《跨文化交际与翻译》 (4)
跨文化交际试题答案(附翻译)
跨文化交际试题答案(附翻译)一、选择题1. 以下哪项不是跨文化交际的核心要素？A. 语言差异B. 文化差异C. 沟通技巧D. 民族风俗答案：D翻译：Which of the following is not a core element of intercultural communication?A. Linguistic differencesB. Cultural differencesC. Communication skillsD. Folk customs2. 跨文化交际中，以下哪项行为可能导致误解？A. 打招呼B. 鞠躬C. 直接拒绝D. 礼貌地表达意见翻译：In intercultural communication, which behavior may lead to misunderstandings?A. GreetingB. BowingC. Direct refusalD. Politely expressing opinions二、填空题1. 跨文化交际中的文化差异主要体现在____、____、____等方面。
答案：价值观、行为规范、语言使用翻译：The cultural differences in intercultural communication are mainly reflected in values, behavioral norms, and language use.2. 跨文化交际能力包括____、____、____等方面。
答案：知识、技能、态度翻译：Intercultural communication competence includes knowledge, skills, and attitudes.三、简答题1. 简述跨文化交际的重要性。
跨文化交际在全球化背景下具有重要意义。
以下是跨文化交际的重要性：（1）促进国际交流与合作：跨文化交际有助于不同国家和地区的人们相互了解，增进友谊，促进国际合作。
跨文化交际翻译中的文化负迁移的原因与规避
跨文化交际翻译中的文化负迁移的原因与规避不同文化的交际者在交往过程中往往倾向于将母语文化模式套用到目标语文化中，结果必然会对交际产生一定的影响，以下是搜集整理的一篇探究跨文化交际翻译中文化负迁移的，供大家阅读查看。
着名的翻译家金圣华在论及翻译的作用时曾打了个比方：“翻译就像一座桥，桥两旁气候悬殊，风光迥异。
两端之间，原隔着险峻的山谷，湍急的溪流。
两旁的人，各忙各的，世代相传，分别发展出一套不同的习俗风尚以及语言文化来。
有一天，这不同文化习俗的人，忽然想要跟对岸打个招呼怎么办?要渡过峡谷，不得不架起一座桥……”(金圣华：1997)这座桥便成为了跨语言、跨文化之桥。
文化交流是翻译发生的本源，翻译是文化交流的产物，翻译从本质上讲就是跨文化交际。
跨文化交际翻译以文化沟通为第一要务，而文化的障碍往往却是译者面对的头号劲敌，因此在跨文化交际翻译中，避免或减少跨文化交际翻译中的文化负迁移有着十分重要的现实意义。
一、跨文化交际翻译中文化的负迁移不同文化的交际者在交往过程中往往倾向于将母语文化模式套用到目标语文化中，结果必然会对交际产生一定的影响，这种现象就是“文化迁移”。
心理学中，若一种学习对另一种学习起积极的促进作用，就叫正迁移(positivetransfe)r;而一种学习对另一种学习起干扰或抑制作用就叫负迁移(negativetransfe)r(邵瑞珍:1997)。
同样如果母语文化在跨文化交际翻译中被目标语吸收并成为其组成部分，则这种迁移被视为文化的正迁移。
相反，由于带有母语文化特征的言语没有被目标语语言读者所理解和接受，造成了文化误读，就会出现文化的负迁移。
根据戴炜栋教授对文化迁移的分类，我们也可以把文化负迁移分为两种，即表层文化负迁移和深层文化负迁移。
1.表层文化负迁移。
表层文化负迁移包括物质文化和制度文化的负迁移，如语言形式的文化负迁移和言语行为交际模式的文化负迁移。
首先，语言形式的文化负迁移主要体现在词汇的误读、误译。
跨文化交际之文化与翻译--魏华
Culture and Translation
1. Brief Introduction
How do you translate this sentence into English? 您辛苦了！ You must be very tired. ???
As 虎 is thought to be the king of animals in traditional Chinese culture, phrases and idioms with虎 abound and it is often changed into “lion” when translated into English:
We Chinese think of pig as a lazy and stupid animal and often say 蠢猪， but English speaking people contribute ugliness, greediness and dirtiness to the pig yet they don’t think the pig is stupid. 蠢得像猪 as stupid as a goose (silly ass) 亚洲四小龙 (referring to four developing regions in Asia ) the four tigers in Asia
3. Cultural Influence on Translation
Green” also means “ full of vigor or vitality” Her grandchildren wished her a green old age. 他的孙儿们祝福她健康长寿。 Though in the green, he may not be equal to the task. 尽管他年富力强，不见得能胜任这项任务。
跨文化交际与翻译-
Intercultural Communication and Translation of Culture-loaded Words of the West and EastAbstract:As a new marginal discipline, intercultural communication became an important separate discipline in the 1970s. It emerged in America and has been developing quickly and greatly in the western world. While in China, the discipline was first introduced in the 1980s. Nowadays, with the increasing exchange of the West and East, intercultural communication becomes increasingly frequent against the background of economic globalization. So it needs corresponding more translation activities. Against the background of economic globalization, we should be fully aware of intercultural communication, especially the conflicts and exchanges between Western and Eastern, the mixture of both and the work of translation. We should both learn the essence of Western culture and keep up the splendid cultural tradition of China.In the course of the intercultural translation, culture-loaded words contain cultural connotation and mirror cultural characteristics, so they are often considered difficult to translate. This thesis studies approaches of translating culture-loaded words in the broad context of intercultural communication by exploring the relation between culture and translation. This thesis argues that by adopting proper translating approaches, culture-loaded words should achieve both semantic and pragmatic equivalence, or at least pragmatic equivalence.Key words: intercultural communication; translation; culture-loaded words; semantic equivalence; pragmatic equivalenceIntroductionIntercultural communication involves two different cultures, and different culture created a different national language. Culture plays an important role in specific semantic structure and model of language. The vocabulary is the accumulation of cultural information, and the cultural concepts and values of different nation at all levels of culture are "reflected in their vocabulary system, and then form the words with cultural connotation." [1]With special cultural connotation, cultural words are often difficult in cross-cultural communication translation, and even become an obstacle to transmission of information.Influence of culture on translationFrom the perspective of intercultural communication, one of the purposes is to establish the cultural equivalence between the source language and target language. In terms of the translation of cultural terms, the cultural equivalence mainly reflects in the semantic equivalence and pragmatic equivalence. Semantic equivalence is the basis of pragmatic equivalence. Thus, in many cases, equivalent translation is also mainly refers to the semantic equivalence.The author believes that the basic principles of cultural lexicon translation should be done to maximize the semantic and pragmatic equivalence. We should at least ensure the pragmatic equivalence if semantic equivalence can not be achieved. For instance, in Tianjin city of China, there is a century-old snack "Goubuli" steamed buns, and now many tourist cities in the country establish its branches, and the buns are also soldabroad. Its English translation "Dog Won't Leave" is far from its original Chinese name meaning. And there is no semantic equivalent at all, because the Chinese "dog ignore" have no contact with “the dog” and “leave”. However, from the perspective of pragmatic translation, “Dog Won't Leave” is a wonderful translation. Dogs won’t leave buns stands for it will not leave its host either. Undoubtedly, such translation has a strong attraction force for diners in English and America who love dogs like loving friends. Basically, the equivalence in pragmatic effects is achieved.As the source language and target language are different in language and culture, it is almost impossible to achieve totally equivalence in semantic and pragmatic aspect for the source language and target language symbols. Therefore, when translating cultural words, we only try to pursuit of semantic equivalence as far as possible under the premise of ensuring pragmatic equivalence. There are five commonly used methods when translating cultural words:First, shift translation. It refers to unchanged moving all or part of the source language to the target language. For instances, CD, VCD, DVD, DNA, ICU, and many computer terms which are translated into Chinese by the shift frequently appear on Chinese newspapers and magazines. Some expressions with Chinese characteristics like qigong (qigong), taijiquan (shadow boxing), jiaozi (dumplings), qipao (cheongsam), has moved in English and American newspapers.Second, transliteration. Some of the source language culture-specific images are "blank" or "vacant” in the target language. I n this case, we can transplant these unique to the target language using transliteration method. Transliteration is homophonic inChinese words or word combinations in English translation, and these words or word combinations are not meaningful ready-made words in Chinese. For instance: 秀(show), 酷(cool), 黑客(hacker), 艾滋病(AIDS), 色拉(salad), 可口可乐(Coca-cola) and so on.Third, literal translation. Literal translation refers to translation of the "corresponding" phrase and cultural information in the source language. This can preserve cultural identity of the source language as much as possible and broaden the cultural horizons of target language readers. However, it can not be applied mechanically, and it should not mislead the reader of the target language. For instance: olive branch (橄榄树), lonely as a cloud (像一朵孤云), 纸老虎(paper tiger),一国两制(one country with two systems), etc.Four, free translation. It focuses on the translation to convey the original meaning (interpretation), which lay down the language form and literal meaning of the source language. It expresses the cultural information of source language in the target language with cross-cultural "pragmatic equivalence. For instance: the Renaissance (文艺复兴); "辛亥革命"(the 1911 Revolution against Qing Dynasty), etc.Five, Replacement. It refers to the replacement of original words with some similar meaning but different concept meaning in the target language on the basis of keeping communication meaning of the original. That is to replace words with rich cultural connotation in the source language with corresponding word with same cultural connotation in the target language. Such as: to laugh off one's head (笑掉大牙); lead a dog's life (过着牛马不如的生活); 挥金如土(to spend money like water); 力大如牛(asstrong as a horse).ConclusionEnglish and Chinese are two different languages, and both reflect the cultural differences which form the barrier of communication. How to overcome obstacles and achieve cultural equivalence is a difficult problem to solve. Practice shows that in most cases we can find reasonable translation methods which can be accepted by readers in the target language. By means of the necessary modifications, we can at least achieve pragmatic equivalence. The important thing is that the translators should attach great importance to cultural factors in the source language, and consider issues from the purpose of intercultural communication.。
跨文化交际与翻译
跨文化交际与翻译【摘要】翻译意味着文化的比较，并且翻译活动旨在促进文化之间的交流。
文化是个很复杂的体系，它不可能简单地等同于一个语言范畴。
为了避免由于文化障碍造成失败的交际案例，我们应当研究这些不同语言反映出的不同文化。
本文作者即以汉语和英语的跨语言文化交际翻译为主要论据，阐述其翻译活动中涉及的中西文化比较与交流，并指明跨文化交际活动中翻译工作的重要性。
【关键词】跨文化交际翻译中文英文文化是人类在社会历史过程中所创造的物质财富和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富，如教育、科学、文艺等。
文艺批评家朱刚则认为：文化研究作为独立的一门学科是非常难下定义的；一般来说，人们认为“文化”一词首先于中世纪出现，后来的演变大大延展了文化在社会生活的各方面的用途（2010：340）。
德国翻译理论家弗米尔（hans j.vermeer）认为：文化是一个社会全部的准则和习俗惯例，是作为社会一员的个体所必须懂得的，这样才能与人相似或与人相异（2005：43）。
在各种文化定义中，英国人类学家泰勒（edward burnett tylor）给出的定义最具代表性：文化是一种复杂体，它包括知识、信仰、艺术、道德、法律、风俗以及其余社会上习得的能力和习惯（2005：68）。
在此意义上，文化是个复杂的体系，它不可能简单地等同于一个语言范畴。
那么这个时候的翻译行为，就是在目标语文化中重现源语语言文化所提供的某些信息。
众所周知，语言总是折射着文化的底蕴；中英不同的语言也各自反映着不同文化。
忽略文化差异容易造成使译作的读者群大惑不解的局面。
也就是说，源语的读者群所熟知的内容往往令目标语的读者群深感新奇陌生。
我们发现，人们的每一个行为往往都是置于某个具体文化背景之下进行的，本族语者与非本族语者之间的交际、具有不同语言和文化背景的人从事交际的过程被称之为“跨文化交际”（cross-cultural communication）。
在跨文化交际过程中，行为主体必须对对方的语言和文化背景有所了解甚至于熟悉，否则跨文化交际就会产生障碍。
考研翻译题目分析与总结
考研翻译题目分析与总结一、背景：学生求助①老师你好，我是10级3班洪燕，遇到些问题想请教您。
做了几个月的翻译练习了，可觉得没什么长进，还是问题多多~以下附英汉互译各一篇，望老师指点一二。
请老师指出翻译的不足之处。
请老师提点一二，尤其是中译英。
（做中译英常会觉得无从下手，翻译长句时常句子分析不透彻，捉不住重心，造成中式思维太浓；直译意译把握不好，有时会错误省译，造成漏译；句型结构也不好，。
）麻烦老师了。
②老师，这是中南大学2010年的一道题目，我在翻译时觉得自己对这篇文章的时态把握不准，在时态方面就纠结了很久。
而且感觉对翻译这类散文有些吃力，不知道是否已经揣摩好文章所要表达的意思。
希望老师可以给点意见，下面是我的译文：③陈老师我是10级7班的吴婷，然后这个翻译材料的英文是华东师范大学的考研试题，我在做这篇翻译时，就是当在考试一样来做的，所以英文中的人名我也没有去查证，也没有反复翻译，所以做的很粗糙，想要老师帮忙看看我这水平。
离考华东师范大学还差多远，麻烦老师了。
谢谢老师。
④老师，您好！我是杨晓侠。
有太多问题百思不得其解，真心麻烦老师。
麻烦老师分析一下本篇中标注地方，不清楚结构。
⑤陈老师：您好！我是10级6班易程。
还记得我们大三的翻译课就是您上，那时您的知识渊博，上课风趣幽默，所以就决定考翻译这个方向。
一直到现在为止，我都不敢把自己翻译的东西给您看，因为水平有限，但是现在离考试只有一个月了，心里很急，现在把自己翻译的真题给老师看一下，希望老师指点一二。
对了我考的是苏州大学。
⑥陈老师您好，我是易茜，这是华南师范大学2010年汉译英部分，我今天翻译了一下，能不能麻烦您帮我看看，指出翻译存在的问题。
麻烦您了！呵呵修改意见：你的译文已经很不错，用词得当、语法正确、表达连贯、结构清晰。
在我们历年的学生中，也算非常好的。
如果考场上还能做得如此好，过关是没有问题的。
当然，译无止境，永远只有更好，没有最好。
所以，我鸡蛋里找骨头，把一些比较明显的小毛病改了一下（看红色字体部分），供你参考。
《跨文化交际与翻译》 (5)
• We see the world not as what it is, but as the world comes to our sensory receptor.
The Notion of Culture
➢ Deep Culture vs. Surface Culture
Consider the following, try to decide which of them are above the water and which are below:
Lecture Two
Culture and Communication
A Review of the Components of Communication
Noise Context
source encoding message channel receiver decoding receiver response
• Cultures may be classified by three large categories of elements: artifacts (which include items ranging from arrowheads to hydrogen bombs, magic charms to antibiotics, torches to electric lights, and chariots to jet planes); concepts (which include such beliefs or value systems as right or wrong, God and man, ethics, and the general meaning of life); and behaviors (which refer to the actual practice of concepts or beliefs).
跨文化交际-浅谈英汉文化差异与翻译
跨文化交际—浅谈英汉文化差异与翻译摘要：语言是文化的一部分，又是文化的映像。
语言和文化相互作用，相互影响，理解语言必须了解文化，理解文化必须了解语言。
只有对文化有了的充分了解之后，了解到它们之间的文化差异，才能实现对原文的原貌再现。
英汉文化差异主要在于受价值观念、文化心理与象征、审美取向、宗教意识等特征的影响，因此译者必须十分熟悉英汉语言文化的差异，提高双语的文化修养，才能更完整地传递文化信息。
关键词：文化差异语言翻译《圣经·旧约·创世纪》中有记：大洪水过后，诺亚的子孙在示拿地安下身在，其时人们言语相同，口音相通，然而安身并非意味着立命，为了给自己扬名，以免被驱散于地之四级，众人便决定建造一座城，城中竖起一座塔，塔顶高耸入云，名曰通天塔（the Babel,或译为“巴别塔”）；忤逆之举一出，耶和华大为震怒，于是上帝变乱了人类的语言，并将其遣散于地之四方，以示惩戒。
至此，上帝借以命名万物的纯语言（pure language）不复存在，人类再也无法以同样的言语相互交流，而要实现彼此间的沟通，就只有借助于翻译来重建那传说中的通天塔了。
然而又谈何容易，翻译从来就不是以举手之劳所能成就的事情或事业，谓翻译之难，难于上青天，此言并非空穴来风，亦无些微渲染之嫌，如其不然，英国学界之执牛耳者瑞查兹（I.A.Richards）当年概不至于作如下感发：在宇宙演化过程中，翻译堪称最为复杂之事件，亦未可知。
语言是意义的载体，因此要完整的把一国语言翻译为另一国语言，译者则必须了解这两国的双语文化知识。
不同的语言转换必须服从特定的文化要求，翻译不仅是语言的转换，更是文化信息的传递，语言的转换只是翻译的表层，而文化信息的传递才是翻译的实质。
因此，要更深刻，更贴切地传递原文的内在信息，译者必须探明英汉双语的文化特征及其差异，并将双语的文化内涵适当对接，真实地再现原文的面貌。
由此可见，译者的双语文化知识在其成功的翻译中起着决定性作用。
论跨文化交际中的翻译策略
论跨文化交际中的翻译策略周建军摘要：文化差异是跨文化交际中的最大障碍。
译者若不能准确地把握民族之间的文化差异，极易造成文化信息的流失，出现文化信息欠额、文化信息超额，甚至文化信息误译等现象。
为了能够保证再现源语的意义的同时，兼顾源语的文化，本文拟对此进行探析，并提出相应的改进策略。
关键词：跨文化交际；翻译策略-、引言作为跨文化交际的桥梁,翻译在其中起着不可或缺的作用。
翻译不仅仅是将一种语言转换成另一种语言，翻译还承载着将源语言中所蕴涵的文化信息准确地传达给目的语读者的使命。
由于各民族发展历程的不同，两民族进行交流时必然存在着文化差异，这也成为跨文化交际中平等对话的最大障碍,而文化差异的处理不当最终导致了文化的流失。
针对跨文化交际翻译中文化信息处理问题,译界学者专家们争论不休。
有人主张异化策略，即以源语言文化为目标，尽量让译语去适应、照顾源语文化及原作者的遣词用字，以加强目的语读者对源文化的了解并接受，同时达到传播源语言传统文化的目的。
另有部分人主张归化策略，即以目的语文化为归宿，尽量适应和照顾目的语文化习惯,以读者的文化背景、接受理解能力为依据，作恰当地处理。
还有学者认为应当综合考虑两者，以真实准确地再现文化信息,并为读者所理解和接受为最终目标。
无论是选择哪种翻译方式,我们都应该持有科学的跨文化翻译观,不可走极端，因为翻译中译者必须遵守“忠实”原则，换而言之,译文必须忠实于原文，以避免出现文化信息的流失。
然而,在实际的跨文化交际翻译中，往往存在着文化信息欠额、文化信息超额，甚至文化信息误译等现象。
此类现象的出现均在不同程度上影响源语言文化信息的正确传递。
二、翻译中的文化不对等现象（一）翻译中文化信息欠额与文化信息超额现象由于社会、经济、观念、民族等的不同,汉英语言所包含的文化信息不同&而读者受到不同俺239翻译研究文化背景的影响对两种语言中的同一事物所引起的联想各不同。
因此,译者翻译概念意义相同，而文化意象半对应或非对应的内容时，若不能准确把握的话,极易出现翻译中的文化信息欠额与文化信息超额现象。
跨文化交际试题答案附翻译
international developments have made intercultural contact more pervasive (无处不在), theyA. new technology and information systemB. changes in the world’s populationC. a shift in the world’s economic arenaD. A, B and Chas evolved that lets societies share cultural experiences with one another as films are produced and shown around the world.A. Show businessB. .C. international film industryD. Mass mediain the United States, because they have been profoundly affected by population and immigration increases, are a primary setting for domestic intercultural contact.A. SchoolsB. CommunityC. WorkplaceD. club4. It is difficult to find a single definition of human communication because__D _ .A. the complex nature of communicationB. the issue of intentionalityC. the issue of unintentionalityD. A, B and C5. To Reusch and Bateson, communication often takes place ___A__.A. without awarenessB. consciouslyC. intentionallyD. deliberately6. Which of the statements of communication is not true A()A. Communication is dynamicB. Communication is symbolicC. Communication is Interpretive 7. Communication has a consequence means thatD__.A. Communication is irreversibleB. Our response to message does not have to be immediateC. The nature of our responses to messages is rooted in our culture 8. Which of the item is not the basic component of culture DA. ValuesB. EmotionsC. Personality 9. We learn our culture not through ______ .A. proverbsB. artC. mass media 10. Although many aspects of culture are subject to change, the majorA. historyB. the deep structureC. backgroundD. tradition11. __D __ i s at the core of intercultural communication.A. senderB. receiverC. cultureD. language12. Although cultures change through several mechanisms, which of the following item is not the three most commonA. DiffusionB. AcculturationC. Invention 13. One of the most difficult tasks for foreigners in learning a new language is learning the and _ in which they areA. different styles, the contextsB. grammar, accentC. different styles, the speech actsD. vocabulary, the pronunciation14. Language is accompanied by a continuous flow of nonverbal communication, which involves not only ___ but also ___ andA. the tone, gaze, postureB. the voice, the face, the bodyC. the pitch, gaze, gestureD. the pace, the distance, touch15. _B ___ is the process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensory data in a way that enables us to make sense of our physical and social world.A. InterpretationB. PerceptionC. AnalysisD. Understanding D. Communication is staticD. A, B and CD. AttitudesD. self-taught_______ of a culture resists D. Innovation16.The maps are usually drawn by putting one’s country in the center. This illustrates ___C___.A. MisinterpretationB. Racial biasC. EthnocentrismD. Stereotype17.Many stereotypes are provided by the __D ____ .A. School educationB. TextbookC. HistoryD. Mass media18.Cultural breakdowns, setbacks or conflicts result from misinterpretations, ethnocentrism, and stereotype as a result of B___.A. MisperceptionB. Racial biasC. MisunderstandingD. False impression19.___C__ are defined as “an enduring set of beliefs that serve to guide or direct our behavior”.A. LawsB. PerceptionsC. ValuesD. World views20.Which of the statements about cultural values is not true CA.Cultural values, as is the case with cultural beliefs, guide both perception and communication.B.Cultural values have nothing to do with individual values.C.Cultural values are prescriptive.D.Cultural values, once formed, are enduring and relatively stable.21.Which of the countries doesn’t belong to individualistic culture D()A. ItalyB. New ZealandC. FranceD. Greece22.In a high power distance culture, the superior tends to BA. treat employees respectfullyB. display his authorityC. interact with workers more oftenD. do important work23.Which of the statements about low uncertainty avoidance is not trueA. Divers population.B. Frequent innovations.C. Generally older countries with a long history.D. Citizens are proud of nation.24.Which of the following countries or region of no feminine traits DA. NorwayB. FinlandC. DenmarkD. Austrianguage ____ culturalA. ExpressesB. EmbodiesC. InfluencesD. Symbolizes26.It is a universal truth that language is ___ b y culture and in turn it ______ c ulture. BA. influenced, reflectsB. displayed, influencesC. determined, reflectsD. shaped, influencesnguage is the _____ representation of a people, and it comprises their historical and cultural backgrounds as well as their approach to life and their ways of living andA. PrescriptiveB. AbstractC. SubstantialD. Symbolic28.Which of the contextual cues do not matter in a high-context culture AA.The type of relationship that exists between the speaker and the listener.B.The coded, explicit message.C.Age relative to the speaker and the listener.D.Where is the communication taking place29.The low-context culture doesn’t have which of theA.Tends to develop transitory personal relationship.B.Tends to use "logic" to present ideas.C.Tends to give simple, ambiguous, non-contexting messages.D.Values individualism.30.The following advantages of high-context culturedon’t include A. it saves us making many trivial decisions;B.it allows for great flexibility, adaptability and originality;C.roles tend to be clear;D.group projects and team efforts tend to be practicable and effective.31.People from cultures that prefer “high involvement” styles tend to__A _____ .A.expect to be interruptede polite listening soundC.give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partnersD.speak one at a time32.People from “high considerateness” cultures are often thought to be _ B___.A. loudB. passiveC. chattyD. pushy33.One way to determine whether a culture favors a direct or indirect style in communication isA .A. How they say, “No.”B. How they invite people.C. How they teach people.D. How they accept people.34.In 2010, the Easter is on ___A ____ .A. 4th, April , April C. 2nd, April D. 6th, April35.Which of the communication style can’t be characterized as high consideratenessAA. ChineseB. JapaneseC. Mainstream AmericanD. RussianDefine the following concept. (4 points for each of the 5 items)(1)Culture (2) Acculturation (3) Stereotype (4) Value (5) Uncertainty avoidance(6) Communication (7) Innovation (8) Perception (9) Ethnocentrism(10) Intercultural communication (11) Power distance (12) high-context True or false.(1)( F ) Cultural generalizations must be viewed not as approximations ( 接近)0£ reality, but as absolute representations.(2)(T ) Domestic contacts are increasing because new immigrants and co-cultures are growing in numbers.(3)( F ) Our response to message has to be immediate.(4)( T ) It is always possible to share our feelings and experiences by means of direct mind-to-mind contact.(5)( T ) Culture is a problem of nurture instead of nature, that is one’s cultural patterns are acquired through learning or interacting, or they are determined by the environment within which we live.(6)( F ) Misinterpretations do result every time members from two cultures communicate.(7)( F ) Ethnocentrism is usually learned at the conscious level.(8)( F) Low uncertainty avoidance cultures tend to have a less efficient infrastructure than high uncertainty avoidance cultures.(9)( T ) China, Korea, Japan, Latin America, and to a certain extent, France, are considered to be high-context cultures.(10)( T ) In the mainstream American culture, the ideal form of communication includes being direct rather than indirect.(11)( T)Communication is an activity that affects people and other people.(12)(T )New technology, and growth in the world’s populationhave contributed to increased international contacts.(13)(F ) All cultures use symbols, but they rarely assign their own meanings to them.(14)( T ) Communication can be retrieved.(15)( ) Patterns of culture are inherent with individual, that is, they are genetically passed down from previous generations.(16)( ) Perceptions for the same object, behavior or event are always universal.(17)( ) To understand other people we must go into their perceptual world and try to experience reality in the same manner as they do.(18)( T ) The Arabic-speaking nations, Latin America, Russia, and nearly all of Asia (especially India and China) are high power distance.(19)( ) Language is influenced and shaped by culture; it reflects culture.(20)( F ) Mainstream American conversation style would also be characterized as “high involvement”, although it differs significantly from the various Asian patterns.(21)( ) We are captives of our culture, though it offers us a common frame of reference.(22)( ) We study other cultures from the perspective of our own culture, so our observations and our conclusion are tainted by our personal and cultural orientations.(23)( ) Because we do not have direct access to the thoughts and feelings of others, we can’t infer what they are experiencing.(24)( ) There are rules for speakers to follow as to how messages are constructed and interpreted.(25)( ) Only when we are deprived of our own culture or put into a completely new culture can we realize the importance of culture to us.(26)( ) Stereotype refers to an unfair, biased, or intolerant attitude towards another group of people.(27)( ) The assumption of similarity is one of the biggest promotions in intercultural communication.(28)( T) Countries or regions with masculine traits are Ireland, the Philippines, Greece, South Africa, Austria, Japan, Italy, and Mexico.(29)( ) Low context communication saves us making many trivial decisions.(30)( F) For Americans, two or three seconds of silence can be comfortable.1.三个国际的发展作出了跨文化联系更普遍的 (无处不在)，他们是。
跨文化交际与翻译真题
、案例分析（答题说明：每题10 分，合计分。
） 1. Situation: Two Americans, Bill and Tony, are talking aboutTony's unhappy experience with his Chinese college.Bill: Hi, Tony. How 're you doingTony: Fine. Just got back from visiting the home of one of myChinese colleagues.Bill: Oh, have a good timeTony: Oh yes, very good. Mind you, I was bit hurt about the way they treatedmypresent. You see, I know they like western music so I brought them backsome of the latest tapes from the UK.Had them all wrapped up beautifully and gave them to them as soon as I gotinside the door and what do you think happenedBill: WhatTony: Nothing. Well, more or less, they said thank you but then just put themaway in a corner. Didn 't even bother to unwrapthem. I must say I felt a bit miffed after all the trouble I ' d taken.参考答案：答题点：Gift giving in the West三、跨文化单选（答题说明：每题1分，合计分。
跨文化交际英语阅读教程4课文翻译 (2)
跨文化交际英语阅读教程4课文翻译第一课：文化差异与交际文化差异的定义文化差异是指不同国家或地区之间的历史、地理、宗教、经济等方面的差异。
这些差异会影响到人们的价值观、信仰、行为习惯、社会组织形式等。
在跨文化交际中，了解和尊重文化差异非常重要。
文化差异对交际的影响文化差异对交际有着深远的影响。
不同文化背景的人在沟通交流中可能会遇到以下问题： 1. 语言障碍：不同国家和地区使用不同的语言，理解和表达存在障碍。
2. 非语言符号的差异：不同国家和地区的非语言符号（如手势、表情、礼仪等）可能有不同的含义，容易引发误解。
3. 礼貌和礼仪的差异：不同文化对礼貌和礼仪的要求有所不同，可能会造成交际上的尴尬和冲突。
4. 价值观的冲突：不同文化对价值观的理解和认同也存在差异，可能会引发理念上的冲突。
跨文化交际的技巧为了更好地进行跨文化交流，以下是一些技巧： 1. 学习对方的语言：学习对方的语言可以加深理解，减少语言障碍。
2. 了解对方的文化：了解对方的文化背景、价值观念和行为习惯，增进理解和尊重。
3. 尊重对方的非语言符号：避免使用可能被对方误解的非语言符号，尊重对方的习俗和文化。
4. 灵活调整自己的礼貌和礼仪：在不同文化背景下，灵活调整自己的礼貌和礼仪，以尊重对方的文化。
5. 接纳不同的价值观：不同文化的人们对于相同事物的看法可能存在差异，要学会接纳并理解对方的价值观。
第二课：文化沟通中的误解和解决高、低沟通语境的差异高沟通语境的文化中，人们通过非语言符号、隐含的信息和环境背景来传递信息；低沟通语境的文化中，人们更加注重直接明确的信息。
了解和适应不同的沟通语境是避免误解的关键。
文化差异引发的误解1.时间观念：在一些高度重视时间效率的文化中，迟到被视为不尊重；而在某些文化中，迟到是普遍存在的现象。
2.礼貌和直接表达：一些文化注重礼节和婉转的表达方式，而另一些文化更加注重直接坦率的交流。
3.非语言符号：不同文化的手势、表情、身体接触等非语言符号可能有不同的含义，可能会引发误解。
跨文化交际 第四章 第二节 文化过滤
中文片名翻译
CURSE OF THE GOLDEN FLOWER，中文片名《满城尽带 ，中文片名《 黄金甲》 黄金甲》
FAREWELL MY CONCUBINE，中文 ， 片名《霸王别姬》 片名《霸王别姬》 FLIRTING SCHOLAR， ， 中文片名《唐伯虎点秋香》 中文片名《唐伯虎点秋香》
CROUCHING TIGER HIDDEN DRAGON, 中文片名《 中文片名《卧 虎藏龙》 虎藏龙》
我们对外来文化符号的诠释必然受到自 身文化的过滤。 身文化的过滤。 文化过滤器” “文化过滤器”对我们接受的某一特定 符号加以界定， 符号加以界定，而界定的准确度取决于对 对方文化的了解程度 了解程度， 对方文化的了解程度，需要了解对方文化 的内涵及规范系统。 内涵及规范系统。
ROCK ‘N’ ROLL
BARBIE DOLL
二、词汇的文化意蕴之对比
不同民族由于在地理、民俗、 不同民族由于在地理、民俗、宗教及价值观 同一理性概念的词 等方面存在的差异，表达同一理性概念的词， 等方面存在的差异，表达同一理性概念的词，在 各自独特的文化传统 文化传统作用下必然会产生附加在词 各自独特的文化传统作用下必然会产生附加在词 汇本身概念之上的不同联想意义 不同联想意义。 汇本身概念之上的不同联想意义。
Daffodil 黄水仙
（2）联想意义的差异 ）
即明指意义相同， 即明指意义相同，联 想意义不同或截然相反。 想意义不同或截然相反。
颜色在东西方不同的 文化内涵
昔我往矣，杨柳依依。今我来思，雨雪霏霏。 昔我往矣，杨柳依依。今我来思，雨雪霏霏。 ——《诗经 小雅 采薇》 小雅·采薇 《诗经·小雅 采薇》 秦楼月，年年柳色，霸陵伤别。 秦楼月，年年柳色，霸陵伤别。 ——李白《忆秦娥》 李白《 李白 忆秦娥》 此夜曲中闻折柳，何人不起故园情。 此夜曲中闻折柳，何人不起故园情。 ——李白《春夜洛城闻笛》 李白《 李白 春夜洛城闻笛》 若耶溪，溪水西。 柳堤，不闻郎马嘶。 若耶溪，溪水西。 柳堤，不闻郎马嘶。 ——温庭筠《河传》 温庭筠《 温庭筠 河传》
《跨文化交际与翻译》 (8)
b. The American did not know enough about his company’s products.
c. Starting his presentation with several jokes made the Germans think that he was not very serious about the business.
word can be used once only. (red book p53)
1. When I’m feeling ___, all I have to do is take a look at you, and think of the happy moment we underwent.
Lecture 5
Verbal Communication
Do the following words have the same denotation and connotation?
• parrot • wolf • pig • bee • pigeon • donkey • fox • lamb
“I think Dobbie devoted herself to the post. She is a really white person.”
“A white person?” Wang Fei was surprised, “No, she is from Africa.”
white
esteem color
In one specific context
A bank manager to. a clerk standing in front of the safe box in the morning.
跨文化交际课文翻译
Speaki ng Englis h with a Japane se mind 日本人在达到上学年龄后就要学英语，这些人在学会英语之后就可能用英语进行对外交流，但是他们所使用的英语要受到他们本民族的语言和文化的影响。
因此这就会造成困扰和误解在与其他用英语的人交流时。
AM,当他作为索尼公司的首席执行官时，在一次给美国的商学会做报告时他指出了这两种语言的明显差异。
他举了一个例子，一个美国商人向他的一个日本生意上的伙伴提议了一项计划。
可是当美国人完成时，日本人才开始谈论这个项目听起来多么有趣并且他们公司也有同样的想法。
美国人认为这个项目肯定会被接受。
但是随着辩论的拖延，美国人的关注也开始减弱，然后日本人说，不管怎样。
AM告诫说，接下来就是你要仔细听的时候了。
因为真正的回答是在那个词语的后面。
他经常告诫他的部下官员要用一种大多数的使用英语的人都习惯的方式说话，如果他想被别人理解。
他还告诫说，在日本你可能是大多数，但是到了国外你就是一小部分。
要想用一种大多数人都能最大限度的理解你的方式说话需要更多的语法知识和大量的词汇。
你必须对你所谈话的那个人的交流方式，社交礼仪，价值观等等很熟悉。
日本人的说话顺序正好和说英语的人相反。
甚至就是一个非常简单的句子，比如英国人会说，你得带伞因为要下雨。
而日本人会说，因为会下雨所以你要带伞。
不管这种正常的表达方式的顺序是否会控制想法顺序还是什么，日本人这种用不同顺序的表达信息的方式会让那些说英语的国家的人且对日本语言不了解的人感到困惑。
另一个例子就是，一些说英语的日本人和美国的一些领导举行卫星电视会议来讨论两国间的经济和贸易关系。
日本的参会者说着流利的英语，同时会被翻译成日语以供那些不懂得英语的人理解。
翻译与跨文化交际 第四章
“瞒住人”是指不为外人所 知，而illegal是“非法的”， 显然不正确，可改译为a secret abortion。“丑事” 则可以简单译为a shame。
译文赏析
原文：“我的亲妹妹哎， 人家打胎怎么一个个都 不死呢，怎么你一打胎 就死呢？我的苦妹 子……” （第5段） 译文：“My dear little sister, so many people have had abortions and none of them died, why? Why you died of abortion? My poor sister...”
英美丧葬文化
丧礼（funeral）通常在家里、殡仪馆或教堂举 行。丧礼通常包括祷告、唱赞美诗、牧师致辞、 家属或亲友致辞。
英美丧葬文化
葬礼（burial service）。丧礼仪式结束后，棺材 会被放入灵车，运往墓地（cemetery）进行土 葬或者是火葬场（crematory）进行火葬。通常 会有一个简单的入葬仪式。
译文赏析
原文：这几年，帮哭的事淡 了。（第1段）
译文：Nowadays we have less and less keeners.
“帮哭的事淡了”一句的 翻译重点在于一个“淡” 字，意思是说“不怎么 普遍，不怎么流行了”。 译文中的less and less keeners并不能传递原 文的信息，应改译为 Nowadays professional mourners are becoming less popular。
原文是一个老奶奶在给 孙辈讲故事，这里的 “奶奶”是指讲故事人 自己，而不是银娇奶奶， 应改译为I, for one, was such an onlooker.后面 的代词也应作相应的改 动。
(完整word版)新编跨文化交际英语教程课文翻译
U1reading1跨文化交际日益引起人们的注意的原因：是由于交通工具的进步与通讯手段的发展使得不同国家、不同种族、不同民族的人能够频繁地接触和交往。
L。
S。
Harms认为,在世界范围内的交际经历了五个阶段:A语言的产生; B文字的使用； C印刷技术的发明； D近百年交通工具的进步和通讯手段的迅速发展； E 跨文化交际。
近二十年来的交际是以跨文化为特征的。
二、对跨文化交际的不同理解有的人认为每个人在文化上都是独特的，所以任何两个人之间的交际都是跨文化交际。
文化通常不是指个人的行为，而是指一个群体的生活方式和习惯.作者认为作跨国、跨种族、跨民族。
研究不仅应该是跨文化交际研究包括的内容，而且应该是放在首位的。
在研究一个国家的文化特点时,我们的眼光首先应集中在它的主流文化上，其次才注意它的亚文化和地区文化的特点含义：人们应用符号并借助媒介交流信息的行为与过程；人与人之间直接交往活动；通过媒介进行的信息交流与沟通活动。
人类传播的发展：信息符号传播：手势、有限的声音、体语符号、其它符号、实物口语传播媒介传播传播类型：非人类传播与人类传播伴随人类产生发生出现；不同民族相互接触与融洽的结果；交通和通讯工具的发展促进跨文化交际的发展含义：具有不同文化背景的人们之间进行的交际往来或信息传播与沟通活动文化在跨文化交际中的地位：是跨文化交际的核心；文化的复杂性影响跨文化研究；文化涵盖历史与现实、实物与制度及观念、稳定性与能动性、群体特点与地区及个体差异影响跨文化交际的主要因素：民族的历史与传统、宗教思想、价值观念、社会组织形式、风俗习惯、政治制度、社会发展阶段case1主角被埃及人邀请去家里吃丰盛的大餐，他用餐后说食物很好.在这种情况下，理查德错误可能是他选择赞美食物本身，而不是整个晚上,的食物.他的主人和女主人就好像他参加了一个艺术展，称赞这位艺术家说：多么美丽的你的照片。
在日本工作的时候他犯了一个错,开会的时候解释试图让大家明白每个人也许都会跟他一样以减轻罪过，结果又错了.相比之下,美国人强调个性价值和容易维护个体差异时,他们似乎理由与组织的目标或价值观冲突.在这种情况下：理查德…年代错误是在努力保护自己.case2对于学生来说，向老师提问很多问题是不尊重的，另一方面，提问一些跟老师说的无关的也如此，代表你没有听课。
新编跨文化交际英语教程1-6单元翻译(Word可编辑版)
纵观历史,我们可以清楚地看到,人们由于彼此所处地域、意识形态、容貌服饰和行为举止上存在的差异,而长久无法互相理解、无法和睦相处。
在这种情况下,跨文化交际作为一个特定的研究领域得以形成和发展。
值得注意的是, 人类文明在发展过程中所遭受的许多挫折, 既是个人的, 又是全球性的: 人类历史进程总是充满了个人问的直接冲突和民族间的误解一一从骂骂咧咧到孤立主义直至到武装冲突, 大大小小争端不绝。
很显然, 文化间以及亚文化问的交往比以前多了, 这迫切要求我们共同努力, 去理解有着不同信仰和文化背景的人们, 并与之和睦相处。
通过加深认识和理解, 我们能够与生活方式、价值观念不同的人们和平共处: 这不但有益于我们周遭环境的安定, 也是维护世界和平的决定性因素。
Translation Unit 2文化有时候被称为我们的心智程序, 我们“头脑的软件”。
但是, 我们可以进一步引中这个用电脑所做的类比, 把文化看作是支持运行的操作环境。
文化就像电脑使用的Dos 或者unix 或者“视窗”(windows) 等操作系统一样, 使我们能在各种各样的实际应用中处理信息。
用“视窗”这个比喻来描述文化似乎也很有吸引力。
文化就是我们心灵的视窗,透过它我们审视生活的方方面面。
一个社会中不同个体的视窗是不大一样的, 但都有着一些重要的共同特征。
文化就好像是鱼畅游于其中的水一般, 人们想当然地把文化看成是客观存在的事实, 因而很少去研究它。
文化存在于我们所呼吸的空气之中, 文化对于我们了解我们自身之为何物是必不可少的, 就正如生命离不开空气一样。
文化是特定群体的共有财产, 而不单是个体的特征。
社会按照文化设定的程序运作, 这种程序来自于相似的生活体验以及对这种生活体验之含义的相似阐释。
如果文化是一种心智程序, 那么它也是现实的心灵地图。
从我们很小的时候开始, 文化就告诉我们应该看重什么、偏好什么、规避什么和做些什么, 文化还告诉我们事物应该是什么样。
跨文化交际(胡超版)-判断题及翻译
跨文化交际实用教程判断题与翻译Unit 1T 1 As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline, its history is only about fifty years.作为一种现象,跨文化传播已经存在了数千年.然而,作为一门学科,它的历史只有大约五十年.F 2 Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe.跨文化交际是欧洲第一门学科F 3 Culture is a static entity< 静态的实体> while communication is a dynamic process.文化是一个静态的实体而沟通是一个动态的过程T 4 Culture can be seen as shared knowledge ,what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given <约定的特定的> culture.文化可以被看作是一种共享的知识,人们需要知道的是在一个特定的文化中扮演适当的行为T 5 Although cultural stereotype has its limitations<over-generalization>,it still contributes to a person’s cultural cognition.认识、认知文化刻板印象虽有其局限性,但仍有助于人的文化认知.T 6 In intercultural communication, we should separate one’s individual character from cultural generalization.在跨文化交际中,我们要把自己的个性和文化的泛化分开.T 7 Cultural mistakes are more serious than linguistic mistakes. The linguistic mistake means that someone is not fully expressing his or her idea while cultural mistakes can lead to serious misunderstanding and even ill-feeling between individuals.文化错误比语言错误更严重.语言错误意味着有人不能充分表达自己的想法,而文化上的错误会导致严重的误解,甚至个人之间的不适感F 8 All people of the same nationality will have the same culture.所有同一民族的人都会有相同的文化T 9 Although two cultures may share the same ideas, their meaning and significance may not be the same. 虽然两国文化有着相同的想法,但它们的意义和意义可能不一样F 10 One’s actions are totally independent of his or her culture.个人的行为完全独立于他或她的文化Unit 2T 1、All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which politeness is achievedmay vary significantly.所有的文化都需要和价值的礼貌,但礼貌的方式可能会有所不同T2、Don’t take offence-getting the form of address 〞wrong〞is rarely intended to be offensive.不要拿"错误〞的形式来攻击,这是很难得的进攻T3、Addressing forms like "Miss Mary〞, 〞Brown〞by the Chinese may be a form of cultural compromise.解决形式如"玛丽小姐〞,"棕色〞由中国可能是一种文化妥协的形式.T4.Ranks in the armed forces like Captain, Colonel can be used as titles.上校,上校,上校,可以用作头衔F5.Westerners can understand what Uncle policeman or P.L.A. Uncle means.西方人能够理解警察叔叔和解放军叔叔的手段.F6.We can address Jason Douglas, who is a lawyer, as Lawyer Douglas.我们可以解决杰森道格拉斯,他是个律师,律师道格拉斯.F7.Chinese hospitality toward the westerners is always greatly appreciated.中国人对西方人的热情好客是非常赞赏的.F8.The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners.西方人对中国人的关注往往受到西方人的赞赏.F_9.〞Thank you for coming!〞is a typical expression used by Western hosts when the guests just arrived. 谢谢你的到来！"当客人刚到的时候,这是西方主人使用的一种典型的表达形式.T10.〞I’m sorry to have wasted your time〞or "I’m sorry to have taken up so much of yourtime〞are usually appropriate for the business visit.我很抱歉浪费了你的时间〞或者"我很抱歉占用了你这么多时间〞,通常都是适合商务拜访的.Unit 3T 1.sometimes the Chinese way of showing modesty may be considered as fishing for compliments.有时,中国人表现出谦虚的方式可以被视为对赞美的赞美T2.The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same.汉语和英语的社会功能大致相同.T 3.In informal situations, a large number of compliments are used to make people feel comfortable.在非正式场合,大量的赞美是让人感到舒服的F 4.The cultural assumption of compliments is the same between cultures.文化的假设是文化的相同的.T 5.Adjectives and verbs are often used to convey compliment message in English, while adjectives, adverbs and verbs are often used in Chinese.形容词和动词常被用来传递英语中的恭维话,而形容词、副词和动词常被用在汉语里.F6. English compliments often begin with the word "you〞while Chinese compliments often start with the word "I〞. 英语的赞美常以"你〞一词开头,而中国人的赞美常以"我〞一词开头F 7. Chinese people give more compliments in daily life than Americans.在日常生活中,中国人比美国人更为赞美.F8. Americans tends to be self-effacing in their compliments responses.美国人往往自谦在称赞别人的反应.F9. Compliments on other’s belongings are sometimes an indirect way of request in American culture.对他人财物的赞美有时是美国文化中的一种间接的方式T10. If a guest compliments something in another person’s home, the Chinese host or hostess will probably give that thing to the guest.如果一个客人在别人家里赞美别人的话,中国主人或女主人很可能会把这件事告诉客人.Unit 4F 1.Verbal communication is more important than nonverbal communication.言语交际比非语言交际更为重要F 2."Dragon〞means the same to the Westerner as "龙〞to the Chinese."龙〞是指同为西方人的"龙〞到中国.F 3.The Chinese phrase "知识分子〞has the same meaning as "intellectual〞.中国"知识分子〞具有相同的含义是"知识T 4.A term in one language may not have a counterpart in another language.在一种语言中的一个术语在另一种语言中可能没有对等词F 5.In referring to animals and birds, the Chinese practice is generally, but not always ,to use "公〞or "母〞to show whether a creature is male or female. This is the same with the English language.在谈到动物和鸟类,中国的做法是通常,但不总是,用"公〞或"母〞来表明该生物是否是男性或女性.这与英语是一样的.T 6. The following six English word: "vice〞, "associate〞, "assistant〞, "deputy〞, "lieutenant〞and "under〞can all mean "副〞in Chinese language.以下六个英文单词："副〞、"联想〞、"助理〞、"副〞、"中尉〞和"下〞都是"副〞在汉语中F 7.There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between English proverbs and Chinese proverbs.有许多相似之处,英语谚语和汉语谚语的异同.T 8. Violating a cultural taboo is as serious as violating a verbal taboo,违反文化禁忌的是严重违背了言语禁忌T 9.Patterns of thought varies with culture.思维方式随文化而变化.T10.Particular thought patterns predominate in each culture, e.g. American culture is predominantlyfactual-inductive, Russian culture is predominantly axiomatic-deductive, and Arab cultures are predominately intuitive-affective.在每一个特定的思维模式主导文化的,例如美国文化主要是事实的归纳,俄罗斯文化主要是公理化演绎,和阿拉伯文化以直观的情感.Unit 5T1.Speaking is just one mode of communication. There are many others.说只是一种交流方式.还有许多人F2.Some researchers assert that in face-to-face communication, about 70%of information is communicated through speaking, and over 30% sis sent by nonverbal means.一些研究者断言,在面对面的交流中,约有70%的信息是通过说话,而超过30%则是通过非语言方式发送的T3.Environment is one of the five study areas that nonverbal communication covers.环境是非语言交际的五个研究领域之一T4.Much of our nonverbal behavior, like culture, tends to elusive, spontaneous and frequently goes beyond our awareness.我们大部分的非语言行为,如文化,往往难以实现,自发的,往往超越我们的认识tin American, African, Arab and most Asian cultures are M-Time cultures.拉丁美洲,非洲,阿拉伯和大多数亚洲文化是单一的文化.T6.Arab belongs to tough cultures.阿拉伯属于艰难的文化T7.In some cultures, eye contact should be avoided in order to show respect or obedience.在一些文化中,为了表示尊重或服从,应该避免使用目光接触T8.The appropriateness of physical contact varies with different cultures.身体接触的适宜性因不同的文化而不同F9.Western women usually like Chinese to touch their bodies or small children.西方妇女通常喜欢中国人接触他们的身体或小孩.F10.Seating arrangements reflect culture. Chinese people tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or standing beside them.座位安排体现文化.中国人倾向于和他们说话,而不是坐在他们旁边的人Unit 6F1.Gender is the cultural meaning of "sex〞.性别是"性〞的文化内涵F2.Sex and gender are synonymous.同义的性别和性别是同义词T3.A lady might be feminine, masculine or a combination of both.一位女士可能是女性,男性或两者的结合T4.Women are generally comfortable with building close relationships and confiding to others, while most men are reserved about involvement and disclosure.女性一般舒适与建筑密切关系和信任别人,而大多数人都保留对参与和披露.F5.Most men use communication to create connection or equality between people.大多数人用沟通来建立联系或平等的人F6.Women usually use communication to establish status and power.女性通常使用沟通来确立地位和权力T7.In feminine culture, communication is a way—probably the primary way—to express and expand closeness.在女性文化中,传播是表达和扩大亲密关系的主要途径.T8.Masculine socialization stresses doing things and regards action as primary ways to create and express closeness.男性社会化强调做事情,把行动视为创造和表达亲密的主要方式.T9.The first and last principal for effective cross-gender communication is suspending judgment.有效的跨性别传播的第一个和最后一个主要是中止判断.T10.It is difficult but possible to seek translation cues that will facilitate our communication.这是困难的,但可能寻求翻译线索,将有利于我们的沟通.跨文化交际实用教程复习总结简单版1、外国人指下星期六是指这个周六,而我们中过人说下星期六是这个星期后的星期六,参照时间点不同2、外国人不喜欢人家说他/她老3、名字顺序：He Xiangu , Andrew LewisSurname given name ,given name Surname注意：surname =last name; given name=first name称呼职称时,中国：surname +title；外国：Title+surname 或Title +surname given name4、副的用法：vice associate assistant deputy under lieutenantEg：vice-chairman , associate proffessor , assistant mananger , deputy director , undersecretary , lieutenant governor5、西方人认为下面的东西是私隐的：age,salary,health,family,visiting〔拜访人家要提前通知〕,parting6、在西方,如果去拜访人家,来到主人家时,客人会被立刻问到要不要脱下大衣〔out-door clothing〕,如果客人说不脱了,表示他们只是stay a few minutes.7、在中国,It is acceptable 留下东西在盘子里,但是在西方,这是不礼貌的,要finish eating.8、In English, only a few titles can be used: Doctor, Judge,Governor, Major,Professor, Nurse, Captain, Colonel.9、西方人可以当面指出朋友的错误,东方人不行.10、加拿大人：No seeing out when Guest leaves.No stand-up when your leaders comes in.No help for old people.11、Positively commenting on somenting can indicate that the speaker like to possess it.所以中国人一听到人家说"I love your scarf,It is really pretty〞赞美她的东西,就会坚持要送给人家.12、中国人赞美的语言特征：以"you〞"your〞开头,西方人则以"I〞开头.13、西方人认为losing weigh is good 中国人不认为good.14、M-time：西方-Northern American,Western and Northern EuropeanP-time:东方-Latin American,Afican,Arab,most Asian15、地中海文化：夸X/大悲痛,经常可以见到男性在公共场合哭.美国：男性压抑情感.日本：男性更加压抑情感,将生气、悲伤、失望用微笑掩埋.韩国：太多的微笑会被认为肤浅.泰国：The land of smiles.16、眼神接触西方人希望有眼神接触,阿拉伯人也同意.日本人、Latin American、加勒比海人不提倡太长时间眼神接触.17、谈话之间美国人不希望有silence,日本人很欣赏silence.18、Body contactAsia、地中海文化可以有同性之间的,但异性之间是禁止的.19、Negotiation日本、中国、中东、巴西、墨西哥认为relationship在negotiaton重要20、美国人见到别人打招呼用first name,也会touch people ,英国人则要熟络之后才用first name.21、英国人有很强的隐私22、西方人通常选择座位：主人指的或他们喜欢的, 中国人认为坐在不是很舒服的位置可显示出谦虚.23、adj. 和V经常被英语用来赞美,adj. adv.和V经常被东方人用来赞美.24、T aboos东西方都是禁忌的：关于排泄物、sexual intercourse and parts of the body、four-letter words、诅咒.25、Thought patterns美国：factual-inductive 事实归纳型Russian：axiomatic-deductive 推论/演绎型Arab：intuitive-affective 直觉/观型26、In Korea,女士如果有社会地位的一般穿dress或skirt,只有地位低得才穿trousers.27、"OK〞gesture：美国means good,Brazil means 下流的,不好的,Japan 和korea means money.28、美国人wil sit with their feet on the desk,which shows 他们舒服,但对于Latin American or Asians,这个行为是粗鲁的和自大傲慢的.29、personal spaceShort distance：Latins,地中海的ArabsMedium distance：Americans,Northern EuropeansLong distance：Japanese,地中海的Europeans30、Seating arrangements美国人：tend to talk with those opposite them rather than those seated or stand beside them.中国人：with people sitting next to each other.31、Point to objects美国人：用index fingerGerman：little fingerJapanese：entire handAsian:用index finger is considered rude.32、Beckoning sign〔示意叫唤〕中国人：By shaking the hand with palm turned downward,对于美国人,这个动作means wave goodbye. 美国人：one palm up,fingers more or less together,and moves toward his or her body.33、Counting with fingersChinese:bending the fingers from a stretcher palmAmerican:stretching the fingers from a cleachen fist.。
跨文化交际课文翻译
关于跨文化交流，跨文化市场才是第一的真正的首要的范本。
考虑到古罗马帝国的市民，他们是第一个诞生商店的地球文明。
商人们通过在商店的上面树立旗帜来展示他们商品货物的图片来解决跨文化市场的困扰。
这种做法不仅能为罗马帝国中未受过教育的市民服务还能帮助罗马商人们获得被他们用武力征服的殖民地的商业信息。
回顾过去，我们会发现两千多年前的亚里士多德曾明确说过：“有效劝服基本的信念仍可以把他应用到今天的买卖商品上然而在古代的雅典可能会引起一场大的争论”。
很明显的可以看出，交流是现代市场的根基。
毋庸置疑，全球化市场的时代已经到来。
每年超过4万件的商品货物进入国际市场，其中超过一半是来自美国。
这里面85%的商品都不合格。
通往国际化市场成功的道路是建立在失败的市场垃圾碎片和广泛的广告活动之上的。
他们中的大多数之所以会失败，是因为跨文化交流被曲解了。
在跨文化市场里，如果你想把低劣的语言举止降低到最小，那么就不假定任何事情。
几乎我们都听说过关于美国通用汽车公司，他们尽力想把他们的雪佛兰牌汽车销往拉美国家。
但是雪佛兰在说西班牙语的拉美国家按字面意思是不能行走。
当公司发现汽车买不出去的原因时，他们就把车重新命名，然后销往这些国家。
福特汽车公司，美国又一个汽车界的领头羊，也有类似的问题。
他们的pinto牌汽车在当地也没有达到预期的销售，原因时他们的汽车其意思在当地为男性生殖器。
最终福特公司把所有的名牌汽车重新命名为co rcel，其意思为骏马。
伊莱克斯，一个日用电器制造者，其在英国获得了很大的成功。
不幸的是，他们的广告招牌的意思在美国和英国大不相同。
在美国，suck的意思是多虱子的。
英国的牙膏生产商在法国制造出来了一种牙膏叫c ue。
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理解的。 • 4. He shook his head and his eyes were wide, then narrowed in
indignation. • 他摇了摇头，两目睁得圆圆的，接着又眯成一条线，脸上露出了愤
• 4.There has never been a man around me who wrote so many memos.
• 5. The ambassador, who had long been interested in Asian affairs, was flattered.
Exercises
would look into. • 8. Nevertheless the problem was solved successfully,
which showed that the computations were accurate. • 9.But he did not talk at length about the matter, which
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One cannot read a book without learning something.
开卷有益
Exercises
• 定语从句
• 1. He was not at ease with those who made diplomacy their profession, particularly ambassadors.
别扭，不拆便读不 顺口或容易发生误解。一般将一 些单词或短语译成独立的句子。 • （2） 原文句子冗长，特别是那些曲折迂回，层见 跌出的一大串文字。一般将从句分译成汉语的单句。
2.1.1 将单词分译成汉语的句子
• 1. She was pardonably proud of her wonderful cooking. • 她可以谅解地为自己高超的烹调技艺感到自豪。 • 她自夸她高超的烹调技艺，这是有情可原的。 • 2. The ancients tried unsuccessfully to explain how a rainbow is formed. • 古人曾试图说明虹是怎样产生的，但没有成功。 • 3. Chairman Mao might have spoken with understandable pride of his
• 2. He made the sound of sympathy which comes so readily from those who have an independent income.
• 3. A fuel is a material which will burn at a reasonable temperature and produce heat.
• 定语从句 • 6. He took the idea to Admiral king，who liked it and
ordered a secret study made to see if it could be done. • 7. He said that this was a good suggestion, which he
识得来，他就是一个唯心论者。
第二章： 英汉句法翻译
2.1 分句译法
• 分句译法又称之“拆句法”。就是把英语中较长的 句子译成汉语中较短的句子。
• 从结构上看：英语的句子好比参天大树，枝叶横生； 而汉语的句子则如万顷碧波，层层推进。
• 在下列两种情况下宜于使用分句法： • （1） 原文句子虽不长，但照直译时所得的译文很
was not considered by the White House to be a particularly important question. • 10. Anyone who thinks that rational knowledge need not be derived from perceptual knowledge is an idealist.
Reference
• 1. 他同那班以外交为职业的人特别是大使们搞 不来。
• 2.他发出了同情之声，这种同情声是那些有独 立收入的人最容易脱口而出的。
• 3. 燃料是一种物质，在适当温度下能够燃烧并 产生热量。
• 4.在我周围的人中从没有一个像他那样写过那 么多的备忘录。
• 5.早就对亚洲事务感兴趣的那个大使，感觉受 到过奖了。
law. • 能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，这是一条普遍公认的规律。 • 5. Their power increased with their number. • 他们人数增加了，力量也随之增强。
怒的神色。
1.2 将词组或短语译成汉语的句子
• 1.I wrote four books in the first three years, a record never touched before.
• 我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。 • 2. I’m surprised to learn that he lost the game. • 我惊奇地获悉他在比赛中失利了。 • 我听说他在比赛中失利了，感到十分意外。 • 3. Men are too clever to let themselves be cheated by fashion designers. • 男人们很聪明，他们不会上时装设计师的当。 • 4. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted
Reference
• 6.他把这种想法向海军上将金汇报，金将军对 这想法很感兴趣，命令进行秘密研究，看看是 否可行。
• 7. 他说这是个很好的建议，一定要加以研究。 • 8. 不过问题还是圆满地解决了，这说明计算很
准确。 • 9. 但他没有详细地谈这件事，因为白宫没有把
这件事看作是一个特别重要的问题。 • 10. 任何人如果以为理性认识可以不从感性认