Chapter 21 状语 Adverbials

Chapter 21 状语Adverbials

什么是状语？

She answered in a quietly assertive way.不是状语

She asserted her answer quietly.

1.附加状语Adjuncts

是增加信息，通常是句子信息的中心

He lived in Chicago.【必具性附加状语】

The Queen arrived. 【即：突出到达】The Queen arrived in a blue gown.

【她的衣着比到达更重要】

He put the books on the desk.

Where did he put the books?

附加状语与主语或宾语处于同一结构层次

It was on the book that he put the books.

We are studying grammar in our classroom.

⑴必具性附加状语

We sat down.

The road goes to Changchun.

⑵非必具性附加状语

We baked the cake (at home).

I found my watch (under the bed).

⑶谓体附加状语

He a great deal and eventually settled down in Australia.（只修饰settled）⑷句子附加状语

In Australia, he travelled a great deal and eventually settled down. (两个都修饰为句子附加状语)

注意歧义

I heard the man in the next house.

状语译文：

定语译文：

⑸空间(space)附加状语

位置、方向、目标位置、来源和距离

He climbed out of the water.

Many people eat in restaurants in London.

⑹时间(time)附加状语

At three o’clock tomorrow I’ll meet you. You should take the medicine twice each day. （可以移到句首）

⑺方式附加状语(how)

They proceeded carefully.

……………….. with care.

His wound can be treated surgically.

……………………… by means of surgery.

⑻原因附加状语(why/what … for)

原因、理由、目的、结果、条件、让步

He had taken the flat because of the job.

……………………. for the job.

多个状语同时出现：

The plane landed safely at Rome an hour later. (它们都属于什么类型的状语？) 2．下加状语Subjuncts

是对相关内容的修饰

⑴观点下加状语Viewpoint Subjuncts He’s not a doctor technically. …………… from a technical point of view.

⑵礼貌下加状语Courtesy Subjuncts

We cordially invited you to our party, please.

比较：We were cordial enough to invite you to our party, please.

⑶主语下加状语

a.表示主语态度

Uneasily, I thought of her going home alone.

= I was uneasy when I thought of her going home alone.

b.表示主语意愿

Reluctantly, I must refuse your invitation. = Though I am reluctant to refuse your invitation, I must do so.

⑷谓体下加状语

already, yet, still, not …any more, no longer, just, so far, as yet, up to now

I have received no answer from him as yet. (as yet也可置于句首)

⑸强化下加状语

a.强调语充当下加状语

He is literally (=really) the rudest man I know.

He will certainly come here.

其它还有: surely, simply, actually, etc.

b.增强词充当下加状语

absolutely, altogether, completely, entirely, extremely, fully, perfectly, thoroughly, totally, in all respects, etc.

I totally agree with you.

c. 减弱语是谓体语义的下加状语

近似语almost, nearly, virtually, as good as, all but, etc.

折衷语kind of, quite, something of, more or less, rather, etc.

He’s something of a stamp collector.

⑹焦点下加状语

a.表示有关话语对中心部分而言是正确

的

alone, exactly, just, merely, only, especially, largely, mainly primarily, specially, at least, in particular, etc.

The accident was witnessed by only two people.

b.表示有关话语对中心部分而言是正确

的，但对中心部分做些补充

again, also, either, equally, even, further, likewise, neither, too, in addition, etc.