英语专业词汇学课件7.the minor processes of word-formation
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word is made by using the parts or the full form of the two words and combining their meaning. * Creations by blending are also called portmanteau words, following Lewis Carroll, the author of Through the Looking Glass . He wrote: well, “slithy”means “lithe and slimy”--- You see it’s like a portmanteau---there are two meanings packed up into one word--- “Mimsy” is “flimsy and miserable”. e.g. chortle-chuckle+snort; galumph-gallop+triumph
4) the title of a technical or professional post: e.g. MA, PhD, DA, EE, A.E. and P, PA 5) semi-acronyms e.g. A-bomb, H-bomb, D-notice, V-day, E-mail
Blending : a process of word-formation, in which a new
Initialism: a word formed from the initial letter of a word
that make up a name. 1. alphabetism : if the letters which make up the initialism are individually pronounced, like COD, they are called alphabetisms or abbreviations . e.g. c/o, COD, EEC, UN, MIT, VIP, DIY,IOC,OAU,ISBN, GATT, GMT, UFO,TV, TB, ID, IT, IDD, RSVP,KGB
botel-boat+hotel spanglish-Spanish+English 2) The first word+the back part of the second word workfare-work+welfare travelogue-travel+catalogue Nixonomics-Nixon+economics profitward-profit+toward breathalyser-breath+analyser
The most successful examples:
smog-smoke+fog motel-motor+hotel heliport-helicopter+airport brunch-breakfast+lunch flurry-flutter+hurry flush-flash+gush
2) from nouns ending in other forms to type from typewriter to vamp from vampire to enthuse from enthusiasm to diagnose from diagnosis 3) From noun compounds to baby-sit from baby-sitter to daydream from daydreamer to housekeep from housekeeper to lip-read from lip-reading to mass-produce from mass-production
Back formation: an abnormal type of word-formation
where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from an already existing longer word in the vocabulary. According to its origin back-formation may be formed from the following parts of speech. 1) From nouns ending in -er, -ar,-or,-sion,etc. : to rove from rover to edit from editor to peddle from peddler to emote from emotion to beg from beggar to aggress from agression
The minor processes of English word-formation
Clipping or shortening: a method of shortening a word
without changing its meaning. (gas, bus) 1.front clipping e.g. telephone, airplane, parachute, omnibus, hamburger, earthquake, caravan, periwig 2.back clipping e.g. advertise, photograph, examination, dormitory, mathematics, demonstration, laboratory, memorandum, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, Japanese, professor
2) environmental pollutionsound pollution, air pollution, cultural pollution on the job- off the job
4) from adjectives to laze from lazy to gloom from gloomy to greed from greedy
wk.baidu.com
Forming new words by analogy: a new word or a
new phrase is coined by an analogy between a newly created one and an existing corresponding one. e.g. 1)Marathon- telethon, talkathon sunrise- moonrise, earthrise landscape- moonscape chairman- chairperson, chairwoman housewife- househusband hamburger-cheeseburger, beefburger, shrimpburger cafeteria- washeteria, candyteria, lunchateria
3. Front and back clipping e.g. influenza, detective, refrigerator, prescription, inquisitive 4. Phrase clipping e.g. prefabricated house, public house, lubricated oil, popular music, zoological garden, permanent wave, highfidelity, science fiction, three-dimensional film
2. acronym: an initialism takes the first sound from each of several words and makes a new word from those initial sounds. e.g. NATO, UNESCO, UNICEF, OPEC, ASEAN, TOEFL, AIDS, DINK, SALT, WASP, radar,laser 3. Reverse acronyms: the creators start with a word they want as their name, say, CORE, and then they work from those letters to find four words which represent something like the idea they want to be associated with. e.g. MADD
*according to their usage, acronyms may be subdivided into five groups: 1) the names of organizations e.g. RAF, TUC, NSC, NSF, AFL-CIO 2) the names of mechanisms e.g. NS, SST, ICBM, ERTS 3) scientific terms e.g. VTOL, DP, TLP, PLSS, ABD, TESL, TEFL, TESOL, ESP
3) The front part of the first word + the second word lansign-language+sign astrospace-astronautical+space medicare-medical+care medicaid-medical+aid Eurasia-European+asia 4) The front parts of the first word and the second word Amerind-American +Indian sitcom-situation+comedy psywar-psychological+warfare
Four types of blending according to their morphological structures
1)the front part of the first word + the back part of the second word: brunch-breakfast+lunch Oxbridge-Oxford+Cambridge telecast-television+broadcast spork-spoon-fork positron-positive+electron transceiver-transmitter+receiver autocide-automobile+suicide lunik-lunar+sputnik
4) the title of a technical or professional post: e.g. MA, PhD, DA, EE, A.E. and P, PA 5) semi-acronyms e.g. A-bomb, H-bomb, D-notice, V-day, E-mail
Blending : a process of word-formation, in which a new
Initialism: a word formed from the initial letter of a word
that make up a name. 1. alphabetism : if the letters which make up the initialism are individually pronounced, like COD, they are called alphabetisms or abbreviations . e.g. c/o, COD, EEC, UN, MIT, VIP, DIY,IOC,OAU,ISBN, GATT, GMT, UFO,TV, TB, ID, IT, IDD, RSVP,KGB
botel-boat+hotel spanglish-Spanish+English 2) The first word+the back part of the second word workfare-work+welfare travelogue-travel+catalogue Nixonomics-Nixon+economics profitward-profit+toward breathalyser-breath+analyser
The most successful examples:
smog-smoke+fog motel-motor+hotel heliport-helicopter+airport brunch-breakfast+lunch flurry-flutter+hurry flush-flash+gush
2) from nouns ending in other forms to type from typewriter to vamp from vampire to enthuse from enthusiasm to diagnose from diagnosis 3) From noun compounds to baby-sit from baby-sitter to daydream from daydreamer to housekeep from housekeeper to lip-read from lip-reading to mass-produce from mass-production
Back formation: an abnormal type of word-formation
where a shorter word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from an already existing longer word in the vocabulary. According to its origin back-formation may be formed from the following parts of speech. 1) From nouns ending in -er, -ar,-or,-sion,etc. : to rove from rover to edit from editor to peddle from peddler to emote from emotion to beg from beggar to aggress from agression
The minor processes of English word-formation
Clipping or shortening: a method of shortening a word
without changing its meaning. (gas, bus) 1.front clipping e.g. telephone, airplane, parachute, omnibus, hamburger, earthquake, caravan, periwig 2.back clipping e.g. advertise, photograph, examination, dormitory, mathematics, demonstration, laboratory, memorandum, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, Japanese, professor
2) environmental pollutionsound pollution, air pollution, cultural pollution on the job- off the job
4) from adjectives to laze from lazy to gloom from gloomy to greed from greedy
wk.baidu.com
Forming new words by analogy: a new word or a
new phrase is coined by an analogy between a newly created one and an existing corresponding one. e.g. 1)Marathon- telethon, talkathon sunrise- moonrise, earthrise landscape- moonscape chairman- chairperson, chairwoman housewife- househusband hamburger-cheeseburger, beefburger, shrimpburger cafeteria- washeteria, candyteria, lunchateria
3. Front and back clipping e.g. influenza, detective, refrigerator, prescription, inquisitive 4. Phrase clipping e.g. prefabricated house, public house, lubricated oil, popular music, zoological garden, permanent wave, highfidelity, science fiction, three-dimensional film
2. acronym: an initialism takes the first sound from each of several words and makes a new word from those initial sounds. e.g. NATO, UNESCO, UNICEF, OPEC, ASEAN, TOEFL, AIDS, DINK, SALT, WASP, radar,laser 3. Reverse acronyms: the creators start with a word they want as their name, say, CORE, and then they work from those letters to find four words which represent something like the idea they want to be associated with. e.g. MADD
*according to their usage, acronyms may be subdivided into five groups: 1) the names of organizations e.g. RAF, TUC, NSC, NSF, AFL-CIO 2) the names of mechanisms e.g. NS, SST, ICBM, ERTS 3) scientific terms e.g. VTOL, DP, TLP, PLSS, ABD, TESL, TEFL, TESOL, ESP
3) The front part of the first word + the second word lansign-language+sign astrospace-astronautical+space medicare-medical+care medicaid-medical+aid Eurasia-European+asia 4) The front parts of the first word and the second word Amerind-American +Indian sitcom-situation+comedy psywar-psychological+warfare
Four types of blending according to their morphological structures
1)the front part of the first word + the back part of the second word: brunch-breakfast+lunch Oxbridge-Oxford+Cambridge telecast-television+broadcast spork-spoon-fork positron-positive+electron transceiver-transmitter+receiver autocide-automobile+suicide lunik-lunar+sputnik