动词的时态和语态

时态和语态

【考查要点】

在高考中，时态一直是考查的热点，也是广大考生复习备考的难点。在大纲中，要求考生具备较强的语言应用能力，能在具体语境中恰当、准确地使用某一特定时态。高考对时态的考查非常灵活且难度较大，不易把握。大部分吋态题答案的选择取决于题干语境；但也有部分时态试题较易把握，其用法相对固定，常见于特定句式结构中；还有部分常见时态用法特殊。

主要考查动词的时态、语态，注重在语境中考查时态的正确使用、主从句时态呼应和固定句式。主要考查一般现在时、一般过去时、现在进行时、过去进行时、现在完成时、过去完成时以及完成进行时。

【名师解题指南】

考生应熟知常用时态和被动语态的构成及用法。高考题往往不会涉及单一的时态语态，而是更多地侧重于时态的交叉使用和呼应及与语态的结合使用。所以解题时一定要结合语境，弄清时间的先后关系，可根据不同情况采取“找标法”(寻找时间标志词)、“呼应法”(主从句时态呼应)、“搭配法”(固定搭配)、“语境法”等解题技巧。

一､慧眼识别标志词

如果题干中有标志性的时间状语,则往往可以根据时间状语选择相应的时态｡

[例]More than a dozen students in that school ________ abroad to study medicine last year.

A. sent

B. were sent

C. had sent

D. had been sent

【解析】此题有明显的时间标志词last year,提示我们应该使用一般过去时;句中的主语students是被送的对象,应该使用被动语态｡答案为B｡

动词的时态一般都有其相应的时间状语,请同学们熟记下列8种常用时态所对应的时间状语｡

(1)一般现在时:often, always, usually, seldom, now,

every day等｡

(2)一般过去时:then, yesterday, last week, after that, ago, in the following/next few months等｡

(3)现在进行时:now, right now, at present, at this moment, these days等｡

(4)过去进行时:then, at that time, at this time yesterday等｡

(5)现在完成时: recently, lately, up to/till now, so far, in the past/last few months/years…, for+一段时间, since + 一点时间等｡

(6)过去完成时:before, by the end of last month/years…等｡

(7)一般将来时:tomorrow, today, next week/month…, in an hour, in the coming/following few weeks等｡

(8)过去将来时:the following month, the next week等｡

高考测试动词时态须与句中时间状语一致时,常在题干中加入具体情景,以测试考生对动词时态知识的实际运用能力｡敏锐捕捉时间标志词,并结合具体的语境,选择出正确的动词时态,是解决此类问题的良策｡

二､主从时态须呼应

如果所给题干是主从复合句,可根据主从句时态呼应的原则选出正确的时态｡

命题角度及对策]近年来高考考查主从句的时态呼应时,常放在真实的并且符合实际的语境中进行考查｡在根据时态呼应原则解题时,要把握好以下几点:

(1)在时间､条件等状语从句中,用一般现在时表示一般将来时,一般过去时表示过去

将来时,用现在完成时表示将来完成时｡

(2)正确认定主句动词及从句动词两个动作发生的时间,并认真体会命题者所给出的语境｡

(3)解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应题时,考生应熟知以下规则:主句动词为现在时,则从句动词可根据需要使用任何时态;主句动词为过去时,则从句动词须用恰当的过去的某种时态(表示客观真理时使用一般现在时)｡

三､仔细体会语境

近年来高考试题对时态语态考查的要求越来越高,大部分试题趋向情境化､实际化｡因此,仔细体会所给语境,根据具体语境选择合适的时态是考生需要重点解决的问题｡

例：—Do you think we should accept that offer?

—Yes，we should，for we______ such bad luck up till now，and time______ out.

A. have had；is running

B. had；is running

C. have；has been run

D. have had；has been run

【解析】A。由时间标志词up till now知道，动作是从过去延续到现在，所以第一空要用现在完成时；而根据语境可知时间快要耗光了，所以第二空要用进行时表将来。

—Can you tell me the timetable of the__________school bus?

—Well, the bus__________here for the __________campus at 7:00 A．m..

A．will leave B．left

C．is leaving D．leaves

【解析】D。考查时态，“校班车的时间表”是规定好的事情，表示一般性动作用

一般现在时。

【2011真题】

1.(2011全国卷,23) Planing so far ahead no sense—so many things will have changed by next year.

A.made

B.is making

C.makes

D.has made

2.(2011全国卷,24) I wasn’t sure if he was really interested or if hepolite.

A.was just being

B.will just be

C.had just been

D.would just be

3.(2011全国卷,29) When Alice came to, she did not know how long shethere.

A.had been lying

B.has been lying

C.was lying

D.has lain

4.(2011全国卷II,9) If you don't like the drink you______just leave it and try a different one.

A. ordered

B. are ordering

C. will order

D. had ordered

5.（2011北京卷,21）Experiments of this kind in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.

A. have conducted

B. have been conducted

C. had conducted

D. had been conducted

6.（2011北京卷,23）Tom in the library every night over the last three months.

A. works

B. worked

C. has been working

D. had been working

7.（2011北京卷,27）——That must have been a long trip.

——Yeah, it us a whole week to get there.

A. takes

B. has taken

C. took

D. was taking

8.（2011北京卷,32）——Bob has gone to California.

——Oh, can you tell me when he ?

A. has left

B. left

C. is leaving

D. would leave