英汉对比与翻译-英汉词义对比

Semantic range and classification
• Owing to the fact that not all the usages of the two languages concerned are alike, there may be the following different cases in wording: correspondence, inclusion, intersection, and zero.
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Heavy rain 大雨 Heavy sky 阴沉的天气 Heavy load 重负 Heavy style 枯燥晦涩的文体 Heavy casualty 重大伤亡 Heavy news 坏消息；沉重的消息
• • • • • • • • • • • •
Heavy features 浓眉大眼 Heavy food 难以消化的食物 Heavy wine 烈酒 Heavy crop 大丰收 Heavy task 繁重的任务 Heavy sleep 酣睡
词义相异（semantic noncorrespondence)
• Semantically, the lexical meaning of words in English is generally different from that of the correspondent characters in Chinese except for some technical terms of proper nouns.
• 犬：dog, hound, • 走：walk, spaniel, mastiff, saunter, amble, pointer, setter, stride, trudge, retriever, terrier… shamble, prance, • carry: 搬、运、送、 scamper, clump, 提、拎、挑、担、 tiptoe … 抬、背、扛、搂、 抱、端、举、夹、 • 羊： sheep, 捧…… goat, ram, ewe, lamb…
• The meaning of a word is not a simple entity. Besides its relatively stable meaning which has been agreed upon, a word usually has somewhat dynamic meaning—its specific meaning in a specific context. Very often a word may have extended meaning, and transferred meaning based on its primary meaning.
translation consciousness
• • • • •
白菜 white cabbage 大片 big movie 长镜头 long lens 不冻港 non-freezing port 隐形眼镜 invisible glasses • 买一赠一 Buy one, present one. • 流动资金 circulating capital
英汉对比与翻译
英汉词义对比与翻译
Contents • 1, lead-in exercise • 2, introduction and analysis
• 3, assignments
Translate the following sentences and phrases into English, paying attention to the disparity between correspondent words in the two languages.
Noticeably, seeking correspondence between words in translation may be aptly led to pseudo-correspondent expressions, or, false 1)False friends beset by word-to-word friends in the target language.
试穿 食言 番茄酱
To try sth. on Break a promise ketchup
酸奶 黄色书籍
Yoghurt Pornography book
3）Pseudo correspondence that pays attention to the referential meaning instead of pragmatic or cultural meaning
• 词汇语义范围不一样 • 词的指称意义相同，但语用意义不 同 • 词的指称意义和语用意义都不同
In each language, there is a core vocabulary standing for the most common things of the world, or people’s actions or ideas. But, many words in English do NOT have exactly corresponding words in Chinese or vice versa.
Correspondence 对应
• In each language there is a core vocabulary standing for the most common things of the world, or people’s actions or ideas. • 森林 forest • 温室效应 greenhouse effect • 历史遗产 historical heritage • Physics 物理 • New York 纽约 • WHO 世界卫生组织
• He writes a blind hand. • 他写的字很难认出。 • She has a cold hand but a warm heart. • 她外表冷淡，却是个热心 肠。 • With an open hand • 很大方 • Grease sb’s hand • 贿赂某人
• 着手 set one’s hand to do sth. • 插手 have a hand in • 拍手 clap hands • 旗手 standard bearer • 舵手 steersman; helmsman • 打手 hired roughneck; hatchet man
Original 绿豆 False friend Green bean 青豆、嫩菜或四季豆 To have a fit 发脾气 Eat one’s words 收回前言；道歉 Tomato sauce 吃意大利面或披萨是用的调味酱 Sour milk 发酸的变质的牛奶 Yellow book 黄皮书/法国政府报告 Correct version mung bean
莫里斯区分了符号关系的三个方面，指出：符号与其所指称或描写的实体与事件 之间的关系是语义关系，符号与符号之间的关系是符号句法关系，符号与符号使 用者之间的关系是语用关系。与这三种关系相对应的，就是语言符号的三类意义： 指称意义、言内意义和语用意义。
• 指称意义 （referential meaning)或概念意 义（ideational meaning)是语言符 号和它所描绘叙述 的主观世界或客观 世界的实体或事件 之间的关系。
• Words, as the basic units of meaning of any language, are signs or codes for things or conceptions. A word may refer to an object, a situation, an action, a process, or a complicated concept. • In most cases, the actual operation of translation is sentence-based with reference to the context. However, sentences are formed with words, so finding proper words in the target language corresponding to the words in the source language is often the first step in translation. • The difference between the right word and the almost right word is really a large matter—’tis the difference between the lightning bug and the lightning. – Mark Twain
• • • • • • • •
蓝天白云 天高气爽 天下乌鸦一般黑 clouds in a blue shy • The sky is clear and the air crisp. • All ravens under the sun are back. • Number one • Food the number one need of the people. • (the middle of) forehead • Horizon; the end of the world; the remotest place of the world
•Chinese cabbage •Blockbuster •zoom lens •ice-free port •contact lenses •Buy one, get one free. •working capital