北大张智勇老师普通心理学课件06memory
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Chapter 6 MEMORY
《普通心理学》专业课
1
永远的战士
49岁的健康、英俊的中年人 谈吐用现在时而非过去时 认为自己19岁，处于1945年 顺向性遗忘症（anterograde amnesia）
– 对大脑受损之后的事件失去记忆
倒退性遗忘症（retrograde amnesia）
2
Memory
Craik & Lockhart (1972)
Craik & Tulving(1975)
Structural Level (physical characteristics of the
stimulus)
Phonemic Level (simple characteristics of the
language )
9
1.3 Three changes of memory models
Modules, a set of memory systems. Remembering without involving retrieval into consciousness. Not all information follows the path of the model, further, the model is not unidirectional.
– – –
Procedural memory Priming effects Results of Conditioning
28
LTM System
LTM
Explicit Memory
Implicit Memory
Episodic Memory
Semantic Memory
Procedural Priming Memory Effects
Chunking
21
Miller(1956)：神奇的7+-2
DJIBMNYSEWSJSEC
因人、因事而异
22
Chunking
DJIBMNYSEWSJSEC DJ IBM NYSE WSJ SEC
dj: Dow-jones ibm: International Business Machines nyse: New York Stock Exchange wsj: Wall Street Journal sec: Securities and Exchange Commission//Samsung Electronic Co.
24
4.1 The Serial Position Effect
Free recall tasks
recalling as many as possible
Serial position effect
Ss were more likely to remember the earlier and later items on the list than the words in the middle (Atkinson & Schiffrin,1968).
30
4.3 Encoding and LTM
Rehearsal and Levels of Processing Multiple Representations and Representational Modes Mnemonic Devices
31
Rehearsal and Levels of Processing
Echoic storage
Two types of echoic memory systems: speech/nonspeech sounds
16
Sensory Representation
Mental manipulation(Kosslyn, 1983; Tye, 1991). Cooper & Shepard(1973): rotating of a capital R PET scan study Eidetic imagery/photographic memory
4
1 The Nature of Memory
5
1.1 Biological Basis
定位说 非定位说(脑均势说） 突触生长说 记忆分子说（DNA/RNA） 记忆的电生理基础（反响回路） 脑内代谢物与记忆
6
1.2 Memory and Information Processing
Sensory registers
10
2 Sensory Registration
11
2.1 The Evidence
George Sperlling(1960) – Tachistoscope: flashing for 15-500ms. Whole report/Partial report – Less than 4 of the 12 letters(33%)<==>roughly 3 out of the 4 items(75%) – Partial report design: focusing attention on one part of the image while it was still in iconic storage .
– –
Semantic memory Episodic memory(Tulving, 1972, 1983)
Personal Event/ Public Event (Weaver, 1994)
Flashbulb memory
27
Implicit Memory
Cannot be brought to mind consciously but is expressed in behavior (Roediger, 1990)
Results of Conditioning
29
Priming Effects
Definition
– 先前接触的相同或类似的信息，促进了新信 息的加工
•
Bowers & Schacter(1990)：24词的词表
– BEASON CHECK PENNY – READY CHEESE PENGUIN 词干补词任务（12个老词干，63个新词干） 词表用词量：控制组12％，实验组30％。
记忆是人脑对过去经验的保持和提 取
3
Outlines
Memory and its Biological Basis Memory and Information Processing Memory as a Constructive and Reconstructive Process Retrieval and Forgetting How to Improving Memory? Challenges to the Information-Processing Model
Semantic Level (meaning of the stimulus)
32
Representational Modes
– Miller(1956): 5-9 items – Hermann Ebbinghaus(1885):
Seven-item limit nonsense syllables (pir, vup)
AVL, acoustic/verbal/linguistic
Conrad(1964): V---B, U
17
Verbal Representation
Multiple sensory and verbal representations==>parallel processing of information by modules in the brain
18
3 Short-Term Memory
Primacy effect/Recency effect
– Primacy---rehearsal: STM-->LTM – Recency---STM
25
4.2 LTM system
Explicit Memory Impliciemory
Also called declarative memory, refers to knowledge that can be consciously brought to mind and declared.
23
4 Long-Term Memory
The Serial Position Effect Long-Term Memory Systems Encoding and LTM How Information Is Stored in LTM Hierarchical Organization of LTM
不到1秒
Short-term memory(STM)/Working memory
20－30秒
Long-term memory(LTM)
可毕生不忘
7
记忆的信息加工模型
行为反应 维持复述
刺激
感觉 登记
注意
STM
精细复述
LTM
提取
遗忘?
遗忘
遗忘
8
Working Memory
STM,is also called working memory, it functions like a mental sketch pad on which people make mental notes, solve problems, and hold relevant information in consciousness for a brief period. Working memory can also exist in LTM.
Sensory Representation Verbal Representations
14
表象
15
Sensory Representation
Iconic storage
For a brief period after an image disappears from vision, people retain a mental image of what they have seen (Foley & Mulhern,1991; Neisser, 1967, 1976) The duration of icons varies from approximately half a second to two seconds, depending on the individual, the content of the image, and the circumstances. Presenting another image or even a flash of light directly after the first image disappears erases the original icon.
20
3.2 Controlling Information in STM
Rehearsal
– Maintenance Rehearsal: repeating the information again and again to prevent it from fading. – Elaborative rehearsal: Thinking about, or elaborating, the information meaning while rehearsing. ==>transferring to LTM.
12
Partial Report
视觉呈现 音调指示 反应
MQTZ RFGA NSLC
高音 中音 低音 N, S, L, C
13
2.2 Representation
Mental representation 心理表征
– a mental model of a stimulus or category of stimuli.
Characteristics of STM Controlling Information in STM
19
3.1 Characteristics of STM
Active
– workspace (Peterson & Peterson, 1959)
Rapidly accessed Preserved in the sequence presented Limited in capacity
《普通心理学》专业课
1
永远的战士
49岁的健康、英俊的中年人 谈吐用现在时而非过去时 认为自己19岁，处于1945年 顺向性遗忘症（anterograde amnesia）
– 对大脑受损之后的事件失去记忆
倒退性遗忘症（retrograde amnesia）
2
Memory
Craik & Lockhart (1972)
Craik & Tulving(1975)
Structural Level (physical characteristics of the
stimulus)
Phonemic Level (simple characteristics of the
language )
9
1.3 Three changes of memory models
Modules, a set of memory systems. Remembering without involving retrieval into consciousness. Not all information follows the path of the model, further, the model is not unidirectional.
– – –
Procedural memory Priming effects Results of Conditioning
28
LTM System
LTM
Explicit Memory
Implicit Memory
Episodic Memory
Semantic Memory
Procedural Priming Memory Effects
Chunking
21
Miller(1956)：神奇的7+-2
DJIBMNYSEWSJSEC
因人、因事而异
22
Chunking
DJIBMNYSEWSJSEC DJ IBM NYSE WSJ SEC
dj: Dow-jones ibm: International Business Machines nyse: New York Stock Exchange wsj: Wall Street Journal sec: Securities and Exchange Commission//Samsung Electronic Co.
24
4.1 The Serial Position Effect
Free recall tasks
recalling as many as possible
Serial position effect
Ss were more likely to remember the earlier and later items on the list than the words in the middle (Atkinson & Schiffrin,1968).
30
4.3 Encoding and LTM
Rehearsal and Levels of Processing Multiple Representations and Representational Modes Mnemonic Devices
31
Rehearsal and Levels of Processing
Echoic storage
Two types of echoic memory systems: speech/nonspeech sounds
16
Sensory Representation
Mental manipulation(Kosslyn, 1983; Tye, 1991). Cooper & Shepard(1973): rotating of a capital R PET scan study Eidetic imagery/photographic memory
4
1 The Nature of Memory
5
1.1 Biological Basis
定位说 非定位说(脑均势说） 突触生长说 记忆分子说（DNA/RNA） 记忆的电生理基础（反响回路） 脑内代谢物与记忆
6
1.2 Memory and Information Processing
Sensory registers
10
2 Sensory Registration
11
2.1 The Evidence
George Sperlling(1960) – Tachistoscope: flashing for 15-500ms. Whole report/Partial report – Less than 4 of the 12 letters(33%)<==>roughly 3 out of the 4 items(75%) – Partial report design: focusing attention on one part of the image while it was still in iconic storage .
– –
Semantic memory Episodic memory(Tulving, 1972, 1983)
Personal Event/ Public Event (Weaver, 1994)
Flashbulb memory
27
Implicit Memory
Cannot be brought to mind consciously but is expressed in behavior (Roediger, 1990)
Results of Conditioning
29
Priming Effects
Definition
– 先前接触的相同或类似的信息，促进了新信 息的加工
•
Bowers & Schacter(1990)：24词的词表
– BEASON CHECK PENNY – READY CHEESE PENGUIN 词干补词任务（12个老词干，63个新词干） 词表用词量：控制组12％，实验组30％。
记忆是人脑对过去经验的保持和提 取
3
Outlines
Memory and its Biological Basis Memory and Information Processing Memory as a Constructive and Reconstructive Process Retrieval and Forgetting How to Improving Memory? Challenges to the Information-Processing Model
Semantic Level (meaning of the stimulus)
32
Representational Modes
– Miller(1956): 5-9 items – Hermann Ebbinghaus(1885):
Seven-item limit nonsense syllables (pir, vup)
AVL, acoustic/verbal/linguistic
Conrad(1964): V---B, U
17
Verbal Representation
Multiple sensory and verbal representations==>parallel processing of information by modules in the brain
18
3 Short-Term Memory
Primacy effect/Recency effect
– Primacy---rehearsal: STM-->LTM – Recency---STM
25
4.2 LTM system
Explicit Memory Impliciemory
Also called declarative memory, refers to knowledge that can be consciously brought to mind and declared.
23
4 Long-Term Memory
The Serial Position Effect Long-Term Memory Systems Encoding and LTM How Information Is Stored in LTM Hierarchical Organization of LTM
不到1秒
Short-term memory(STM)/Working memory
20－30秒
Long-term memory(LTM)
可毕生不忘
7
记忆的信息加工模型
行为反应 维持复述
刺激
感觉 登记
注意
STM
精细复述
LTM
提取
遗忘?
遗忘
遗忘
8
Working Memory
STM,is also called working memory, it functions like a mental sketch pad on which people make mental notes, solve problems, and hold relevant information in consciousness for a brief period. Working memory can also exist in LTM.
Sensory Representation Verbal Representations
14
表象
15
Sensory Representation
Iconic storage
For a brief period after an image disappears from vision, people retain a mental image of what they have seen (Foley & Mulhern,1991; Neisser, 1967, 1976) The duration of icons varies from approximately half a second to two seconds, depending on the individual, the content of the image, and the circumstances. Presenting another image or even a flash of light directly after the first image disappears erases the original icon.
20
3.2 Controlling Information in STM
Rehearsal
– Maintenance Rehearsal: repeating the information again and again to prevent it from fading. – Elaborative rehearsal: Thinking about, or elaborating, the information meaning while rehearsing. ==>transferring to LTM.
12
Partial Report
视觉呈现 音调指示 反应
MQTZ RFGA NSLC
高音 中音 低音 N, S, L, C
13
2.2 Representation
Mental representation 心理表征
– a mental model of a stimulus or category of stimuli.
Characteristics of STM Controlling Information in STM
19
3.1 Characteristics of STM
Active
– workspace (Peterson & Peterson, 1959)
Rapidly accessed Preserved in the sequence presented Limited in capacity