跨文化商务沟通复习资料

跨文化商务沟通复习资料

第一章

一．文化适应的四个维度P9

Dimensions of Acculturation

Integration - persons become an integral part of the new culture while maintaining their cultural integrity

Separation - individuals keep their culture and stay independent of the new culture Assimilation - persons are absorbed into their new culture and withdraw from their old culture

Deculturation - individuals lose their original culture and do not accept the new culture

第二章不作为考试重点

第三章

一．不同文化的人们对待女性，道德标准以及工作的态度不同P47~P56

①Attitudes Toward Women：

Influenced by cultural roots;U.S. women are supposed to have the same rights as men;Kenya women are considered subordinate to men;Gender differences in the U.S. workplace are de-emphasized - women are accepted at higher levels in government and in many companies；U.S. women have taken two-thirds of new jobs created; they are starting new businesses at twice the rate of men;In France, one-fifth of small businesses are owned by women; in Canada, the rate is one-third；The U.S. and Canada lead the world in the number of women in executive positions; Northern and Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand also have high numbers of women managers.

Percentage of Women in Top Management Positions:The Russian Federation 42%，European Union 30%,Australia 23%,United Kingdom 21%,United States 20%,Japan 7%.

②Cultural Attitudes Toward Work:

Work ethic - hard work is applauded and rewarded; not working is viewed negatively. U.S. persons value work; executives work

-56 hours per week.

-take 14 days of vacation a year.

European persons work

-36 to 41 hours per week.

-take 4 to 6 weeks of vacation a year.

Europeans:Relaxed;Vacation during month of August;Do not work weekends or holidays (The French take longer vacations than people of any other country.) Australians:Value free time; Value short work week

Japanese :Work Monday through Friday, often 18 hours a day;Work until their boss leaves

③Attitudes Toward Ethics:

Ethical behavior means acting with integrity, honesty, competence, respect, fairness, trust, courage, and responsibility.

Ethical standards are guidelines established to convey what is perceived to be correct

or incorrect behavior by most people in a society.

Ethics: The Four-Way Test:

Is it the truth?

Is it fair to all concerned?

Will it build goodwill and better friendships?

Will it be beneficial to all concerned?

二．个人主义和集体主义P57

Individualism - attitude of valuing ourselves as separate individuals with responsibility for our own destinies and actions.

Collectivism - emphasizes common interests, conformity, cooperation, and interdependence.

第四章

一．文化冲击的阶段P69

Stages of Cultural Shock:

Stage 1: Excitement and fascination with the new culture; the "honeymoon" stage. Stage 2: Crisis or disenchantment period; excitement has turned to disappointment. Stage 3: Adjustment phase; you begin to accept the new culture, try new foods, see the h umor in situations.

Stage 4: Acceptance or adaptation phase; feel at home in the new culture and become involved in activities of the culture.

Stage 5: Reentry shock; follows the stages identified earlier: initial euphoria, crisis or disenchantment, adjustment, and adaptation.

二．如何缓解文化冲击P71~P74

To alleviate cultural shock, try to see the environment from the perspective of the host nationals.

①慎重挑选外派人员

Alleviating Cultural Shock by Careful Selection of Overseas Personnel(Sensitive, cooperative, able to compromise;Open to others' opinions;Reaction to new situations; appreciation of cultural differences;Understanding of own values and aware-ness of values in other cultures;Reaction to criticism;Understanding government

system;Ability to develop contacts in new culture;Patience and resiliency.)

②提供出国前培训

Intellectual or classroom model - involves giving facts about the host country using a variety of instructional methods;

Area training or simulation model - emphasizes affective goals, culture specific content, and experiential processes;

Self-awareness or human relations model - based on the assumption that the trainee with self-understanding will be more effective in the overseas assignment;

Cultural awareness model - emphasizes cultural insight and stresses affective goals and an experiential process;

Interaction approach - participants interact with people in the host country; Multidimensional approach - attempts to combine cognitive, affective, and behavioral aspects of training;

③提供反馈和奖励