肾脏的排泄功能 ppt课件

Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
(二)集合管Collecting ducts
肾盏→肾盂→输尿管→膀胱
Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
(三)近球小体Juxtaglomerular apparatus 近球细胞Juxtaglomerular cell：分泌肾素的颗粒 致密斑Macula densa：感受小管液中 Na+量的变化 间质细胞Interstitial cell：
Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
第一节 肾脏概述
Introduction of Kidney
Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
二、肾脏血液循环的特征
Characteristics of Renal Circulation
(一)血液供应特点 C来自百度文库aracteristic of blood supply：
•血流量大：安静时1200ml/min=l／5~ l／4心输 出量
Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
三、肾脏功能概述
Introduction of Renal Function
(一)肾脏的泌尿功能 尿量：成人1000~2000m1/天------正常
2500m1/天-----多尿Polyuria 100500mI/天-----少尿Oliguria 〈100ml/天-----无尿Anuria
肾脏的排泄功能
肾脏的排泄功能
Excretive Function of Kidney
Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
排泄 Excretion：
机体将进入血液的代谢尾产物、体内过 剩物质以及异物排出体外的过程
肌源学说：BpA↑→入球小动脉灌流压↑→入
球小动脉平滑肌的紧张性↑→入球小动脉口 径↓→血流阻力↑→ 对抗灌流压的增强
意义：使肾血流量适应于肾脏的泌尿功能
Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
神经和体液调节Neuro-humoral regulation：
•分布不均：肾皮质---94％ 外髓--- 5％~6％ 内髓---1％
•肾血供有两个毛细血管网： 肾小球毛细血管网压力较高---利于滤过 肾小管周围毛细血管网压力较低---利于重吸收
Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
排泄途径 Excretive pathway： 呼吸器官：CO2和少量水分 消化道：无机盐类(钙、镁、铁等)和胆色素 皮肤、汗腺：水分以及 NaC1和尿素 肾脏：尿液，排泄的物质种类多，量也大
•神经调节：交感神经（+）→肾血管收缩→肾 血流量↓
•体液调节：肾上腺素与去甲肾上腺素→血管收 缩→肾血流量↓
Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
意义：紧急情况下(如大失血、缺氧、剧烈运动 等)，全身血液将重新分配以保证心、脑 等 重要器官的血液供应
Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
3.皮质肾单位和近髓肾单位
Cortical nephron and juxtamedullary nephron 皮质肾单位：85％~90％
肾小体体积较小，髓袢短 入球小动脉口径>出球小动脉口径 与尿液的生成、肾素的产生关系较大
(二)肾血流量的调节
Regulation of blood flow in kidney
自身调节Autoregulation：
动脉血压变动在80~180mmHg(10.64~23.94kPa) 范围内，肾血流量仍能保持相对稳定
Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
一、肾脏的结构特征
Characteristic of Renal Structure
(一)肾单位Nephron----肾脏的基本功能单位
1.肾小体：肾小球 肾小囊(脏层、囊腔、壁层)
2.肾小管：近曲小管 髓袢( 降支粗段、降支细段、升支细
段、升支粗段) 远曲小管
Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine
近髓肾单位：10％~15％ 肾小体体积较大，髓袢甚长 入球小动脉口径<出球小动脉口径 尿液的浓缩与稀释过程中起重要作用
Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine