国外大学论文写作时引用他人著作的标注格式

Referencing Guide American Psychological Association (APA)
APA is an author date referencing style and is the choice for many disciplines including: Psychology Sociology Business Economics Education Nursing Social Work Criminology
Unless otherwise stated the following information and examples are based on:
American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Available at CDU Library - REF 808.06615 PUBL
Note : Your references should identify an item (e.g. book, journal article, webpage) in
sufficient detail so that others may identify and consult it. Your references should appear at the end of your essay/report with entries listed alphabetically by author (or by title if there is no author).
How to reference books
A book with one author
In text citation
Mikolaj (2005) examines the phenomena of stress and critical incident stress in the emergency services professions.
Environmental and personality stressors are identified as contributing to stress levels in emergency services professionals (Mikolaj, 2005).
Mikolaj states that; “environmental and personality stressors are identified as contributing to stress levels in emergency services professionals” (Mikolaj, 2005, pp. 25-26).
Reference List Mikolaj, A.A. (2005). Stress management for the emergency care provider . Upper Saddle River, N.J: Prentice Hall.
Note : Capitalise only the first word of book title and subtitle. As per section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.
A book by two authors
In text citation
White and Perrone (1997) describe the ways in which society responds to crime in the Australian context.
There are many ways in which crime is dealt with in society including formal and informal methods (White & Perrone, 1997).
The authors state “the doctrine of precedent is meant to ensure that radical change or differential treatment of any kind is difficult to achieve” (White & Perrone, 1997, p.
89).
Note: An ampersand (&) is used to connect authors’ names within brackets, but not when they appear as part of a sentence.
Reference List
White, R. & Perrone, S. (1997). Crime and social control: An introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
As per section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.
A book by four or more authors
In text citation
Note: cite all authors the first time the reference occurs; in subsequent citations include only the surname of the first author followed by et al.
First citation
Gillis, Perkins, Roemer and Snodgrass (1987) make the distinction between backward and advanced economies, or between traditional and modern ones.
Or
The authors make the distinction between backward and advanced economies or between traditional and modern ones (Gillis, Perkins, Roemer & Snodgrass, 1987). Subsequent citations
Gillis et al. (1987) make the ….
or
The authors make the distinction between backward and advanced economies, or between traditional and modern ones (Gillis, et al. 1987).
Second citation within the same paragraph
Gillis et al. make the ….
Reference List
Gillis, M., Perkins, D., Roemer, M., & Snodgrass, D. (1987).
Economics of development (2nd ed.). New York: WW Norton &
Company.
As per example section page 175 and section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.
An edited book
In text citation
Swingland (2003, pp. 65-74) provides an excellent examination of the concept of capturing and conserving biodiversity.
Reference List
Swingland, I.R. (Ed.). (2003). Capturing carbon and conserving biodiversity: The market approach. London: Earthscan
Publications.
As per section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.
A book or work by an association or institution
In text citation
Chapter 5 discusses the nature of a workable global emissions trading system (Prime Ministerial Task Group on Emissions Trading, 2007).
Reference List
Prime Ministerial Task Group on Emissions Trading. (2007).Report of the task group on emissions trading. Canberra, ACT: Dept. of
the Prime Minister and Cabinet.
Note: When the author and publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.
As per section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.
Citing multiple sources at one point in the text
In text citation
Other studies focus on the role of multilateral approaches to the issue of carbon emissions trading. (Prime Ministerial Task Group on Emissions Trading, 2007; Swingland, 2003).
Note: it is recommended that the authors’ names be ordered alphabetically inside the brackets. Use a semicolon to separate the works cited inside the brackets.
As per section 6.19, page 177 of the APA manual, 6th ed.
A chapter in an edited book In text citation …and according to Tulving (1997, p.151) “Few problems in science are as difficult”. Reference List Tulving, E. (1997). What is episodic memory? In T. F. Pettijohn (Ed.), Sources. Notable selections in social psychology (pp. 151-164). Guilford, Conn: Dushkin Pub. Group.
As per section 7.02, page 202 of the APA manual, 6th ed.
Electronic book
In text citation
He claims the “decisive step .... was taken in 1895 in London” (Munsterberg,1916, ¶ 2). Note: Use paragraph number when page numbers are not provided. See section 6.05, page 171, for how to cite material with no page numbers. Reference List Munsterberg, H. (1916). The photoplay: A psychological study . Retrieved from /files/15383/15383-8.txt
As per examples 19 to 22, pages 203-204 of the APA manual, 6th ed. (note different types of electronic books are cited differently – check the APA manual if unsure).
Print articles
In text citation
Sansom (2006) establishes that Herbert’s authorial practice makes him the very semblance of an anthropologist. He likewise is a looter of the Dreamings.
Reference list Sansom, B. (2006). Looter of the dreamings: Xavier Herbert and the taking of Kaijek’s newsong story. Oceania , 76(1), 83-104. How to reference journal articles
Note: Capitalise only the first word of article title and subtitle, and capitalise all main words of the journal title.
As per example 3, page 199 of the APA manual, 6th ed.
Electronic article with a Digital Object Identifier (DOI ).
In text citation
According to Holland (2006) “Classroom climate and teacher credibility are critical both to low student resentment and high diversity learning” (p. 196).
Note: A digital object identifier is a permanent identifier given to an electronic document, regardless of whether the URL changes.
Reference list
Holland, L. (2006). Teaching and learning in diversity classes: The significance of classroom climate and teacher credibility.
Journal of Political Science Education, 2(2),187-203.
doi:10.1080/15512160600669122
As per example 1, page 198 of the APA manual, 6th ed.
Electronic article without a DOI
In text citation
The author discusses parallel levels of development in both the evolving information horizon and the human being (Kari, 2006, ¶ 4).
Note: Use paragraph number when page numbers are not provided. See section 6.05, page 171, for how to cite material with no page numbers.
Reference list
Kari, J. (2006). Evolutionary information seeking: A case study of personal development and Internet searching. First Monday,
11(1). Retrieved from
/issues/issue11_1/kari/index.html.
As per example 3, page 199 of the APA manual, 6th ed.
How to reference newspaper articles
Newspaper article with author
In text citation
Delaney and Vara (2007) report on the introduction of Google’s “My Stuff” and its
implications for home computer needs into the future. Reference list Delaney, K.J. & Vara, V. (2007, November 28). Google to peddle free parking for your computer files. The Australian, p.40. As per example 10, page 200 of the APA manual, 6th ed.
Newspaper article no author provided
In text citation April the 1st was the proposed date for the big Cane Toad Day Out (Don’t be a fool, 2008).
Reference list Don't be a fool, kill as many cane toads as you can: pollie. (2008, August 18). Northern Territory News, p. 6.
As per example 9, page 200 of the APA manual, 6th ed.
Newspaper article accessed from an online source In text citation “Startnextweek” is an innovative new service for booking and buying training courses online, reports Josh Robertson. (2007).
Reference list Robertson, J. (2007,October 22). Online boost for training options. The Courier Mail . Retrieved from .au
As per example 11, page 200 of the APA manual, 6th ed.
In text citation
Coates (1996) addresses the cost of natural disasters in terms of lives lost from the early 1800’s onwards.
Reference list Coates, L. (1996). An overview of fatalities from some natural hazards in Australia. In R.L. Heathcote, C. Cuttler and J. Koetz (Eds.), NDR96 Conference on Natural Disaster Reduction (pp. 49-54). Canberra, Australia: Institution of Engineers.
How to reference published conference proceedings
Note: for conference proceedings published in book form use book citing conventions; for those published in periodical form
(i.e. published regularly) use journal conventions.
As per section 7.04, page 206 of the APA manual, 6th ed.
How to reference reports and government
publications
Document produced by a government agency
In text citation
“39% of agencies have reported facing at least one challenge in regards to the employment of people with a disability” (Australian Public Service Commission [APSC], 2006, p.107).
Note: if the organisation is recognised by an abbreviation, cite the first time in full, as above then abbreviation thereafter – (APSC, 2006).
Reference list
Australian Public Service Commission. (2006). State of the service report 2005-06. Canberra: Author.
Note: if the publisher is the same as the author, then do not repeat details. And if the issuing agency has assigned a number to the report, give the number in
parentheses after the title.
As per section 7.03, page 205 of the APA manual, 6th ed.
How to reference statistics from the ABS
In text citation
The Australian Bureau of Statistics [ABS] reported that p eople born in the United Kingdom accounted for 23% of all overseas-born persons in Australia's population, followed by New Zealand (10%) and Italy, China and Vietnam (4% each) (2007, p.9).
Reference list
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2007). Migration Australia, 2005-
06. Cat. No. 3412.0. Canberra: Author. Retrieved 15th February,
2008,
.au/ausstats/subscriber.nsf/0/E0A79
B147EA8E0B5CA2572AC001813E8/$File/34120_2005-06.pdf
As per example 4.15 page 231. Cat. No. denotes ABS Catalogue Number
In text citation
The CCH Macquarie Dictionary and Thesaurus (1993, p.164) defines the term subjudice “not yet judicially settled”.
Reference list The CCH Macquarie Dictionary of Law (2nd ed.). (1993.) North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia.
Note : If no editor or author details use book title. As per examples 27 to 30, page 249 of the APA manual, 6th ed.
An entry in an encyclopaedia
In text citation
Vesper, (2005) discusses the range of sources of heavy metal contamination of cave waters.
Reference list Vesper, D. J. (2005). Contamination of cave waters by heavy metals. In D. C. Culver & W. B. White (Eds.), Encyclopaedia of caves (pp. 127-131). Burlington: Elsevier.
Or Frederic, L. (1997). E-AWASE. In Encyclopaedia of Asian civilizations (Vol. 2, pp. 331). Paris: Author.
As per examples 27 to 30, page 249 of the APA manual, 6th ed.
Print version
In text citation Rorrison (2006) examines the central role of the practicum in secondary preservice teacher training.
Reference list Rorrison, D. (2006). Jumping through spinning hoops, chance or a carefully constructed learning journey? A critical view of How to reference theses
How to cite reference books (encyclopaedias and dictionaries)
learning in the secondary practicum (Unpublished doctoral
dissertation). Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Northern Territory, Australia.
If the thesis is a master’s thesis, use: (Unpublished master’s thesis).
As per section 7.05, page 207 of the APA manual, 6th ed.
Electronic thesis
In text citation
Campbell’s (2004, p.2) concern is “the prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide at a rapid rate.”
Reference list
Campbell, K. (2004). Family food environments as determinants of children's eating: Implications for obesity prevention.
(Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Deakin University,
Geelong, 2004). Retrieved from
.au/adt-VDU/public/adt-
VDU20061207.120915/
As per section 7.05, page 207 of the APA manual, 6th ed.
How to reference Websites
Web documents, no date
:
In text citation
The guide stresses there are a lot of things you can do(Northern Territory Department of Justice [NTDJ], p.4).
Note: if the organisation is recognised by abbreviation, cite the first time in full, as above then abbreviation thereafter.
Reference list
Northern Territory Department of Justice.(n.d).Step forward: Getting help about sexual violence. Retrieved August 20, 2008, from
.au/justice/documents/stepforward.pdf
See further example of citing a website at /learn/faqs/web-page-no-author.aspx
How to reference Multimedia
Podcasts
In text citation :
According to Professor Michael Kahn....... (Seega, 2008).. Seega, B. (Producer). (2008, August 4). Oral Cancer. The Health Report [Podcast]. Retrieved from .au/rn/talks/8.30/helthrpt/
As per example 50, page 210 of the APA manual, 6
th ed.
Television broadcast
In text citation
Masters reveals .... (2006).. or The program depicts......(Masters, 2006)..
Masters, C. (Writer) & Alexander, J. (Director). (2006). Big fish, little fish [Television series episode]. In D. Shore (Executive producer), Four Corners . Ultimo, NSW: ABC Television.
Note: A performer or presenter is only given principal credit if they are the focus of the recording.
As per example 51, page 210 of the APA manual, 6th ed.
Online video
Reference list
Messerschmit (2006, July 23). Engineering gone wrong [Video file]. Video posted to /watch?v=7e-UHhYAzuc
Personal communications – Citation within the text
In text citation
Personal communications include conversations, interviews, unsourced lecture material, telephone conversations, letters, e-mail messages etc.
…(R. Smith, personal communication, January 28, 2008)
R. Smith (personal communication, January 28, 2008)…
Note : As these materials are unpublished they are not included in reference lists or bibliographies.
As per section 6.20, page 214
Commonly Used Abbreviations
symbol ¶ paragraph
app. appendix
art. article
chap. chapter
div. division
doi digital object identifier
ed. editor, edited by, edition
eds. editors
et al. and others (Latin et al)
date
n.d. no
no. nos. number(s)
place
n.p. no
p. pp. page(s)
par. paragraph
pt. part
rev. revised
sec. section
ser. series
suppl. supplement
s.v. under the word (Latin sub
verso)
trans. translator(s)
vol. volume。