医学英语 呼吸系统

Breathing is the exchange of gases between the cells of an organism and the external environment. The process of taking air into the lungs is called inspiration, or inhalation. The process of breathing air out is called expiration, or exhalation.
The process of breathing


The lungs, the diaphragm, the ribs and intercostal muscles, and the pleural membranes interact to perform the process of inhalation and exhalation. This process is controlled by the breathing center in the medulla oblongata延髓 which responds to the levels of carbon dioxide and hydrogen ion (acid) in the blood.
Influenza, flu


A highly contagious respiratory tract infection caused by influenza or parainfluenza viruses. chills, headache, muscle aches, fatigue loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. Bird flu, swine flu
Internal breathing内呼吸


The gases that has already been drawn into the lungs are exchanged with gases in the blood/tissues. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is removed from the blood and replaced with oxygen (O2).
Symptoms and signs of respiratory system diseases:




a runny nose流鼻涕 a stuffy nose鼻塞 cough咳嗽, a dry cough干咳, a productive cough 有痰咳嗽 Sputum 痰 sore throat 喉咙痛 cyanosis 紫绀 nasal flaring 鼻翼扇动 recession or retraction at suprasternal, intercostal and supraclavicular areas三凹征 dyspnea呼吸困难, tachypnea呼吸增快,apnea呼吸 暂停 rale湿啰音, fine rales细湿啰音, coarse rales粗湿啰 音, wheeze / rhonchi哮鸣音

Lung lobes

Right upper lobe, RUL Right middle lobe, RML Right lower lobe, RLL

Left upper lobe, LUL Left lower lobe, LLL
The process of breathing
Respiratory System
Fang, Xiao yi (Judy) Department of Neonatology, First Affiliated Hospital of SUMC
Objectives
Describe the structures and the functions of organs in res. system Describe the process of breathing Know the common symptoms and signs of res. diseases Know several diseases of res. system
sphenoid, ethmoid, maxillary)
The Respiratory System

Lower respiratory tract:


Trachea (windpipe). Bronchi (pl. of bronchus): main, secondary and tertiary Bronchioles: Pulmonary alveoli (pl. of alveolus) Lungs
The process of breathing
External breathing:
Enviroment←→Lungs
Internal breathing:
Blood←→Alveoli
External breathing外呼吸


External air is drawn into the body in order to supply the lungs with oxygen Used air is expelled from the lungs in order to remove carbon dioxide (CO2) from body.
Bronchitis


inflammation of the mucous membranes of the bronchi two categories: Acute bronchitis Chronic bronchitis
Bronchiolitis

Hale Waihona Puke A viral infection that causes the the bronchioles to become inflamed. The bronchioles turn to be narrowed. wheezing, coughing and shortness of breath (dyspnea), cyanosis
Pneumonia



A lung infection that can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or other germs. fever, chills, cough, unusually rapid breathing (tachypnea), breathing that makes a "grunting" or wheezing sound and chest pain. Rales can be heard through a stethoscope.
The Respiratory System

Upper respiratory tract:

Nasal cavity Nose hairs Paranasal sinuses (frontal, Pharynx (throat) Epiglottis Larynx (voice box) Glottis, Glottis vocal cords Eustachian tubes

Respiration, respiratory, breath, breathe, breathing 呼吸 Ventilation通气 Inspiration吸气, inhalation, inhale吸入 Expiration呼气, exhalation, exhale呼出
The process of breathing
The Respiratory System

Accessory structures:

Pleural membrane: Covering the lung and lining the chest cavity, this membrane has 2 thin layers, within which is pleural cavity. Ribs肋骨: Bones attached to the spine and central portion of the breastbone, which support the chest wall and protect the heart, lungs, and other organs in the chest. Intercostal muscles肋间肌: Thin sheets of muscle between each rib that expand (when air is inhaled) and contract (when air is exhaled).
Related roots

pneumo-, pulmo-: to the lung or air肺的，气的 spir-, -pnea: breath呼吸 naso-, rhin-: to the nose鼻的 oro-: to the mouth口的 pharyngo-: to the pharynx咽的 laryngo-: to the larynx喉的 tracheo-: to the trachea, tracheal气管的 bronchi-, broncho-: to the bronchi支气管的 alveolo-: to the alveoli肺泡的 phrenic-: to the diaphragm膈的 pleuro-: to the pleural membrane 胸膜的 thoraco-, stetho-: to the thorax or chest 胸的 -oxia: level of oxygen…氧血症 -capnia: level of carbon dioxide…碳酸血症 phono-, -phonia: voice声音
Common diseases in res. system

Common cold Influenza Bronchitis Bronchiolitis Pneumonia Asthma
Common cold


An infection of the nose and throat caused usually by viruses sneezing, runny nose, stuffy nose, breathing through mouth fever, fatigue, vomiting, diarrhea In children, the common complication is otitis media.
structures of the res. tract
nose mouth
3
pharynx, throat
larynx 4
5
trachea
lung
6
right bronchus 7
8 left bronchus
9
bronchiole alveoli
diaphragm
11
10
Question
What symptoms and signs do you know due to the res. system diseases?
The Respiratory System

Accessory structures:
Diaphragm膈: The main muscle used for breathing; separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity. Diaphragmatic muscles膈肌 Mediastinum纵隔: Consists of the space between the lungs together with the organs contained in this space, including trachea, heart, esophagus, large vessels, and other tissues.