chapter3阅读模式

1. Bottom-up Model
• The term “bottom-up” and “top-down” have been borrowed from cognitive psychology. Carrell(1988:2) defines the bottom-up model as “ a decoding process of reconstructing the author’s meaning by recognizing the printed letters and words, and build up the meaning for the textual units at the bottom. So the bottom-up model is a process which proceeds from the lowest level to the highest level of processing in such a way that all of the lower levels of processing operate without influence from higher levels(Carroll, 2000:53).
• Bottom-up models have had their long-lasting influence in second language reading instruction. Problems of second language reading comprehension were viewed as being essentially decoding problems, deriving meaning from print. Failures to activate appropriate schemata are often interpreted as deficiencies in language processing skills. Consequently, poor readers and beginners are encouraged to expand their vocabulary and to gain greater control over complex syntactic structures in order to improve their reading comprehension.
• As words and syntactic patterns become familiar, less attention will be needed to process them, and reading will be more fluent. However, in this solely bottomup model of reading, learners may foster a habit of reading word for word to make sure of every unfamiliar word without paying much attention to the gist of the whole text. This hinders them from efficient reading, and may result in poor comprehension as well as slow reading and loss of interest in reading.
• That is , the reader will proceed from the features of symbols, to the analysis of strings of words into phrases and sentences, until finally to the meaning of the discourse, that is , reconstructing the author’s intended meaning via recognizing the printed letters and words, and build up a meaning from the smallest linguistic items at the “bottom” to larger units at the “top”(e.g. phrases, clauses, relationship between sentences and paragraphs) ( Richards,2000).
• Reading has traditionally been the most important source of information in the learning situation. The traditional reading advocates using bottom-up model---a kind of passive decoding model. That is to say , the reader only need to read word by word, it will be very easy to get the whole meaning for them. With the development of applied-linguistics and psychological linguistics, the researchers found that reading is not a process of passive decoding model, but a process of active” guessconfirm”. ( Goodman, 1971:135). That is top-down model. After that , the artificial, intelligence expert D.E Rumelhart said reading was a process that the bottom-up model and the top-down model interact together and at the same time processes word information. It was called interact model.
Chapter 3
主讲：张亚蜀
阅读的模式 Reading Process
Reading Process
• 1. Bottom-up Model 自下而上模式
• 2. Top-down Model 自上而下模式
• 3 The Interactive Model 交互模式
Biblioteka Baidueading Process