《操作系统概念》第六版作业解答1

1-cont.
1.6 Define the essential properties of the following types of operating systems:
a. Batch
相似需求的Job分批、成组的在计算机上执行，Job由操作员或自动Job程序 装置装载； 可以通过采用 buffering, off-line operation, spooling, multiprogramming 等技术使CPU 和 I/O不停忙来提高性能 批处理适合于需要极少用户交互的Job。
1-cont.
1.5 In a multiprogramming and time-sharing environment, several users share the system simultaneously. This situation can result in various security problems.
b. Interactive
由许多短交易组成，下一次交易的结果可能不可预知 需要响应时间短
1-cont.
1.6 Define the essential properties of the following types of operating systems:
c. Time sharing
使用CPU调度和多道程序提供对系统的经济交互式使用，CPU快 速地在用户之间切换 一般从终端读取控制，输出立即打印到屏幕
4-cont.
4.4 Describe the actions a kernel takes to context switch between processes.
保存正在运行的进程的状态、恢复欲调度到CPU进程的状态
4-பைடு நூலகம்ont.
4.5 What are the benefits and detriments of each of the following? Consider both the systems and the programmers’ levels.
a. Set value of timer. c. Clear memory. d. Turn off interrupts. e. Switch from user to monitor mode.
2-cont.
2.8 Protecting the operating system is crucial to ensuring that the computer system operates correctly. Provision of this protection is the reason behind dualmode operation, memory protection, and the timer. To allow maximum flexibility, however, we would also like to place minimal constraints on the user. The following is a list of operations that are normally protected. What is the minimal set of instructions that must be protected?
4-cont.
4.6 The correct producer–consumer algorithm in Section 4.4 allows only n - 1 buffers to be full at any one time. Modify the algorithm to allow all buffers to be utilized fully.
2-cont.
2.5 Which of the following instructions should be privileged?
a. Set value of timer. b. Read the clock. c. Clear memory. d. Turn off interrupts. e. Switch from user to monitor mode.
2-cont.
2.3 What are the differences between a trap and an interrupt? What is the use of each function?
An interrupt是硬件产生的系统内的流的改变 A trap是软件产生的“中断”。 interrupt可以被I/O用来产生完成的信号，从而避免CPU对设备的轮 询 A trap可以用来调用OS的例程或者捕获算术错误
a. What are two such problems? b. Can we ensure the same degree of security in a time-shared machine as we have in a dedicated machine? Explain your answer. 用户之间互相偷数据、代码 对系统资源使用的记账信息
Symmetric multiprocessing中所有处理器同等对待，I/O可以 在任意CPU上处理。 Asymmetric multiprocessing具有一个主CPU和多个从CPU，主 CPU将任务分派到从CPU，I/O通常只能由主CPU处理。 多处理机系统的优点
比多个计算机系统可能更省钱（同样CPU个数） 执行程序更快 可靠性更高
Chapter 1
1.1 What are the three main purposes of an operating system?
环境提供者，为计算机用户提供一个环境，使得能够在计算机硬 件上方便、高效的执行程序 资源分配者，为解决问题按需分配计算机的资源，资源分配需尽 可能公平、高效 控制程序
用户和系统进程地创建和删除 进程的挂起和恢复 提供进程同步的机制 提供进程通信的机制 提供死锁处理的机制
3-cont.
3.2 What are the three major activities of an operating system in regard to memory management?
监控用户程序的执行，防止出错和对计算机的不正当使用 管理I/O设备的运行和控制
1-cont.
1.3 What is the main advantage of multiprogramming?
高效地使用CPU，通过重叠来自不同用户对CPU和I/O设备的需求 增加CPU的利用，设法让CPU执行有意义的指令
联网、通信功能 远程过程调用 文件共享
f. Distributed
具有联网、通信功能 提供远程过程调用 提供多处理机的统一调度调度 统一的存储管理 分布式文件系统
1-cont.
1.9 Describe the differences between symmetric and asymmetric multiprocessing. What are three advantages and one disadvantage of multiprocessor systems?
让用户级进程可以请求操作系统所提供的服务
3-cont.
3.10 What is the purpose of system programs?
为程序开发和运行提供了方便的环境 给用户提供基本的公共功能函数，为用户在不用自己写代码 的情况下解决公用问题
试着安装虚拟机VMWARE，然后在这台虚拟机上安装 ， 试着安装虚拟机 一个操作系统 阅读Linux源码，给出某一个 源码， 阅读 源码 给出某一个system call的源码并分 的源码并分 分析init/main.c给出流程图 析，分析 给出流程图
缺点：软硬件更复杂
Chapter 2
2.2 How does the distinction between monitor mode and user mode function as a rudimentary form of protection (security) system?
通过建立一组只能在monitor mode才能执行的特权指令集，OS能够 确保总是能控制整个系统。
4-cont.
4.7 Consider the interprocess-communication scheme where mailboxes are used.
d. Real time
在专门系统中使用，从传感器读取信息，必须在规定时间内作出 响应以确保正确的执行
1-cont.
1.6 Define the essential properties of the following types of operating systems:
e. Network
在通用OS上添加
3-cont.
3.5 What is the purpose of the command interpreter? Why is it usually separate from the kernel?
读取命令（从用户或者命令文件）并执行（转化成系统调用） 可能会经常改变
3-cont.
3.7 What is the purpose of system calls?
跟踪内存使用情况（哪一部分被使用、谁使用） 当内存空间可用的时候，确定将哪些进程调入内存（job调度） 按需要分配和回收内存
3-cont.
3.3 What are the three major activities of an operating system in regard to secondary-storage management?
b. Change to monitor mode. c. Read from monitor memory. d. Write into monitor memory. g. Turn off timer interrupt.
Chapter 3
3.1 What are the five major activities of an operating system in regard to process management?
剩余空间的管理 存储分配 磁盘调度
3-cont.
3.4 What are the five major activities of an operating system in regard to file management?
文件创建和删除 目录创建和删除 目录和文件操作原语的支持 文件到二级存储的映射 将文件备份到非易失存储设备
a. Symmetric and asymmetric communication b. Automatic and explicit buffering c. Send by copy and send by reference d. Fixed-sized and variable-sized messages
a. Change to user mode. b. Change to monitor mode. c. Read from monitor memory. d. Write into monitor memory. e. Fetch an instruction from monitor memory. f. Turn on timer interrupt. g. Turn off timer interrupt.
Chapter 4
4.2 Describe the differences among short-term, medium-term, and long-term scheduling.
Short-term，CPU调度 Long-term，job调度 Medium-term，分时系统中的中间调度级