英美国家概况 第8单元 英国外交关系 中文翻译

英美国家概况 第8单元 英国外交关系 中文翻译
英美国家概况 第8单元 英国外交关系 中文翻译

第8单元英国外交关系

过去的英国和如今的英国

在大英帝国的全盛时期,英国曾统治着全球三分之一的地区,许多二战前还是学生的英国人仍清楚地记得在世界地图上,大英帝国的版图是用粉红色标识的:这些粉红色地区从人口密集的印度到加拿大北部的冰封荒地,从繁忙的香港和新加坡港口到南美的偏僻原始森林,从澳大利亚酷热的沙漠到南太平洋苍翠的珊瑚岛礁。直到1945年底,情况依然如此。二战期间,英国与轴心国长时期交战,最终取得胜利,且领土保持完整。虽然英国以前的殖民地已宣布政治独立(如加拿大、澳大利亚),但他们仍把英国视为其政治和文化中心,协助英国打败希特勒的军队。战争结束时,英国已成为西欧最大的军事强国,其实力与威望确保它将对战后的国际新秩序产生巨大的影响。

英国在成立联合国这一问题上是非常积极的。考虑到它对世界政治的重要性,因此英国在联合国安理会中获得了一个席位,其他四国分别是:苏联、美国、中国、和法国。但是英国作为世界强国的时代已经结束。不久,美、苏两国成为世界超级大国,因为从军事实力上讲,这两个国家比世界其他任何国家都更强大。英帝国主义的时代一去不复返了。一方面,英国已没有能力保持它原来帝国的地位。虽然它是战胜国,但在战争期间也是付出了惨痛的代价,死伤人口众多,经济结构遭到严重破坏。另一方面,英国认识到许多英联邦国家应该独立,各国掌管各自的事务欧洲商业统治中心不应仅仅把这些国家的人民与领土当作其经济资源的来源。

大英帝国时代的结束其速度之快令人惊讶。1946年,位于中东地区的约旦宣告独立。第二年,印度、巴基斯坦相继独立。1948年,缅甸、锡兰(即现在的斯里兰卡)宣告独立并脱离了英联邦,拒绝承认英国君主作为他们新型国家的领导。在今后的几十年中,非殖民主义化进程继续,其它的领土和殖民地都相继独立或重新回到原统治者手中。有时,国家独立的过程是充满暴力的,比如肯尼亚和埃及。

由于大英帝国的衰落只是近些年的事许多活着的人还清楚地记得英国曾经是世界上最强大、最富有的国家之一。有时人们很难想象英国竟然落到今天地步---- 领土面积在欧洲只能算是中等程度,人口只比我国的安徽省略多一点儿。虽说英国已不再是统治海外众多殖民地的帝国,但它在欧盟拥有与他国平等的席位。尽管它不再拥有以前强大的海军部队,但具备独立的核威慑力量及先进的军队。如今,虽然世界经济在日元和美元的控制下,但英国在世界经济中仍处于第六位。作为世界金融中心,它仍对国际经济的发展产生巨大影响。英国外交政策的基础

英国现行外交政策受其帝国史和地缘政治特点影响很深。也许帝国史对英国制定政策的人影响最深。原因是大英帝国刚刚衰落,国内制定政策的人们经常会忘记英国在国际事务中已不再像过去那么具有影响力了。历史学家们提出英国制定外交政策人员仍持传统、保守的观点,认为英国仍是世界强国,并以许多外交实例来说明这一点。其中一个实例与核武器有关。英国做出了一个引起争议并花销很大的决定,即建立并保持自己独立的核能力,以确保在军事能力方面高于其它国家。在外交政策中保守思想的另一迹象表现在一个不断引起争论的问题,即,在国家主权问题上,英国应向欧盟作出多大让步。

另一个影响英国处理外交事务的决定性因素就是地缘政治。英国是一个岛国,这是一个很重要的心理因素,同时也是影响英国经济和军事发展的重要因素。也正是由于这一因素,英国很自然地发展成航海国而周游世界,并寻找领土和经济发展机遇。开拓加拿大殖民地是为了发展皮货贸易。事实证明澳大利亚是英国流放罪犯最适宜的地方。(把罪犯流放到不发达的澳大利亚要比他们在英国本地的监狱服刑节省开支)中国则为英国提供国内最受人喜爱的茶叶、饮料。

英国的岛国特征使其居民在心理上有一种与世隔绝的感觉。当英国人想出国时,他们不能靠陆上交通工具跨越边界线,无论他们去哪儿都要乘船走很长时间。这种与世隔绝的状况随着空运的发展及海底隧道(即连接英国与欧洲大陆的隧道)开通而逐渐缓和。然而,英国人在心理上仍有一种被隔绝的感觉。英国对欧洲反复无常的态度也是由于它长期与欧洲大陆隔绝的缘故。

外交政策如何制定

英国外交政策的总体导向由英国首相和内阁共同决定,涉及的主要部门当然是外交部,但其它部门在制定和执行政府决定过程中也起到了一定的作用。

虽然在外交政策制定方面,国防部没有外交部那么重要,但它的存在能确保英国的国防并负责履行英国参加军事同盟的义务。贸易产业部负责制定对外贸易政策,并搞好英国与其他各国的商业关系。近年来,以英国贸易部长为首的几个贸易代表团曾来访中国。

一个不太明显,但对英国的外交政策极具影响力的部门就是财政部。因为财政部决定每年其它部门的周转资金。如果财政部决定多拨给海外发展部(即负责分配国外援助的政府部门)部分资金,或少拨给军事部门部分资金,那么他们各自的政策也要做相应的调整。

由于英国采取议会制民主,从理论上讲,政府的外交政策代表的是全体选民的意愿。但事实上,英国的国民更关心的是国内与自己有关的事,总体来说,他们不会影响英国外交政策的方向。比如,对于1997年香港回归中国一事,大多数英国人并没有什么想法。但在英国有一些形形色色的利益集团,有趣的是在英国发生的非暴力反抗事件往往牵涉到外交政策问题。反核武器运动愈演愈烈,虽然通常情况下是和平的示威游行,但偶尔规模也会扩大。过去对于诸如英国政府支持南非种族隔离政府这类事件常引发小规模暴力示威游行。英国与国际机构

过去,英国在世界上非常强大,足以单独行动来达到其政策目标。现如今,它的外交政策在很大程度上依赖于加入重要的国际性组织。

英国与俄罗斯、中国、美国、法国成为联合国安理会的五个常任理事国。同时,英国也是联合国财政预算的第六大捐助国。作为安理会的一员,英国仍有能力对国际事务产生巨大影响。

成为欧盟一员对于英国处理日常事务起到更加重要的作用。欧盟在20世纪前50年中经历了

两次世界大战,战争把欧洲搞得四分五裂。其中一些参战国,特别是法国和德国,决定共同合作以确保和平,而不是相互作对引发战争。作为促进合作的一种手段,欧洲各国开始实现经济一体化,并分享共同利益,这就为建立欧洲经济共同体铺平了道路。

1973年,英国加入欧共体。这对英国人来说是一个重要的心理决策,因为传统上英国的眼光超越了欧洲邻国。他们认为既与美国、也与英联邦国家有更多共同点。对于许多英国人来说,成为欧共体一员意味着不再理睬这些“老朋友”。

实际上,考虑到英国的经济、政治和军事利益早已与其他国家有了密切关系,英国决定加入欧共体就很自然了。随着英国加入北大西洋公约组织,它也参与到与欧洲各国的国防合作当中来。虽说美国是一个重要的贸易伙伴,但一些西欧国家也同样是很好的合作伙伴,尤其是德国。目前,英国与德国之间的贸易往来同与美国一样重要。总体来说,整个西欧占英国进出口总额的一半以上。

当时英国加入欧共体时引发了一些争论,现如今,它加入欧盟仍存在着争议。其争论的核心是目前并不清楚欧盟是一个什么样的组织,它将来会发展成什么样子。英国对于鼓励发展各国间的自由贸易十分感兴趣,因此非常支持欧盟发展成为一个自由贸易区。

然而,英国并不想放弃国家主权,它把欧盟看作一个能进行经济合作的地方,在那里商品与人员可以自由流动,不受任何限制。英国对欧盟成为“联邦式”超级国家的可能性持消极态度。在这种“联邦式”超级国家内,各国政府的权力将受到削弱,而成为欧洲联邦政府管辖的省份。因此,英国对欧洲是身在曹营心在汉。换句话说,英国很愿意与欧洲各国建立贸易伙伴关系,但并不情愿把各国人民作为同一个国家的人民看待。由于英国与其邻国就欧盟的未来这一问题各持己见,因此,从外界来看,英国不是一个称职的欧洲国家,没有对欧洲承担义务。如今,认为英国加入欧盟就是对其老朋友的背叛和放弃原来的义务,也是不符合事实的。当英国与欧盟其他成员国在一些政策上出现分歧时,它将进一步承担起作为欧盟一员的义务。这些分歧产生于对欧盟未来的不同看法,而不是产生于英国是否应该加入欧盟。尽管英国并不完全同意欧盟的一些政策,但他们不得不接受这些政策。英国是欧盟成员国,必须遵守欧盟的规定,这好比是球队的运动员必须遵守规则一样。值得一提的是一些其他欧盟国家经常愉快地答应支持欧盟的政策,但并不总是在本国付诸实施。而英国虽经常对欧盟的政策提出质疑,但它一旦接受,就会付诸实施。

英国也是英联邦的成员之一。所谓英联邦就是由前英国殖民地组成的联邦。虽然英国已授予这些殖民地享有独立的政治地位,但它仍与这些新成立的国家关系密切,并想与它们合作。在这些曾受英国统治的国家中,许多国家拥有相似的历史、法律、经济状况及文化经历,这些使它们感到彼此关系更加紧密。英联邦的成立不仅为国家间的继续合作创造了机会,而且形成一种相互支持、协作的网络。

英联邦共有50个成员国,许多是来自非洲、加勒比海和南太平洋地区的发展中国家,还有一些如加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰等工业发达的国家。除一些例会外,英联邦还提供教育及技术方面的援助。英国三分之二的发展援助资金都流入了英联邦国家。

英国与美国

另一个影响英国外交政策的主要因素是英美关系。这是很自然的,因为这两个国家在二战期间是同盟,战后,由于对苏联的态度一致, 英美两国又继续合作对付苏联。甚至现在,这两国制定政策时在许多方面也能达成一致。比如:全球经济如何控制,任何对付发生战争的国家,及一些与武器装备控制相关的事务等等。然而,英美之间的这种“特殊关系”可谓是跌宕起伏,大起大落。其中1956年发生的苏伊士运河危机就是英美关系的一次考验。当时,埃及总统纳赛尔宣布将苏伊士运河收归国有,这就会危及英、法两国的经济利益,因此,英法两国联合试图用武力夺回苏伊士运河的所有权。让英国万万没有想到的是,美国不但不支持他们的行动,还用其经济实力强迫英法撤兵。英国在感到羞辱的同时,也开始意识到英国的外交政策在很大程度上要受到美国的限制。从那时起,两国共同努力以保持这种特殊关系。

英国作家乔治,奥威尔在他的著名小说《1984》(发表于1948年)中把英国称为美国的“一号跑道”,即美国管辖下的军事集团的前哨。作为北大西洋公约组织的一员,为承担义务,英国允许大量美军驻扎在其国土上。在英国有63个美军军事基地,由于这些基地是在美国的控制下,并拥有北大西洋公约组织(NATO)的核威慑力量,因此拆除他们并不是件容易的事。左倾分子曾争辩过超级大国军事基地的存在会使英国成为世界的一个目标,因此应撵走美国人。但北大西洋公约组织的支持者们认为美国拥有先进的警报和防御系统,及常规武器和核武器结合的能力,因此要把美国人撵走是很困难的,这可能导致北大西洋公约组织的末日来临。英国安全和防御政策

和其他工业发达的国家相比,英国在国防上的投入较多,拥有较大规模的职业军队。在资金投入方面,英国位居世界第三;在军事力量方面位居世界第五或第六。它是“核俱乐部”的一员,有广泛的核能力,可以算得上是核超级大国的“兄弟”因此与那些没有核武器的国家相比,军事上更强大一些。英国防御政策的关键是它加入了NATO.这一组织成立的目的是保护其成员国免遭入侵,为欧洲的按安全提供基础,为大西洋彼岸的合作提供三个平台。(美国、加拿大也是其中的成员)NATO曾发誓不对任何国家造成威胁,其武器只用于自卫。英国国防支出的95%用于满足NATO的需求。

英国被邀请领导新成立的快速反应部队,由此感到非常自豪。NATO中,近些年成立的陆军能对军事危机做出及时的反应。

除了在NATO中承担一定的义务,英国仍保持核武器独立。由于英国从传统上说是一个海上大国,因此它的核军队是一支海军也不足为奇。英国有3-4个核潜艇,这支核军队归NATO 所有,但完全听从英国政府的命令。如果英国政府认为有必要的话,能独立使用这支军队。

英国使用核武器是不太可能的事。因为许多英国人认为使用核武器不安全,而且也没有必要依赖于它。但是核武器对于一个国家的声望及安全都是非常重要的。联合国安理会中的五个常任理事国都具备独立的核能力。

英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列

英语国家概况美国部分精讲系列 Chapter: 13 geography 地理位置 1.Alaska and Hawaii are the two newest states in American.Alaska northwestern Can ada,and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific. 阿拉斯加和夏威夷是最近加入美国的两个新州.阿拉斯加在加拿大的西北部,夏威夷位邻中太平洋.(本细节还有考“一句话简答”的可能) 2.The U.S has a land area of 9.3 million square kilometres.It is the fourth largest co untry in the world in size after Russia,Canada and China. 就面积而言,美国是世界第四大国,就人口而言,美国是世界是第三大国. 3.Of all states of American,Alaska is the lagest in area and Rhode Island the smalles t.But on the mainland Texas is the largest sate of the country. 所有州中,阿拉斯加是面积最大的州,罗得岛最小,在美国大陆,最大的州是得克萨斯州. 4.The Rockies,the backbone of the North American Continent,is also known as the C ontinental Divide. 落基山脉是北美大陆的脊梁,也被成为大陆分水岭. 5.The two main mountain ranges in American are the Appalachian mountains and the Rocky mountains. The Appalachians run slightly from the northeast to southwest and the Rocky mountains run slightly from the northwest to southeast. 阿巴拉契亚山脉和落基山脉是美国的两座大山脉.(本细节有考“一句话简答题”的可能)

英美概况英国版感想-研究生英美概况课程作业之一

My feelings for the class of survey of Britain In terms of this class, I have gained a general understanding of the British society from the exploration into every corner , which is ranging from rel- igion, education, architecture, holidays and so on. This broadens my visi- on to a much larger extent. Generally speaking, they can be summarized as follows: First of all, a preliminary social scene has been shown to us during the class. The UK is a great nation all around the world and people speaking native English must have something different from us Chinese. Classmat- es from different majors have shown me the Britain society from their own view, which I think is very interesting. For example , someone gave his lecture by the way of listing lots of pictures. The moment was watc- hing the pictures I got a lot of information, besides , it seems not very boring. Secondly, it is《The Rise of Great Powers》.This is the twice I have wat- ched this documentary. While, I regard it as a reflection of the history of the Britain . It is also a showcase of the Empire of the Sun and a brainst- orm to me. Someone maybe whisperd, we China also does have a history as brilliant as Britain. However, from a foreigner’s view , it is fresh enoug- h and exciting enough.Perhaps, we may get lots of lessons from Britain. Finally, the teaching form is novel and lively. During my showtime, I am the reporter of the class. People sitting in the classroom are all listeners

英国部分英美概况汇总题库

The United Kingdom I. Multiple Choice 1. The was “the greatest progressive revolution that mankind had so far experienced, a time which called for giants and produced giants—giants in power of thought, passion, and character, in universality and learning”(Engels). a. Renaissance b. Industrial Revolution c. Reformation d. Bourgeois Revolution 2. is regarded as the first English Prime Minster. a.D uke of Willington b.William Gladstone c.Benjamin Disraeli d.Sir Robert Walpole 3. The official head of Parliament is . a. the Prime Minister b. the Monarch c. the Speaker d. the Chancellor 4. The present sovereign of Britain is . a. Elizabeth I b. Elizabeth II

c. Elizabeth III d. Edward II 5. is a day to commemorate the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. a. Christmas b. Good Friday c. Easter Monday d. Boxing Day 6. published his book On the Origin of Species which caused a stir in Victorian times. a. Adam Smith b. Charles Darwin c. Thomas More d. Francis Bacon 7. The largest section of Great Britain is . a. Scotland b. Wales c. England d. Northern Ireland 8. The Lake District is well known for . a. its wild and beautiful scenery b. its varied lakes c. the Lake Poets

英语国家概况—英国

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