The weather has turned cold.

The speech is exciting.

Three times seven is twenty one.

His job is to teach English.

His hobby is playing football.

The machine must be out of order.

Time is up.

The truth is that he has never been abroad.

（四）宾语：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。

请对下列句子的宾语部分划线并指出其语法特征:

They went to see an exhibition（展览）yesterday.

The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time.

How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.

They helped the old with their housework yesterday.

He pretended not to see me.

I enjoy listening to popular music.

I think（that）he is fit for his office.

宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.

Please show me the book.

（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：They elected (made) him their monitor.

（五）宾语补足语：英语中有些及物动词，除有宾语外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make/keep等+宾语+宾补）。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。