剑桥雅思考官范文
剑桥雅思考官范文讲解
剑1 T3 W1You should spend about 20 minutes on this taskThe chart below shows the amount of money per week spent on fast foods in Britain. The graph shows the trends in consumption of fast foods. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.You should write at least 150 words.The chart shows that high 高收入的人最大值income earners consumed considerably more 比较fast foods than the other income groups, spending more than twice 两倍as much hamburgers汉堡 (43 pence per person per week) than on fish and chips or pizza (二者低both under 20 pence). Averageincome earners also比较 favored hamburgers,中等收入spending 33 pence per person per week, followed by f ish and chips at 24 pence, and then pizza at 11 pence. Low income earners appear to 低收入spend less 比较than other income groups on fast foods,though fish and chips remain their most popular fast food, 没写数值followed by hamburgers and then pizza.From the graph we can see that in 1970, fish and chips were开头最大值 twice as popular as burgers, 比较pizza being at that time the least popular fast food. The consumption of hamburgers and pizza has risen steadily 上升over the 20 years period to 1990 while the consumption of fish and chips has been 下降趋势in decline over that same period with a slight increase in popularity 虽然中间有上升since 1985.剑1 T3 W2You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the following topic:News editors decide what to broadcast on television and what to print in newspapers. What factors do you think influence these decisions? Do we become used to bad news? Would it be better if more good news was reported?混合类,媒体You should write at least 250 words.Use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.It has often been said that‘Good news is bad news’ because it does not sell newspapers. A radio station that once decided to present only good news soon found that it had gone out of business for lack of listeners. Bad news, on the other hand, is so common that in order to cope with it, we often simply ignore it. We have become immune to bad news a nd the newspapers and radio stations are aware of this.While newspapers and TV stations may aim to report world events accurately,be they natural or human disasters, political events or the horrors of war, it is also true that their m ain objective is to sell newspapers and attract listeners and viewers to their stations. For this reason, TV and radio stations attempt to reflect the flavor of their station by providing news broadcasts tailor-made to suit their listeners’preferences. Programmes specializing in pop music or TV soap operas focus more on local news, home issues and up-to-date traffic reports. The more serious stations and newspapers like to provide “so called”objective news reports with editorial comment aimed at analyzing the situation.If it is true, then, that newspapers and TV stations are tailoring their news to their readers’and viewer’s requirements how can they possibly be reporting real world events in an honest and objective light? Many radio and TV stations do, in fact, report items of good news but they no longer call this news. They refer to these as human interest stories and package them in programmes specializing, for instance, in consumeraffairs or local issues. Good news now comes to us in the form of documentaries the fight against children’s cancer or AIDS, or the latest developments in the fight to save the planet from environmental pollution.GENERAL TRAINING WRITING MODULEWriting Task 1You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.You have had a bank account for a few years. Recently you received a letter from the hank stating that your account is $240 overdrawn and that you will he charged $70 which will he taken directly from your account.You know that this information is incorrect.Write a letter to the bank. Explain what has happened and say what you would like them to do about it.You should write at least 150 words.You do NOT need to write your own address.Begin your letter as follows:Model answer 186 wordsDear Sir,I am writing in reply to a letter I received from you a few days ago. In your letter you state that I am $240 overdrawn and that you will be charging me $70.I would like to point out that the reason I am overdrawn is because ofa mistake made by your bank. If you look through your records you will see that I wrote several weeks ago explaining the situation. For the last twelve months, I have been paying $300 a month for a car I bought last summer. The monthly payments were taken directly from my bank account. However, two months ago I sold the car and I wrote to you instructing you to stop paying the monthly installments. I received a letter from you acknowledging my request, but, for some reason, nothing was done about it. Another $300 installment has been paid this month and this is the reason why I am overdrawn.I would like you to contact the garage where I bought the car explaining your error. I would also like you to ask them to return the money.Yours faithfully,P Stoft.Writing Task 2You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.As part of a class assignment you have to write about the following topic: We are becoming increasingly dependent on computers. They are used in businesses, hospitals, crime detection and even to fly planes. What things will they be used for in the future? Is this dependence on computers a good thing or should we be more auspicious of their benefits?表态混合,科技You should write at least 250 words.Model answer 287 wordsComputers ar e a relatively new invention. The first computers were built fifty years ago and it is only in the last thirty or so years that their influence has affected our everyday life. Personal computers were introduced as recently as the early eighties. In this short time they have made a tremendous impact on our lives. We have been so dependent on computers that it is hard to imagine what things would be like today without them.You have only got to go into a bank when their main computer is broken to appreciate the chaos that would occur if computers were suddenly removed world-wide.In the future computers will be used to create bigger and even more sophisticated computers. The prospects for this are quite alarming.They will be so complex that no individual could hope to understand how they work. They will bring a lot of benefits but t hey will also increase the potential for unimaginable chaos. They will, for example, be able to f ly planes and they will be able to coordinate the movements of several planes in the vicinity of an airport. Providing all the computers is working correctly, and nothing can go wrong.There is a certain inevitability that technology will progress and become increasingly complex. We should, however, ensure that we are still in a position where we are able to control technology. It will be all tooeasy to suddenly discover that technology is controlling us. By then it might be too late. I believe that it is very important to be suspicious of the benefits that computers will bring and make sure that we never become totally dependent on a completely technological world.剑2T1 W1You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.The table below shows the consumer durables (telephone, refrigerator, etc.) owned in Britain from 1972 to 1983.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.You should write at least 150 words.The chart shows that the percentage of British households with a range of consumer durables steadily increased 总体上升between 1972 and 1983. The greatest increase最大变化 was in telephone ownership, rising from 42% in 1972 to 77% in 1983. 接着Next came central heating ownershi p, rising from 37% of households in 1972 to 64% in 1983. The percentage of households with a refrigerator 第三变化rose 21% over the same period and of those with a washing machine by 14%. Households with vacuum-cleaners, televisions and dishwashers increased by 8%, 5% and 2% respectively.In 1983, the year of their introduction, 18% of households had a video recorder.The significant social changes reflected in the statics are that over the period the proportion of British houses with central heating rose from one to two thirds, and of those with a phone from under a half to over three-quarters. Together with the big increases in the ownership of washing machines and refrigerators, they are evidence of b oth rising living standards and the trend to lifestyles based on comfort and convenience.剑2T1W2You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the following topic.“Fatherhood ought to be emphasized as much as motherhood. The idea that women are solely responsible for deciding whether or not to have babies leads on to the idea that they are also responsible for bringthe children up. ”表态,家庭教育To what extent do you agree or disagree?You should write at least 250 words.You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.I believe表观点二者一样重要that child-rearing should be the responsibility of both parents and that, whilst roles within that relationship may be different, they are nevertheless equal in importance. In some societies, it has been made easier over the years for single parents to raise children on their own. However, this does not mean that the traditional family,with both parents providing emotional support and role-models for their children, is not the most satisfactory way of bringing up children.Of crucial importance, in my opinion, is how we define‘responsible for bringing the children up’. At its simplest, it could mean giving the financial support necessary to provide a home, food and clothes and making sure the child is safe and receives an adequate education. This would be the basic definition.There is, however, another possible way of defining that part of the quotation. This would say it is not just the father’s responsibility to provide the basics for his children, while his wife involves herself in the everyday activity of bringing them up.Rather, he would share those daily duties, spend as much time as his job allows with his children,play with them, read to them, help directly with their education, participate very fully in their lives and encourage them to share his.It is this second, fuller concept of ‘fatherhood’ that I am in favour of,although I also realize how difficult it is to achieve sometimes. The economic and employment situation in many countries means that jobs are g etting more, not less, stressful, requiring long hours and perhaps long journeys to work as well. Therefore it may remain for many a desirable ideal rather than an achievable reality.剑2 T2 W1The chart below shows the amount of leisure time enjoyed by men and women of different employment status.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. You should write at least 150 words.The chart shows the number of hours of leisure enjoyed by men and women in a typical week in 1998-9, according to gender and employment.Among those employed full-time, men on average had fifty hours of leisure, whereas women had approximately thirty-seven hours. There were no figures given for male part-time workers, but female part-timers had forty hours of leisure time, only slightly more than women in full-time employment, perhaps reflecting their work in the home.In the unemployed and retired categories,leisure time showed an increase for both sexes, as might have been expected. Here too, men enjoyed more leisure time --- over eighty hours, compared with seventy hours for women, perhaps once again reflecting the fact that women spend more time working in the home than men.Lastly, housewives enjoyed approximately fifty-four hours of leisure on average. There were no figures given for househusbands. Overall, the chart demonstrates that in the categories for which statistics on male leisure time were available, men enjoyed at least ten hours of extra leisure time.剑2 T2 W2You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with nospecialist knowledge of the following topic.“Prevention is better than cure.” Out of a country’s budget, a large proportion should be diverted from treatment to spending on health education and prevention measures.表态,医疗To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement.You should write at least 250 words. You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your argument with examples and relevant evidence.Of course it goes without saying that prevention is better than cure. That is to say, in recent years, there has been a growing body of opinion in favor of putting more resources into health education and preventive measures. The argument is that ignorance of, for example, basic hygiene or the dangers of an unhealthy diet or lifestyle needs to be combated by special nationwide public campaigns, as well as longer-term health education.Obviously, there is a strong argument for catching any medical condition as early as possible. There is also an economic argument for doing so. Statistics demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of treating a condition in the early stages, rather than delaying until more expensive and prolonged treatment is necessary. Then there are social or economic costs, perhaps in terms of loss of earnings for the family concerned or unemployed benefits paid by the state.So far so good, but the difficulties start when we try to define whatthe ‘proportion’ of the budget should be, particularly if the funds will be ‘diverted from treatment’. Decisions on exactly how much of the total health budget should be spent in this way are not a matter for the non-specialist, but should be made on the basis of an accepted health service model.This is the point at which real problems occur---the formulation of the model. How do we accurately measure which health education campaigns are effective in both medical and financial terms? How do we agree about the medical efficacy of various screening programme s, for example, when the medical establishment itself does not agree? A very rigorous process of evaluation is called for, so that we can make informed decisions.剑2 T4 W1You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.The table below shows the figures for imprisonment in five countries between 1930 and 1980. Write a report for a unive rsity lecturer describing the information shown below.You should write at least 150 words.The table shows that t he figures for imprisonment in the five countries mentioned indicated no overall pattern of increase or decrease. In fact there is considerable fluctuation from country to country.In Great Britain the numbers in prison have increased steadily 增长from 30,000 in 1930 to 80,000 in 1980. O n the other hand in Australia, and particularly in New Zealand,the numbers fell下降 markedly from1930 to 1940. Since then they have increased gradually接着上升, apart from in 1980 when一个特例the numbers in prison in New Zealand fell by about 30,000 from the 1970 total. Canada is the only country in which the numbers in prison have decreased一直下降的 over the period 1930 to 1980, although there have been fluctuations in this trend. T he figures for the United States 美国的数量最多i ndicate the greatest number of prisoners compared to比较 the other four countries but population size needs to be taken into account in this analysis. The prison population i n the United States increased rapidly增长的快 f rom 1970 to 1980 and this trendmust be a worrying trend.剑2 T4 W2You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the following topic.The position of women in society has changed markedly in the last twenty years. Many of the problems young people now experience, such as juvenile delinquency, arise from the fact that many married women now work and are not at home to care for their children.To what extent do you agree of disagree with this opinion?表态,犯罪You should write at least 250 words. You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.It is certainly true 开头背景句that t he position of women in society has undergone a dramatic change in the past twenty years but开头表达I do not feel that this 代词is the direct cause of t he indisputable increase in juvenile-related problems during this代词 period.It is now accepted主语从句 that young women should work on leaving school; indeed to rely totally on their parents’ financial support第一个经济原则：结婚前不依靠父母 is no longer an option in many families. Likewise, once一旦代替if they get married结婚后, the majority of women continue working since代替because the financial pressures of settingup a house and establishing a reasonable standard of living often require two incomes第二个经济原则：生活要求双薪.Twenty years ago 对比it was common过去在家里 for women to give up work once they had children and to devote their time to caring for their children. This代词 is no longer the general rule and the provision of professionally-run child care facilities and day nurseries现在不用have removed much of the responsibility for child rearing that used to fall to mo thers.However, these facilities代词 come at a cost and often require two salaries coming into a family to be afforded.I do not believe再次表达观点 that t he increase in the number of working mothers has resulted in children非谓语being brought up less well than previously.Indeed it could be argued让步承认 that by giving mothers the opportunity to work and earn extra money children can be better provided for than previously.There is more money for luxuries and holidays and a more secure family l ife is possible. Of course there are limits as to the amount of time that ideally should be spent away from home, and the ideal scenario would 可能be for one of the parents (often the wife) to have a part-time job and thus连接副词前加连词 be available for their children before and after school. 建议It is important to establish the correct balance between family life and working life.剑2 General Training Test AYou should spend no more than 20 minutes on this task.You borrowed some books from your school or college library.Unfortunately you have to go away to visit a sick relative and cannot return the books in time.Write a letter to the library. Explain what has happened and tell them what you want to do about it. You should write at least 150 words. You do NOT need to write your own address.Begin your letter as follows:Dear _________.Dear Sir or Madam,I am writing this letter to explain why I have been unable to return the three books I have out on three-day loan, which are now overdue. After taking the books out on 16th March, I had an urgent phone call from my aunt’s neighbor to say that my aunt had had a fall and had been taken into hospital. I am her only surviving relative in this country, so I felt I had to go and see her immediately. I travelled down to Surrey the following morning, thinking I would stay for only two or three days. Unfortunately, my aunt’s condition has only improved very slowly, so I have had to stay here longer than expected. However, the hospital says that if all goes well, she should be able to go home in two or three days’time, in which case I will be back at the beginning of next week.Bearing in mind the circumstances, I trust you will kindly waive any fines that may have accumulated.Your sincerely,Writing Task 2You should spend no more than 40 minutes on this task.As part of a class assignment you have to write about the following topic.Some governments say how many children a family can have in their country. They may control the number of children someone has through taxes.It is sometimes necessary and right for a government to control the population in this way.表态,政府控制人口Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer. You should write at least 250 words.It is certainly very understandable (主语从句)that s ome governments should start looking at ways of limiting their代词 populations t o a sustainable figure.In the past, (过去)populations were partly regulated by frequent war and widespread disease,(时间对比方法) but in recent years(现在) the effects of those(代表前句中的frequent…) factors have been diminished. Countries can be faced with a population that i s growing much faster than the nation’s food resources or employment opportunities and whose members can be condemned to poverty by the need to feed extra mouths. They identify population control as a means of raising living standards.But how should it be achieved? Clearly, this whole area i s a very delicate personal and cultural issue. Many people feel that this is not a matter for the state. They feel that this is one area of life where they have the right（权利原则） to make decisions for themselves.For that reason, it would seem that the best approach would be to work最好说服bypersuasion rather than不是强迫compulsion. This could be done by a process of education教育 that points out the way a smaller family can mean an improved quality of life for the family members, as well as less strain on the country’s, perhaps v ery limited, resources.This is the preferred way. Of course, if this does not succeed within a reasonable time scale, i t may be necessary to 也可以采取其他consider o ther measures, such as tax incentives or child-benefit payments for small families only. These are midway between persuasion and compulsion.So it is sometimes建议 necessary, but governments should try very hard to 首先persuade first. They should also remember that this is a very delicate area indeed, and that social engineering can create as many problems as it solves.剑3 T2 W1You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.The chart shows the amount spent on six consumer goods in four European countries.Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.The chart shows that Britain,最大值 among the four European countries listed, has spent heavily on the range of consumer goods included. In every case, Britain spending is considerably higher than that of other countries;only in the case of tennis racquets dose another country, Italy, comes close.In contrast,Germany is generally 最小值the lowest spender.This is most evident on photographic fi lm, where Germany spends much less than Britain. Germany only spends more than another country, France, in two cases: tennis racquets and perfumes.M eanwhile, France and Italy中间 g enerally maintain middle positions, averaging approximately similar spending overall. Specifically, France spends more on CDs and photographic film but less on tennis racquets than Italy does. Italy’s spending on personal stereos i s only marginally greater than that of F rance, while spending on toys is equal between the two.It is clear from the data given that there are some significant differences in spending habits within Europe.剑3 T2 W2You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the following topic:When a country develops its technology, the traditional skills and ways of life die out. It is pointless to try and keep them alive. To what extent do you agree or disagree?表态,科技You should use your own knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.Overall, I disagree with表观点 the opinion expressed. I would like to begin by pointing out that traditional skills and ways of life are not automatically of one country, but of one culture or community.In many ways, the history of civilization is the history of technology: from the discovery of fire to the invention of the wheel to thedevelopment of the internet, we have been moving on from previous ways of doing things. Some technologies, such as w eapons of mass destruction, are of negative impact. Others, such as medical advance s, positively help people to live better or longer, so very much help traditional ways of life. Surely,few people would seek to preserve such traditions as living in caves!Interestingly, technology can positively contribute to the keeping alive of traditional skills and ways of life. For example,the populations of some islands are too small to have normal schools. Rather than breaking up families by sending children to the mainland, educational authorities have been able to use the Internet to deliver schooling online. In addition, the Internet and modern refrigeration techniques are being used to keep alive the traditional skills of producing salmon; it can now be ordered from, and delivered to, anywhere in the world.I n conclusion, without suggesting that all technology is necessarily good, I think 再次表达it is by no means ‘pointless’, in any way, to try to keep traditions alive with technology. We should not ignore technology, because it can be our friend and support our way of life.剑3 T3 W1You should spend 20 minutes on this task.The charts below show the levels of participation in education and science in developing and industralized countries in 1980 and 1990. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shownbelow.The data shows the differences between developing and industrialized countries’ participation in education and science.In terms of the number of years of schooling received, we see that the length of time people spend at school in industrialized countries was much greater at8.5 years in 1980, 比较compared to 2.5 years in developing countries. T he gap was increased further in 1990 when the figures rose to 10.5 years and 3.5 years respectively.We can see a familiar pattern比较 in the second graph, which shows thatthe number of people working as scientists and technicians in industrialized countries increased 增长from 55 to 85 per 1,000 people between 1980 and 1990, while比较 the number in d eveloping countries went from 12 to 20.Finally, the figures for spending on research and development show that industrialized countries m ore than doubled 加倍their spending, from $200bn to $420bn, whereas但developing countries actually decreased theirs, from $75bn down to $25bn.Overall we can see that not only are there very large differences between the two economies but that these gaps are widening.剑3 T3 W2You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the following topic.In many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work. Some people regard this as completely wrong, while others consider it as valuable work experience, important for learning and taking responsibility. What are your opinions on this?表态,教育You should use your own knowledge and experience and support your argument with examples and relevant evidence.You should write at least 250 words.The issue of children doing paid work is a complex and sensitive one. It is difficult to say who has the right to judge whether children working is ‘wrong’or ‘valuable’. Opinions will also differ as to ‘learning’benefits: no doubt teachers and factory owners, for example, would have varying concerns.An important consideration is 工作种类不同the kind of work undertaken. Young children 不同意这种工作d oing arduous and repetitive tasks on a factory production line, for example, are less likely to be‘learning’than older children helping in an old people’s home. There are health and safety issues to be considered as well. It is an unfortunate fact 同位语从句that many employers雇主省钱 may prefer to use the services of children simply to save money by paying them less than adults and it is 强调句this type of exploitation that should be discouraged.However, in many countries c hildren work because their families need the additional income家庭需要收入, no matter how small.This was certainly true in the past in many industrialized countries, and it is very difficult to judge that it is wrong for children today to contribute to the family income in this way.Nevertheless, in better economic circumstances, few parents would choose to send their children out to full-time paid work. If learning responsibilities and work experience责任和经验 are considered to be important,then children can acquire these by having light, part-time jobs or even doing tasks such as helping their parents around the family。
剑桥雅思1-7考官_大作文
剑桥雅思1-7考官_大作文第一篇：剑桥雅思1-7考官_大作文Topic: Environmental problems should be solved by the government instead of individuals and private companies.To what extent do you agree or disagree?Environmental protection is no doubt a major issue confronting the modern society with the development of new technologies and the explosion of world population.While the issue is certainly relevant to each individual citizen and all the companies, some people contend that only the government should be concerned about protecting the environment.I concede that the government should lead the efforts in addressing the environmental problems.Nevertheless, cooperation and participation from the corporations and individual citizens are essential as well.There is no doubt that the government is the agency that should play the leading roles in solving the environmental problems.To begin with, with the power to collect taxes from individual citizens and private companies, the government have the financial resources that are necessary to deal with environmental issues.In addition, the government may formulate policies to provide incentives for the companies and individuals to reduce the amount of pollution caused by their activities.Finally, the government is the only institution that may enact laws related to environmental problems.On the other hand, without the cooperation and participation of individual citizens and private companies, the government's efforts to protect the environment would not be effective.For example, the government may launch a campaign to educate the public about the desirability of driving compactcars for reducing the air pollution.The campaign would make little difference if the individuals pay little attention to the information or do not care about the environment at all.Nor would the government's goal be achieved if the car manufacturers do not produce more compact cars for the market.In other words, the government alone cannot solve the problem of environment.It takes the collaborative efforts from individual and corporate citizens to improve the situation.In conclusion, I agree that the government should take the responsibility to lead the society in addressing the problems of environmental pollution as it has the power and resources necessary to do so.Nonetheless, individual citizens and private companies have to be engaged if the government is to accomplish anything.Topic: Should the media report crimes in details?Nowadays the media often cover news of crimes such as murder, rape and armed robbery in great details.While such information may warn the public of the potential danger and help reduce crimes, providing too much information about crimes might lead to certain negative side effects.In my opinion, the information about crimes should be made accessible to the public but the media should refrain from reporting crimes in an irresponsible manner.To begin with, there is no doubt that people should have the right to information about crimes committed in a community.If someone in the neighbourhood were murdered, the chance of other people being killed would also increase.The people should be notified of the event as well as any actions the authorities had taken immediately.Any attempts to block the news about the crimes would violate people's right to know the truth.Yet, the necessity of informing the public does not mean fulldetails have to be disclosed.Admittedly, the best way to alert the public about a recent crime being committed is through the reporting by the media.Most of us read newspaper and watch TV news everyday.But there are a number of reasons why the media should only report the crimes briefly and let any interested parties follow up with the events by themselves.To begin with, the details of the crimes may cause discomfort and even panic among the members of the public.This is particularly true for the young children in the society.In addition, the time on TV and the space on the newspaper are scarce resources that can be utilized in many different ways.Therefore, the detailed reporting of the crimes would incur high opportunity costs as the public attention would have been directed to other important issues such as education and environment.Finally, the full information about crimes may be made available through the police or other government agencies so that anyone interested in the events may consult the records.Such arrangement would be less costly compared to reporting the details via the media.In conclusion, since crimes are relevant to each and every member of the society, the media should report the events as soon as possible to alert the public and to help prevent more crimes.Nevertheless, the reports of crimes should be relatively brief in order to avoid public panic and to save the precious TV time and newspaper space.Furthermore, anyone who wants to know more about certain events should be allowed to consult the government agencies for such Topic: When people move to a new country, they should accept the local culture as their own.Do you agree or disagree ?It is common nowadays for people to move to a new country as immigrants to seek new opportunities for work or to getmarried.For new immigrants, one of the major issues is to what extent they should accept the local culture as their own.While it is important for the newcomers to follow the local rules and convention in order to adapt to the new environment and start their new lives, I believe that it is beneficial to both the immigrants and their host countries if the new members bring in their own culture and lifestyle for the sake of cultural diversity.To begin with, new immigrants would make more smooth transition to their new life if they understand how the society of their host countries works and behave accordingly.To consider a simple example, when an American moves to England, she will have to drive on the left side of the road following the English customs.Otherwise, she will immediately find herself either in a severe accident or in jail for breaking the traffic laws.By the same token, a Mexican woman who immigrates to America will have to try to develop her English proficiency in order to better communicate with the local people whose native language is English.Nonetheless, as I will argue later on, following the local convention in one's daily life is one thing, but accepting the local culture as one's own is quite another.For the American who is now living in England, even though she has to obey all the English laws, she can still choose to retain her American identity and lifestyle.For example, she may cook American food at home and dine with her friends in American-style restaurants.In addition, she can still speak to her children with her American accent and teach her children American values.This is also true for the Mexican woman who moved to America.In fact, it is now generally acknowledged that cultural diversity should be considered a strength for a nation as people from different backgrounds will have a chance to learn from one another.Forexample, the American immigrant who cook American food at home might also share with her English neighbors the American recipes and help bring the American cuisine to an English dinner table.The Mexican woman who takes English courses in the local community college may also tutor her American classmates who are learning Spanish or studying Mexican culture.In conclusion, people who choose to immigrate to a different country may face great challenges and opportunities as they adapt to the new environment.It is true that they need to make the efforts to learn the new rules and culture of the host country.But they should also be encouraged to retain their own cultures and lifestyles as new members of a more diverse society.The life expectancy is longer in many countries.However, there is not enough respect for the elderly people.What are the causes and what are your solutions?Modern medical technologies and health care systems have significantly increased the life expectancy of people around the world.Unfortunately, however, the elderly people, while enjoying longer lives, do not always get the respect they deserve from the society.There are many factors causing this phenomenon.In this essay, I would focus on the lack of communication between the elderly people and other members of the society and propose a few possible solutions to address the issues.The main reason why the elderly are not well respected is that they often fail to communicate with other members in the society effectively.As they retire and leave their job positions, they lose the opportunities to get the most up-to-date information on different aspects of life.They often find it difficult to talk with younger people who are more familiar with the latest development of the society.In addition, the younger people often communicate with one another using the lastest technologiessuch as mobile phones SMS(short messages services), e-mail and instant messengers.Once the younger people get used to these new gadgets, they lose the patience to talk to the elderly face-to-face.T o address the issue of the lack of respect, the elderly people should be provided more opportunities to acquire the latest information about the world and the society.They need to learn how to surf the Internet and use the newest technologies to communicate with other people.The local community colleges may offer courses like “New Tools for Interpersonal Communication” specifically designed for the senior citizens.Moreover, the software designers and the mobile phone manufacturers should take the elderly people's needs into consideration when they work on the design of the interface of the devices to make their products more “elderly-friendly”.Of course, introducing new technologies to the elderly alone cannot solve the problem.It is important to remember the elderly need more than medical services.They also need younger people to accompany them, to hear their stories and to be there for them.Therefore, the younger people should be engaged to pay more attention to the elderly if we want to improve the communication between the elderly and the younger munity centers for the elderly should be built to bring the old people and the younger people together in two ways.Firstly, more younger people may be hired to simply spend time with the eldely.Secondly, the community centers may also introduce certain programs to attract volunteers from local high schools and universities.Such programs may help encourage more people to care about the elderly.In conclusion, there are many factors causing the problem of the elderly lacking respect from the younger people.The communication failure betweenthe elderly and the younger people is one of the major issues.To address this problem, efforts should be made to introduce new technologies and to bring more younger people, employees and volunteers, to the elderly.Some people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoding change.Others, however, think that change is always a good thing.Discuss both these view and give your own opinion.Over the last half century the pace of change in the life of human beings has increased beyond our wildest expectations.This has been driven by technological and scientific breackthroughs that are changing the whole way we view the world on almost daily basis.This means that change is not always a personal option, but an inescapable fact of life, and we need to constantly adapt to keep pace to it.Those people who believe they have achieved some security by doing the same, familiar things are living in denial.Even when people believe they are resisting change themselves, they cannot stop the world around them from changing.Sooner or later they will find that the familiar jobs no longer exist, or that the 'safe' patterns of of behavior are no longer appropriate.However, reaching the conclusion that change is evitable is not the same as assuming that change is always for the better.Unfortunately, it is not always the case that new things are prompted because they habe good impacts for the majority of people.A lot of innovations are made with the aim of making money for a few.This is because it is the rich and powerful peple in our society who are able to impose changes(such as in working conditions or property developments)that are in their interests.In conclusion, I would say that change can be stinulating and ebergizing for individuals when they pursue it themselves, but that all change, including which is imposed on people, does not necessarily have goodoutcomes.In many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work.Some people regard this as completely wrong, while others consider it as valuable work experience, important for learning and taking responsibility.What are your opinions on this?The issue of children doing paid work is a complex and sensitive one.It is difficult to say who has the right to judge whether children working is 'wrong' or 'valuable'.Opinions will also differ as to 'learning' benefits;no doubt teachers and factory owner, for example, would have varying concerns.An important consideration is the kind of work undertaken.Young children doing arfuous and repetitive tasks ona factory production line, for example, ar eless likely to be 'learning' than older children helping in an old people's home.There are health can safety issues to be considered as well.It is an unfortunate fact that many employers may prefer to use the services of children simply to save money by paying them less than adults and it is this type of exploitation that should be discouraged.However, in many countries children work because their families need the additional income, no matter how small.This was certainly the case in the past in many industrialized countries, and it is very difficult to judge that it is wrong for children today to contribute to the family income in this way.Neverthless, in better economic circumstances, few parents would choose to send their children out to full-time paid work.If learning responisbilities and work experience are cnosidered to be important, then children can acquire these by having light, part-time paid work or even doing tasks such as helping their parents around the family home, which are unpaid, the undoubtedly of value in children's development.Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence on your personality anddevelopment than any experiences we may have in our life.Which do you consdier to be the major influence?Today the way we consider human psychology and mental development is heavily influenced by the genetic sciences.We now understand the importance of inhereited characteristics more than ever before.Yet we are still unable to decide whether an individual's personality and development are more influenced by genetic factors(nature)or by the envrionment(nurture).Research, relating to identical twins, has highlighted how significant inherited characteristics can be for an individual's life.But whether these characteristics are able to develop within the personality of an individual surely depends on whether the circumstances allow such a development.it seems that the experiences we have in life are so unpredictable and so powerful, that they can boost or over-ride other influences, and there seems to be plenty of research findings to confirm this.My own view is that there is no one major influence in a person's life.Instead, the traits, we inherit from our parents and the situations and experiences we have in life are constantly interacting.It is the interacting of the two that shapes a person's personality and dictates how that personality develops.If this were not true, then we would be able to predict the behaviour and character of a person from the moment they were born.In conclusion, I do not think that either nature or nurture is the major influence on a person, but that both have powerful effects.How these factors interact is still unknown today and they remain largely unpredictable in a person's life.Happiness is considered very important in life.Why is it difficult to define? What factors are important in achieving happiness? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from yourown knowledge or experience.Happiness is very difficult to define, because it means so many different things to different people.While some people link happiness to wealth and material success, others think it lies in emotions and loving personal relationships.Yet others think that spiritual paths, rather than either the material world or relationships with people, are the only way to true happiness.Because people interpret happiness for themselves in so many diferent ways, it is difficult to give any definition that is true for everyone.however, if there are different kinds of happiness for different individuals then the first step in achieving it would be to have a degree of self-knowledge.A person needs to know who he or she is before being able to know what it is that makes him or her happy.Of course, factors such as loving relationships, good health, the skills to earn a living and a peaceful environment all contribute to our happiness too.But this does not mean that people without these conditions cannot be happy.Overall, I think an ability to keep clear perspectives in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness.By that I mean an ability to have a clear sense of what is important in our lives(the welfare of our families, the quality of our relationships, maing other people happy, etc.)and what is not(a problem at work, getting annoyed about trivial things, etc.).Life self-awareness, this is also very difficult to achieve, but I think these ar ethe two factors that may be most important for achieving happiness.As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work, job satisfaction is an important element of individual wellbeing.what factors contribute to job satisfaction? How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.Nowadays many adults havefull-time jobs and the proportion of their lives spent doing such jobs is very high.So feelings about one's job must reflect how an individual feels about his or her life as a whole, and because of this, job satisfaction is indeed very important for the wellbeing of that person.Employees get job satisfaction in a number of ways.Firstly, a person needs to feel that they are doing valued and valuable work, so positive feedback from superior is very important in his respect.A sense of fulfillment is also encouraged if a worker feels the job is worth doing because it contributes to the society or the economy as a whole.Secondly, when someone feels they are improving or developing their skills through training opportunities, for example, then there is a sense of progress and purpose that rewards a worker.The sense of belonging to a team or a working community also contributes to job satisfaction because colleagues help each other to enjoy their working lives.Satisfaction is also increased by a sense of responsibility for the loyal to a team.Of course not everyone enjoys their work.Hard economic realities mean that many people have little choice in the kind of job they can get.In some cases an employees is working in a job that suits neither their skills nor their personality.Some jobs are repetitive and boring, and labor relations may be poor and lead to resentment and insecurity rather than to job satisfaction.However, even though it is unlikely that all workers do feel happy in their work, I think it is not unrealistic to promote more job satisfaction in any job.If the factors identified above implemented, then any job can be improved and more workers can feel greater degrees of job satisfaction.Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important professions.Some people think this is fully justified while others think it isunfair.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.As a result of contant media attention, sports professionals in my country have become stars and celebrities, and those at the top are paid huge salaries.Just like movie stars, they live extravagant lifestyles with huge houses and cars.Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists, or even leading politcians who have the responsibility of governing the country.However, sports salaries are not determined by considering the contribution to society a person makes, or the level of responsibility he or she holds.Instead, they reflect the public popularity of sport in general and the level of public support that successful stars can generate.So the notion of “fairness” is not the issue.Those who feel that sports stars are justified might argue that the number of professionals with real talent are very few, and the money is a recognition of the skills and dedication a person needs to be petition is constant and a player is tested every time they perform in their relatively short career.The pressure from the the media is intense and there is little privacy out the the spotlight.So all of these factors may justify the huge earnings.Personally, I think that the amount of money such sports stars is more justified than the huge earnings of movie stars, but at the same time, it indicates that our society places more value on sport than on more essential professional and achievements.In some countries young people ar encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this.It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after graduating fromhigh school.The trend is not restricted to rich students who have the money to travel, but is also evident among poorer students who choose to work and become economically independent for a period of time.The reaons for this trend may involve the recognition that a young adult who passes directly from school to university is rather restricted in terms of general knowledge and experience of the world.By contrast, those who have spent some time earning a living or travelling to other places, have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on.They tend to be more indpendent, which is very important factor in academic study and research, as well as giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the chanllenges of student life.However, there are certainly dangers in taking time off at the important age.Young adults may end up never returning to their studies or finding it difficult to readapt to an academic environment.They may think that it is better to continue in a particular job, or to do something completely different from a university course.But overall, I think this is less likely today, when academic qualifications are essential for getting a reasonable career.My view is that young people should be encouraged to broaden their horizons.That is the best way for them to get a clear perspective of what they are hoping to do with their lives and why.Students with such a perspective are usually the most effective and motivated ones and taking a year off may be the best way to gain this.It's generally believed that some people are born with certain talents, for instance for sport or music, are others are not.However, it is sometimes claimed that any child can be taught to become a good sports person or musician.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.The relative importance of natural talent and training isa frequent topic of discussion when people try to explain different levels of ability in, for example, sport, art or music.Obviously, education systems are based on the belief that all children can effectively be taught to acquire different skills, including those associated with sport, art or music.So from our own school experience, we can find plenty of evidence to support the view that a child can acquire these skills with continuted teaching and guided practice.Howver, some people believe that innate talent is what differentiates a person who has been trained to play a sport or an intrusment, from those who become good players.In other words, there is more to the skill than to a learned technique, and this extra talent cannot be taught, no matter how good the teacher or how frequent a child practices.I personally think that some people do have talents that are probably inherited via their genes.Such talents can give individuals a facility for certain skills that allow them to excel, while more hard-wokring students never manage to reach a comparable level.But, as with all questions of nature versus nurture, they are not mutually exclusive.Good musicians or artists and exceptional sports star have probably succeeded because of both good training and natural talent.With the natural talent, continuous training would be neither attractive nor productive, and without the training, the child would not learn hotw to exploit and develop their talent.In conclusion, I agree that any child can be taught particular skills, but to be really good in areas such as music, art or sport, then some natural talent is required.The subjects and lesson contents are decided by the authorities such as the government.Some people argue that teachers should make the choice.T o what extent do you agree or disagree?It has long been argued amid the community: Which onecounts more, authority or academy? Notwithstanding the fact that our current pedagogy is so much clinging to the central committee, the educational system is in a blockbuster amount of outcry for reform.Does the temporary system still embrace rationality? Or is it the ripe juncture to refurnish it out and out? I personally took a deep look in it.In the showdown between authority and academy, the former arguably outweighs the latter.Politics is a compulsory course in all kinds of enrollment examinations as well as all levels of educational institutions.The government, or a commander-in-chief to be vivid, needs to be held accountable for the stability of cation is by all means an almighty tool to incubate a behaving generation.With social development gaining momentum, a farsighted power base generally with a broader scope than the individuals, needs to build up particular majors specializing in fledgling domains involving cleaning energy, high-tech innovation, interpretation, to name but a few.Trained personnel in such fields are usually more fit into the society.Arguments being articulated above though, academy-oriented teaching methodology is so far stillreputed for its own merits.With teachers gaining more says in selecting knowledge, the students will presumably be inculcated with a more objective perception of the curriculum.Without authority barging in, the possibility of the impartiality being jeopardized is excluded for the mission of serving the regime is no longer valid.Only under such circumstance can the intrinsic value of the subject be authentically and manifested to the thirsty learners in an untangled manner.An untarnished and pristine academic ambience is colossally demanding by numerous pundits for the sake of equity and truth.To sum up, there's no such inception that is appropriate to be dubbed “sheerly right”or “starkly wrong”.The righteous one solely lies in the rationality of adapting it.Authority, in China's case, can never be an outlier standing by the side of academic circle owing to its unique national condition第二篇：剑桥雅思书信考官3-8剑桥3 Topic: You are due to start a new job next week but you will not be able to because you have some problems.Write a letter to your new employer.In your letter: Explain your situation Describe your problems Tell him/her when you think you can startDear Ms Barnes，I am writing concerning the position of Assistant Office Manager that I am due to begin next Monday.However, a problem has arisen.As you know, I currently w ork for my uncle’s food-packing business, and you will remember from my interview that I have gained valuable experience there.Unfortunately, he has to go into hospital for an operation, leaving my aunt in change of both the home and the business.She has asked me, as this is a particularly busy time of year, to stay on and help her with the running of the office.I realise this will be inconvenient to you, but very much hope that, given the circumastances, you would be prepared to allow me to take up my position with you two weeks later than planned.I would like to emphasise that I remain very keen to work with you, and that I will be gainning further useful experience during this time.I look forward to hearing form you.Yours sincerely, John Forbes剑桥4 Topic: You want to sell some of your furniture.You think a friend of yours might like to buy it from you.Write a letter to your friend.In your letter: Explain why you are selling Describe the furniture Suggest a date when your friend can come and see。
新剑桥考官范文(通用十一篇)
剑桥考官范文(通用十一篇)5剑桥考官范文(篇一)Research using twinsTo biomedical researchers all over the world, twins offer a precious opportunity to untangle the influence of genes and the environment —of nature and nurture. Because identical twins come from a single fertilized egg that splits into two, they share virtually the same genetic code. Any differences between them — one twin having younger looking skin, for example — must be due to environmental factorssuch as less time spent in the sun.Alternatively, by comparing the experiences of identical twins with those of fraternal twins, who come from separate eggs and share on average half their DNA, researchers can quantify the extent to which our genes affect our lives. If identical twins are more similar to each other with respect to an ailment than fraternal twins are, then vulnerability to the disease must be rooted at least in part in heredity.These two lines of research — studying the differences between identical twins to pinpoint the influence of environment, and comparing identical twins with fraternal ones to measure the role of inheritance — have been crucial to understanding the interplay of nature and nurture in determining our personalities, behavior, and vulnerability to disease.The idea of using twins to measure the influence of heredity dates back to 1875, when the English scientist Francis Galton first suggested the approach (and coined the phrase ‘nature and nurture’). But twin studies took a surprising twist in the 1980s, with thearrival of studies into identical twins who had been separated atbirth and reunited as adults. Over two decades 137 sets of twins eventually visited Thomas Bouchard’s lab in what became known as the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart. Numerous tests were carriedout on the twins, and they were each asked more than 15,000 questions.Bouchard and his colleagues used this mountain of data to identify how far twins were affected by their genetic makeup. The key to their approach was a statistical concept called heritability. In broad terms, the heritability of a trait measures the extent to which differences among members of a population can be explained by differences in their genetics. And wherever Bouchard and otherscientists looked, it seemed, they found the invisible hand ofgenetic influence helping to shape our lives.Lately, however, twin studies have helped lead scientists to aradical new conclusion: that nature and nurture are not the only elemental forces at work. According to a recent field called epigenetics, there is a third factor also in play, one that in some cases serves as a bridge between the environment and our genes, andin others operates on its own to shape who we are.Epigenetic processes are chemical reactions tied to neither naturenor nurture but r epresenting what researchers have called a ‘third component’. These reactions influence how our genetic code is expressed: how each gene is strengthened or weakened, even turned on or off, to build our bones, brains and all the other parts of our bodies.If you think of our DNA as an immense piano keyboard and our genes as the keys — each key symbolizing a segment of DNA responsible for a particular note, or trait, and all the keys combining to make us who we are — then epigenetic processes determine when and how each key can be struck, changing the tune being played.One way the study of epigenetics is revolutionizing our understanding of biology is by revealing a mechanism by which the environment directly impacts on genes. Studies of animals, for example, have shown that when a rat experiences stress during pregnancy, it can cause epigenetic changes in a fetus that lead to behavioral problems as the rodent grows up. Other epigenetic processes appear to occur randomly, while others are normal, such as those that guide embryonic cells as they become heart, brain, or liver cells, for example.Geneticist Danielle Reed has worked with many twins over the yearsand thought deeply about what twin studies have taught us. ‘It’s very clear when you look at twins that much of what they share is hardwired,’ she says. ‘Many things about them are absolutely the same and unalterable. But it’s also clear, when you get to know them, that other things about them are different. Epigenetics is the origin of a lot of those diffe rences, in my view.’Reed credits Thomas Bouchard’s work for today’s surge in twin studies. ‘He was the trailblazer,’ she says. ‘We forget that 50 years ago things like heart disease were thought to be causedentirely by lifestyle. Schizophrenia was thought to be due to poor mothering. Twin studies have allowed us to be more reflective aboutwhat people are actually born with and what’s caused by experience.’Having said that, Reed adds, the latest work in epigenetics promises to take our understanding even further. ‘What I like to say is that nature writes some things in pencil and some things in pen,’ she says. Things written in pen you can’t change. That’s DNA. But things written in pencil you can. That’s epigenetics. Now thatwe’re actually able to look at the DNA and see where the pencil writings are, it’s sort of a whole new world.’剑桥考官范文(篇二)The charts below show the results of a survey of adult education. The first chart shows the reasons why adults decide to study. The pie chart shows how people think the costs of adult education should be a report for a university lecturer, describing the information shown at least 150 Words.Model Answer:The summary of a survey on adult education is presented in the 2 charts. The bar chart summarizes the factors that caused adults to continue their education, while the pie chart shows the public opinion regarding the funding of adult education.According to the bar chart, 40% of the respondents mentioned “interest in the subject” as the reason they decided to go ba ck to school. This factor was followed closely by the aim to gain qualification at 38%. On the other hand, only 9% of the survey participants said that they went to school in order to meet more people. This is the least popular reason among the 7 given.Among all the people surveyed regarding the funding, 40% of them felt that this adult education should be the responsibility of the individual. Although 35% of them thought that the employers should lend the helping hand, only 25% agreed that the taxpayers should share the burden.In summary, the survey showed a mixed opinion regarding the reasons and the funding for adults education.剑桥考官范文(篇三)The first diagram shows that there are four main stages in the life of the silkworm. First of all, eggs are produced by the moth and it takes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves. This article is from Laokaoya website. This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of silk thread around itself. After a period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge from these cocoons and the life cycle begins again.The cocoons are the raw material used for the production of silk cloth. Once selected, they are boiled in water and the threads can be separated in the unwinding stage. Each thread is between 300 and 900 meters long, which means they can be twisted together, dyed and then used to produce cloth in the weaving stage.Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple process.剑桥考官范文(篇四)Topic: You recently started work in a new company.Write a letter to your friend.In your letter: Explain why you changed jobs Describe your new jobTell him/her your other news剑桥雅思小作文范文Dear Jenny,I hope this finds you and your family well, and I am sorry I have not been in touch recently. I am writing now to let you know about my new job.You remember that I was working for that construction company a few miles outside the city? Well, I just got so fed up with it- I was working really long hours and, to be honest, the pay was not great. So basically I applied for a job at a new international company that was looking foradmin staff for a new branch in the city centre.I was a bit nervous in the interview, but in the end I got a job as one of the senior administrators. I am so happy! The pay is better,the working conditions are great and I do not have to drive to work anymore.Anyway, I have to stop now because my sister is staying with me and has brought my baby nephew to meet me. She sends you lots of love and is asking when we can all meet up. Soon, I hope.With love, Tina剑桥考官范文(篇五)You do not need to write any addressesBegin your letter as followsDear…………Dear Sam,Last week I received your letter asking me whether you should seekout employment opportunities or enroll in a full-time college program. In my opinion, trying to find a job is a better choice for you.My concerns about your financial situation account for my conviction that you will enjoy working more than attending college. Without adequate financial resources, you will not be able to cover tuition fees, not to mention the costs of food and on-campus accommodations.Additionally, working will allow you to make your car payment. If I remember correctly, you bought an expensive SUV two months ago, and you will lose it if you do not have sufficient income to make the monthly payment.I think you should send your resume and cover letter to PBL Inc., a company I know is looking for construction estimators. I believe you will have a strong competitive edge since you have worked as a part-time laborer on construction sites in the past. The company also provides new employees with a comprehensive training course once they are hired.If you need any further assistance, please give me a ring and let me know.Best wishes,PeterYou should spend about 40 minutes on this task.University graduates receive higher salaries than those who have a lower education. Therefore, some people say such students should pay for all their tuition fees. To what extent do you agree or disagree?You should write at least 250 wordsYou should use your own ideas of knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.Some people assert that government should be responsible for the full tuition of college students because they are the cream of society and contribute much to the society. This argument is true to some degree. Nevertheless, there are more reasons why university students should support themselves for the full tuition of their tertiary education.First of all, it can ensure the quality of college education. Compared with the elementary and secondary education, the college education is operating in a quite different system, which covers a great variety of researching fields and involves numerous distinguished professors and projects. In other words, it needs a great sum of money. If this complicated system is supported by the nation without much income from the beneficiaries (the college students), it will exert very heavy pressure on the country’s economy. If the government is unable to invest enough money on university education because of the limited budget, the quality of education will be undermined.In the second place, it is a quite fair practice. Most of the countries in the world are supporting the elementary and secondary education, which is reasonable since the citizens should be encouraged to receive basic education and which is advantageous for the development of the nation. However, it is unnecessary that all the citizens go to colleges. Some high school leavers give up their further study because they have their own life aim. That is to say, going to university is a totally personal choice. Therefore it is not unreasonable that the people who make such choice pay for it.From the above views, I hold the opinion that college students should pay for the full tuition, which can both guarantee the quality of higher education and be a reasonable practice. (291 words)是的，所有剑桥后面的考官范文都是雅思写作最好的作文范本范文如下：happiness is very difficult to define,because it means so many different things to different some people link happiness to wealth and material success,others think it lies in emotions and loving personal others think that spiritual paths,rather than either the material world or relationships with people,are the only way to true people interpret happiness for themselves in so many differen ways,it is difficult to give any definition that is ture for there are different kinds of happiness for different individuals then the first step in achieving it would be to have a degree of person needs to know who he or she is before being able to know what it is that makes him or her course,factors such as loving relationships,good health,the skill to earn a living and a peaceful environment all contribute to our happiness this does not mean that people without these conditions cannot be think an ability to keep clear perspectives in life is a more essential factor in achieving that i mean an ability to have a clear sense of what is important in our lives(the welfare of our families,the quality of ourrelationships,making other people happy,etc.)and what is not(a problem at work,getting annoyed about trivial things,etc.).全是手工输入的哦，希望对你有所帮助剑桥考官范文(篇八)Topic: Your neigbours have recently written to you to complain about the noise from your house/flat.Write a letter to your friend. In your letter: Explain the reasonsfor the noise Apologise Describe what action you will take剑桥雅思小作文范文Dear James,I was very shocked to get your letter saying that the noise from my flat has been spoiling your evenings and causing you some distress. I am really, really sorry about that. I had no idea that you would be able to hear so much, so I hope you will accept my apologies.As you may have guessed, I am trying to refit my kitchen in the evenings when I get home from work. Unfortunately it is all takinglonger than expected and I have been having problems with getting things to fit properly. This has meant a lot of banging and hammering.As the kitchen is still not finished, I have decided to call in a professional builder who will finish the work in the next day or two. He will work only during daytime hours, so you won’t be disturbed in the evenings again, I promise.Sorry to have caused these problems.Bill.剑桥考官范文(篇九)Task：Some people say that playing computer games is bad for children in every aspect. Others say that playing computer games can have positive effects on the way children develop. Discuss both views and give your opinion.Sample answer：In recent years, the prevalence of computer games has exerted a significant effect on children's life. As to whether they affect children negatively, there is an endless debate. Despite the factthat playing computer games is an effective way to relieve pressure, the problems associated with study and health cannot be neglected.Clearly, playing computer games is regarded as a main factor leadingto poor academic performance. With the entertaining nature, computer games will easily distract children from their studious pursuits.With the passage of time, children will probably fall behind their peers in academic development. In addition, when children spend too much time playing computer games, they are less likely to participate in physical activities, which is one reason why many children suffer from obesity. As a result, these overweight children’s confidence may be undermined and their health may be negatively influenced as well.Despite these disadvantages, the advantages can still not be ignored. First of all, the latest research shows that game-playing helps children to hone their communication and interpersonal skills. In many cases, players work together in teams to achieve goals, competing against other players. Therefore, their social skills and teamwork spirit are put to the test. Also, computer games can have positive and therapeutic effects on players. Games provide anopportunity for children to decompress and tune out of strains and stresses of everyday life. Giving their mind time to rest is critical for emotional and mental well-being.In conclusion, it is not advisable for children to play computer games, for the reasons that it not only has a negative impact ontheir study, but also makes them lose confidence, although computer games provide a form of relaxation.剑桥考官范文(篇十)The bar chart shows the percentage of services arriving on time from 1999 to 2003. From the chart, one pattern shows that the actual percentage exceeded target percentage only in 2003, and the highest actual percentage occurred 1999 and lowest occurred 2000. In 5 years the tendency of target percentage was decreasing while the actual percentage fluctuated.According to the first chart, the year 2000 had about difference between actual and target which is the highest disparity, and the year 2003 had the lowest gap of about the actual over target. From the second chart we can see that there were 40 thousand more complaints between the year with the highest number of complaints and year with the lowest number complaints. But if we consider the connection between both charts, in the year 1999 we had the lowest complaints in the bar and highest in 2003, which was dramatically strange since the year 2003 had the most complaints but it was the only year the actual percentage surpassed the target percentage.剑桥考官范文(篇十一)You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Is Stress A Bad Thing?You should write at least 250 words. You should use your own ideas of knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.“I can’t understand the pressure and competition,” explained one friend of mine when asked why he decided to quit his highly-paid but demanding position in his company recently. My friend may have his own reasons, but I don’t think his decision is wise in reality.It’s true that my friend’s case is not unique. In the last fewyears quite a number of men and women have chosen to do somethingless competitive at the cost of a comfortable, easy life a highly-paid job can obtain. They are afraid that the stresses and strains of work will rob them of joy and happiness and do them harm both physically and mentally. In fact, however, stress isn’t the badthing it is often supposed to be. Unless it gets out of control, a certain amount of stress is vital to provide motivation and challenge, and to give purpose and significance to an otherwise meaningless,idle life. People under stress tend to express their full range of potential and to actualize their own personal worth— the very aim of a human life.Stress is a natural part of everyday life and there is no way toavoid it. What we can do is to develop our adaptive abilities to deal with it rather than to escape from it. (216 words)!。
剑桥英语7雅思考官范文(大作文+小作文)
It is generally believed that some people are born with certain talents, for instance for sport or music, and others are not. However, it is sometimes claimed that any child can be taught to become a good sports person or musician.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.The relative importance of natural talent and training is a frequent topic of discussion when people try to explain different levels of ability in, for example, sport, art or music.Obviously, education systems are based on the belief that all children can effectively be taught to acquire different skills, including those associated with sport, art or music. So from our own school experience, we can find plenty of evidence to support the view that a child can acquire these skills with continued teaching and guided practices.I personally think that some people do have talents that are probably inherited via their genes. Such talents can give individuals a facility for certain skills that allow them to excel, while more hard-working students never manage to reach a comparable level. But, as with all questions of nature versus nurture,they are not mutually exclusive. Good musicians or artists and exceptional sports stars have probably succeeded because of both good training and natural talent. Without the natural talent, continuous training would be neither attractive nor productive, and without the training,the child would not learn how to exploit and develop their talent.In conclusion. I agree that any child can be taught particular skills, but to be really good in areas such as music, art or sport, then some natural talent is剑7 2-1The graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in a European country between 1979 and 2004. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The graph illustrates changes in the amounts of beef, lamb, chicken and fish consumed in a particular European country between 1979 and 2004.In 1979 beef was by far the most popular of these foods, with about 225 grams consumed per person per week. Lamb and chicken were eaten in similarquantities (around 150 grams), while much less fish was consumed (just over 50 grams).However, during this 25-year period the consumption of beef and lamb fell dramatically to approximately 100 grams and 55 grams respectively. The consumption of fish also declined, but much less significantly to just below 50 grams, so although it remained the least popular food, consumption levels were the most stable.The consumption of chicken, on the other hand, showed an upward trend, overtaking that of lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1989. By 2004 it had soared to almost 250 grams per person per week.Overall, the graph shows how the consumption of chicken in creased dramatically while the popularity of these other foods decreased over the period.剑7 3-2As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work, job satisfaction is an important element of individual well-being.What factors contribute to job satisfaction?How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers?Nowadays many adults have full-time jobs and the proportion of their lives spent doing such job is very high. So feelings about one’s job must reflect how an individual feels about his or her life as a whole, and because of this, job satisfaction is indeed very important for the well-being of that person.Employees get job satisfaction in a number of ways. Firstly, a person needs tofeel that they are doing valued and valuable work, so positive feedback from superiors is very important in this respect. A sense of fulfillment is also encouraged if a worker feels the job is worth doing because it contributes to the society or the economy as a whole. Secondly , when someone feels they are improving or developing their skills through training opportunities, for example, then there is a sense of progression and purpose that rewards a worker. The sense of belonging to a team or a working community also contributes to job satisfaction because colleagues help each other to enjoy their working lives. Satisfaction is also increased by a sense of responsibility for and loyalty to a team.Of course not everyone enjoys their work. Hard economic realities mean that many people have little choice in the kind of job they can get. In some cases an employee is working in a job that suits neither their skills nor their personality. Some jobs are repetitive and boring, and labour relations may be poor and lead to resentment and insecurity rather than to job satisfaction.However, even though it is unlikely that all workers do feel happy in their worrk, I think it is not unrealistic to promote more job satisfaction in any job. If the factors identified above are implemented, then any job can be improved and more workers can feel greater degrees of job satisfaction.剑7 4-1The pie charts below show units of electricity production by fuel source in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.They charts compare the sources of electricity in Australia and France in the years 1980 and 2000. Between these years electricity production almost doubled, rising from 100 units to 170 in Australia, and from 90 to 180 units in France.In 1980 Australia used coal as the main electricity source (50 units) and the remainder was produced from natural gas, hydro power (each producing 20 units) and oil (which produced only 10 units). By 2000, coal had become the fuel for more than 75% of electricity produced and only hydro continued to be another significant source supplying approximately 20%.In contrast, France used coal as a source for only 25 units of electricity in 1980, which matched by natural gas. The remaining 40 units were produced largely from oil and nuclear power, with hydro contributing only 5 units. But by 2000nuclear power, which was not used at all in Australia, had developed into the main source,producing almost 75% of electricity, at 126 units, while coal and oil together produced only 50 units. Other sources were no longer significant.Overall, it is clear that by 2000 these two countries relied on different principal fuel sources: Australia relied on coal and France on nuclear power.。
(word完整版)剑桥英语9雅思考官范文(大作文+小作文)
剑9 1—2Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary school rather than secondary school。
Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?Traditionally children have begun studying foreign languages at secondary school，but introducing them earlier is recommended by some educationalists. This policy has been adopted by some educational authorities or individual schools，with both positive and negative outcomes。
The obvious argument in its favour is that young children pick up languages much more easily than teenagers. Their brains are still programmed to acquire their mother tongue, which facilitates leaning another language， and unlike adolescents, they are not inhibited by self-consciousness.The greater flexibility of the primary timetable allows for more frequent,shorter sessions and for a play—centred approach, thus maintaining learners’enthusiasm and progress。
剑桥英语6雅思考官范文(大作文+小作文)
剑6 1-1The graph and table below give information about water use worldwide and water consumption in two different countries.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The graph shows how the amount of water used worldwide changed between 1900 and 2000.Throughout the century, the largest quantity of water was used for agricultural purposes, and this increased dramatically from about 500 km3 to around 3,000 km3 in the year 2000. Water used in the industrial and domestic sectors also increased, but consumption was minimal until mid-century. From 1950 onwards, industrial use grew steadily to just over 1,000 km3, while domestic use rose more slowly to only 300 km3, both far below the levels ofconsumption by agriculture.The table illustrates the differences in agricultural consumption in some areas of the world by contrasting the amount of irrigated land in Brazil (26,500 km2) with that in the D.R.C.(100 km2). This means that a huge amount of water is used in agriculture in Brazil, and this is reflected in the figures for water consumption per person: 359 m3 compared with only 8 m3 in the Congo. With a population of 176 million, the figures for Brazil indicate how high agricultural water consumption can be in some countries.剑6 2-2Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important professions. Some people think this is fully justified while others thinks it is unfair.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.As a result of constant media attention, sports professionals in my country have become stars and celebrities, and those at the top are paid huge salaries. Just like movie stars, they live extravagant lifestyles with huge houses and cars.Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists, or even leading politicians who have the responsibility of governing the country. However, sports salaries are not determined by considering the contribution to society a person makes, or the level of responsibility he or she holds. Instead, they reflect the public popularity of sport in general and the level of public support that successful stars can generate . So the notion of fairness is not the issue.Those who feel that sports stars’salaries are justified might argue that the number of professionals with real talent are very few, and the money is recognition of the skills and dedication a person needs to be successful. Competition is constant and a player is tested every time they perform in their relatively short career. The pressure from the media is intense and there is little privacy out of the spotlight. So all of these factors may justify the huge earnings.Personally, I think that the amount of money such sports stars make is more justified than the huge earnings of movie stars, but at the same time, it indicates that our society places more value on sport than on more essential professions and achievements.剑6 3-1The diagrams below show the life cycle of the silkworm and the stages in the production of silk cloth.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The first diagram shows that there are four main stages in the life of the silkworm. First of all, eggs are produced by the moth and it takes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves. This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of silk thread around itself. After a period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventuallyThe cocoons are the raw material used for the production of silk cloth . Once selected, they are boiled in water and the threads can be separated in the unwinding stage . Each thread is between 300 and 900 metres long, which means they can be twisted together, dyed and then used to produce cloth in the weaving stage.Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple process.剑6 4-2Some people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoiding change. Others, however, think that change is always a good thing.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.Over the last half century the pace of change in the life human beings has increased beyond our wildest expectations. This has been driven by technological and scientific breakthroughs that are changing the whole way we view the world on an almost daily basis. This means that change is not always a personal option, but an inescapable fact of life, and we need to constantly adapt to keep pace with it.Those people who believe they have achieved some security by doing the same, familiar things are living in denial. Even when people believe they are resisting change themselves, they cannot stop the world around them from changing. Sooner or later they will find that the familiar jobs no longer exist, or that the ‘safe’ patterns of behaviour are no longer appropriate.However, reaching the conclusion that change is inevitable is not the same as assuming that ‘change is always for the better’. Unfortunately, it is not always the case that new things are promoted because they have good impacts for the majority of people. A lot of innovations are made with the aim of making money for a few. This is because it is the rich and powerful people in our society who are able to impose changes (such as in working conditions or property developments ) that are in their own interests.In conclusion, I would say that change can be stimulating and energising for individuals when they pursue it themselves, but that all change, including that which is imposed on people, does not necessarily have good outcomes.。
剑桥雅思考官范文
剑桥雅思考官范文Well, let me tell you about this amazing trip I had. It was to Thailand, you know, that place full of all kinds of wonders.I landed in Bangkok first. Oh my god, the moment I stepped out of the airport, it was like being hit by a wave of heat and chaos, but in a really exciting way. The traffic was just crazy. There were tuk tuks zoomingaround everywhere. They look like these little three wheeled buggies, and the drivers are always trying to get you to take a ride with them. I hopped on one and it was like being on a rollercoaster, zipping in and out of the traffic.The food in Thailand is out of this world. I mean, I'm a big foodie and this place was like a paradise for me. There were street stalls everywhere selling things like pad thai. It's this delicious noodle dish with peanuts and lime and all sorts of goodness. And the mango sticky rice, that waslike a little slice of heaven. The mango was so ripe and sweet, and the sticky rice was just the perfect complement.Then I went to the beaches in Phuket. The water was so clear, like a giant blue mirror. I could see all the colorful fish swimming around justby looking down from my boat. I tried snorkeling for the first time. At first, I was a bit scared, you know, thinking about all those fish and what if something bites me. But once I put my face in the water, it was like entering a whole new world. There were these beautiful coral reefs, all shapes and colors, and the fish were just swimming around me like theydidn't care I was there. It was an incredible feeling.The people in Thailand are also super friendly. They always have asmile on their face. Even when there was a bit of a language barrier, wecould still communicate with gestures and a few broken English words. I remember asking a local where the nearest temple was, and he not only told me but actually walked me part of the way there.All in all, it was a trip that I'll never forget. It had a bit of everything adventure, great food, beautiful scenery and lovely people. Ican't wait to go back there again someday.I'm going to talk about my grandpa. He's one of the most interesting people I've ever known.My grandpa looks like a character out of an old fashioned movie. He's got this big, bushy white mustache that he twirls around when he's thinking. His eyes are always twinkling with mischief or kindness, depending on the situation. He's not a very tall man, but he has this big presence, you know.He's a real jack of all trades. He can fix just about anything around the house. I remember when our old clock stopped working. Everyone was thinking we should just buy a new one, but not grandpa. He got his toolbox out, which is this big, rusty box full of all kinds of strange looking tools. He spent the whole afternoon tinkering with the clock, and by theend of the day, it was ticking away as good as new.Grandpa also has a great sense of humor. He loves to tell jokes, especially those old fashioned ones that make you groan and laugh at the same time. For example, he'll say, “Why don't scientists trust atoms? Because they make up everything.” And then he'll laugh this big bellylaugh that's really contagious.He's also really into gardening. His garden is like a little piece of paradise. There are all kinds of flowers and vegetables growing there. In the spring, it's full of colorful tulips and daffodils. And in the summer,he has these huge tomatoes and cucumbers. He spends hours out there, watering the plants, talking to them as if they can understand him. He says that if you talk nicely to your plants, they'll grow better.My grandpa is also a bit of a storyteller. He'll sit us down on the porch and start telling us stories about his youth. How he used to travel around on his old bicycle, exploring the countryside. He'll tell us about the adventures he had, like the time he got caught in a thunderstorm while out in the fields and had to take shelter in an old barn. His stories are always full of details and they make you feel like you were there with him.All in all, my grandpa is an amazing person. He's full of life, knowledge and love, and I'm really lucky to have him in my life.。
雅思小作文考官范文(精选6篇)
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雅思考官大作文范文(热门13篇)
Trade and travel would be a lot easier with a single， global currency that we all use.Do you agree or disagree with this statement？ Would a single currency cause any problems？It is clear to me that the idea of a single global currency is an excellent ideal to work towards. There can be no doubt that trade and travel would be vastly easier. On the other hand I believe that it would cause problems today.The benefits of a single currency can be seen with the use in Europe of the Euro. Whenever you are travelling between countries using the Euro， the problems of currency changing and exchange rates are history. Similarly business between countries using the Euros is so much easier； no more worrying about exchange rate risk and pricing. Everyon e‛s money is the same. The same thing is true with the US dollar. Most countries do not use the US dollar but it is accepted in many places. There are many countries that you can travel to and just take US dollars to use.At present though a global currency would be impossible. Firstly most countries would not accept the idea. Secondly all countries are in different economic states. Some are economically very strong and some are in a state of collapse with inflation ruining the economy. Such countries could not be brought into a world currency as it would cause massive financial instability worldwide. So it is clear that a global currency would indeed cause some serious problems.So， in conclusion I see a global currency as a future ideal but it will not happen in my lifetime. It would make trade and travel much easier but the problems it would cause nowadays would be insurmountable.我很清楚，一个单一的全球货币的想法是一个理想的工作。
剑桥英语10雅思考官范文(大作文+小作文)1
剑10 1-2It is important for children to learn the difference between right and wrong at an early age.Punishment is necessary to help them learn this distinction.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?What sort of punishment should parents and teachers be allowed to use to teach good behavior to children?One important stage in a child’s growth is certainly the development of a conscience, which is linked to the ability to tell right from wrong.This skill comes with time and good parenting, and my firm conviction is that punishment does not have much of a role to play in this.Therefore I have to disagree almost entirely with the given statement.To some extent the question depends on the age of the child.To punish a very young child is both wrong and foolish, as an infant will not understand what is happening or why he or she is being punished.Once the age of reason is reached however, a child can be rewarded for good behavior and discouraged from bad.This kind but firm approach will achieve more than harsh punishments, which might entail many negative consequences unintended by the parents.To help a child learn the difference between right and wrong, teachers and parents should firstly provide good role modelling in their own behavior.After that, if sanctions are needed, the punishment should not be of a physical nature, as that merely sends the message that it is acceptable for largerpeople to hit smaller ones-an outcome which may well result in the child starting to bully others.Nor should the punishment be in any way cruel.Rather, teachers and parents can use a variety of methods to discipline their young charges, such as detention, withdrawal of privileges, and time-out.Making the punishment fit the crime is a useful notion.Which would see children being made to pick up rubbish they have dropped, clean up graffiti they have drawn, or apologise to someone they have hurt.In these ways responsibility is developed in the child, which leads to much better future behavior than does punishment.剑10 2-1The tables below give information about sales of Fairtrade-labelled coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004 in five European countries. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The two tables contain sales date for Fairtrade coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004, in five nations of Europe.The first shows low-level coffee sales increasing in all five countries, albeit to widely varying degrees.In two places sales increased by the same small amount: 1.8-2 million euros in Denmark, and 0.8-1 million in Sweden.The increment was slightly larger in Belgium, from 1-1.7 million euros.Meanwhile, in Switzerland sales doubled from 3-6 million euros.Finally, in the UK there was an enormous increase, from 1.5-20 million euros.In the second table, it is Switzerland which stands out as buying far more Fairtrade bananas than the other four countries.Swiss sales figures jumpedfrom 15-47 million euros across these five years, while in the UK and Belgium sales only grew from 1-5.5 and from 0.6-4 million euros respectively.Sweden and Denmark showed a different pattern, with fails in banana sales from 1.8-1 and 2-0.9 million euros.Comparing the two tables, it is clear that in 1999 Fairtrade coffee sales ranged from 0.8-3 million euros in these five countries, while banana sales also mostly cluster between 0.6 and 2 million euros, with Switzerland the outlier at a huge 15 million euros.By 2004, sales figures for both products had risen across the board, except for Sweden and Demark which recorded drops in banana sales.剑10 3-2Countries are becoming more and more similar because people are able to buy the same products anywhere in the world.Do you think this is a positive or negative development?It is said that countries are becoming similar to each other because of the global spread of the same products, which are now available for purchase almost anywhere.I strongly believe that this modern development is largely detrimental to culture and traditions worldwide.A country’s history, language and ethos are all inextricably bound up in its manufactured artefacts.If the relentless advance of international brands into every corner of the world continues, these bland packages might one day completely oust the traditional objects of a nation, which would be a loss of richness and diversity in the world, as well as the sad disappearance of the manifestations of a place’s character.What would a Japanese tea ceremony be without its specially crafted teapot, or a Fijian kava ritual without its bowl made from a certain type of tree bark?Let us not forget either that traditional products, whether these be medicines, cosmetics, toys, clothes, utensils or food, provide employment for local people.The spread of multinational products can often bring in its wake a loss of jobs, as people turn to buying the new brand, perhaps thinking it more glamorous than the one they are used to.This eventually puts old-school craftspeople out of work.Finally, tourism numbers may also be affected, as travellers become disillusioned with finding every place just the same as the one they visited previously.To see the same products in shops the world over is boring, and does not impel visitors to open their wallets in the same way that trinkets or souvenirs unique to the particular area do.Some may argue that all people are entitled to have access to the same products, but I say that local objects suit local conditions best, and that faceless uniformity worldwide is an unwelcome and dreary prospect.剑10 4-1The diagrams below show the life cycle of a species of large fish called the salmon.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.Salmon begin life as eggs on a pebbly riverbed, hidden among reeds in the slow-moving upper reaches of a river.After five to six months the eggs hatch into “fry”.For approximately the next four years, these baby salmon will live in the lower, faster-flowing waters of their river.During this time they measure between three and eight centimetres in length.By the time salmon reach twelve to fifteen centimetres, they are termed ‘smolt’, and at this time they migrate further downriver into the open sea.After five years at sea the salmon will have grown to adult size, which is between seventy and seventy-six centimetres.They then begin swimming back to their birthplace, where they will lay their eggs, and the cycle startsanew.In summary, the salmon passes through three distinct physical stages as it grows to maturity.Each of these stages takes place in a very different aquatic location.It is noteworthy that the first two stages of this fish’s life occur in a freshwater environment, while the third stage is lived in saltwater.。
剑桥英语8雅思考官范文(大作文+小作文)
剑8 1-1The pie chart below shows the main reasons why agricultural and land becomes less productive. Th table shows how these causes affected thress regions of the world during the 1990s.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The pie chart shows that there are four main causes of farmland becoming degraded in the world today. Globally 65% of degradation is caused by too much animal grazing and tree clearance, constituting 35% and 30% respectively. A further 28% of global degradation is due to over-cultivation ofcrops. Other causes account for only 7% collectively.These causes affected different regions differently in the 1990s, with Europe having as much as 9.8% of degradation due to deforestation, while the impact of this on Oceania and North America was minimal, with only 1.7% and 2% of land affected respectively. Europe with the highest overall percentage of land degraded(23%),also suffered from over-cultivation(7.7%) and over-grazing(5.5%). In contrast, Oceania had 13% of degraded farmland and this was mainly due to over-grazing(11.3%). North America had a lower proportion of degraded land at only 5%, and the main causes of this were over-cultivation(3.3%) and , to lesser extent,over-grazing(1.5%).Overall, it is clear that Europe suffered more from farmland degradation than the other regions, and the main causes there were deforestation and over-cultivation.剑8 1-2Some people think that parents should teach children how to be good members of society. Other, however, believe that school is the place to learn this.Discuss both these views and given your own opinion.A child’s education has never been about learning information and basic skills only. It has always included teaching the next generation how to be good members of society. Therefore , this cannot be the responsibility of the parents alone.In order to be a good member of any society the individual must respect and obey the rules of their community and share their values. Educating children tounderstand the need to be obey rules and respects others always begins in the home and is widely though to be the responsibility of parents. They will certainly be the first to help children learn what is important in life, how, they are expected to behave and what role they will play in their world.However learning to understand and share the value system of a whole society cannot be achieved just in the home. Once a child goes to school,they are entering a wider community where teachers and peers will have just as much influence as their parents do at home. At school,children will experience working and living with people from a whole variety of background from the wider society. This experience should teach them how to co-operate with each other and how to contribute to the life of their community.But to be a valuable member of any community is not like learning a simple skill. It is something that an individual goes on learning throughout life and it is the responsibility of every member of a society to take responsibility for helping the younger generation to become active and able members of that society.剑8 2-1The three pie charts below show the changes in annual spending by a particular UK school in 1981,1991 and 2001.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The charts show how much a UK school spent on different running costs in three separate years 1981,1991 and 2001.In all three years, the greatest expenditure was on staff salaries. But while other workers salaries saw a fail from 28% in 1981 to only 15% of spending in 2001,teachers pay remained the biggest cost reaching 50% of total spendingin 1991 and ending at 45% in 2001.Expenditure on resources such as books had increased to 20% by 1991 before decreasing to only 9% by the end of the period. In contrast, the cost of furniture and equipment saw an opposite trend. This cost decreased to only 5% of total expenditure in 1991 but rose dramatically in 2001 when it represented 23% of the school budget. Similarly,the cost of insurance saw a rising trend, growing from only 2% to 8% by 2001.Overall, teachers’ salaries constituted the largest cost to the school, and while spending increased dramatically for equipment and insurance, there were corresponding drops in expenditure on things such as books on other wokers’salaries.剑8 3-2Increasing the price of petrol is the best way to solve growing traffic and pollution problems.To what extent do you agree or disagree?What other measures do you think might be effective?There is no doubt that traffic and pollution from vehicles have become huge problems, both in cities and on motorways everywhere. Solving these problems is likely to need more than a simple rise in the price of petrol.While it is undeniable that private car use is one of the main causes of the increase in traffic and pollution.higher fuel costs are unlikely to limit the number of drivers for long. As this policy would also affect the cost of public transport, it would be very unpopular with everyone who needs to travel on the roads. But there are various other measures that could be implemented thatwould have a huge effect on these problems.I think to tackle the problem of pollution, cleaner fuels need to be developed. The technology is already available to produce electric cars that would be both quieter and cleaner to use. Persuading manufacturers and travellers to adopt this new technology would be a more effective strategy for improving are quality,especially in cities.However, traffic congestion will not be solved by changing the type of private vehicle people can use. To do this, we need to improve the choice of public transport services available to travellers. For example, if sufficient sky trains and underground train systems were built and effectively maintained in our major cities, then traffic on the roads would be dramatically reduced. Long-distance train and coach services should be made attractive and affordable alternatives to driving your own car for long journeys.In conclusion, i think that long-term traffic and pollution reductions would depend on educating the public to use public transport more, and on governments using public money to construct and run efficient systems.。
剑桥大学雅思写作范文
剑桥大学雅思写作范文一、题目：Some people think that universities should provide graduates with the knowledge and skills needed in the workplace. Others think that the true function of a university should be to give access to knowledgefor its own sake, regardless of whether the course is useful to an employer. What, in your opinion, should be the main function of a university?范文：Well, when it comes to the main function of a university, it's really a tricky question. There are those who firmly believe that universities should be like a factory churning out graduates armed with workplace ready knowledge and skills. And there's some sense in that. After all, when students graduate, they've got to face the real world, and if they don't have the practical know how, they might be in for a rough ride.For example, in fields like engineering or computer science, if students don't learn the latest software or engineering techniques that are actually used in companies, they could find themselves at a loss when they start their jobs. It's like learning to drive a car only in theory and then being expected to compete in a Formula 1 race it just doesn't work!On the other hand, there are those who argue that universities should be all about pure knowledge, just for the sake of it. This view also hasits charm. Think about it. Universities have been places of great intellectual exploration for centuries. There are so many areas of study that might not seem "useful" at first glance, like ancient languages or some esoteric branches of philosophy. But these areas of study are what make human civilization rich and diverse.For instance, the study of ancient Greek philosophy might not directly land you a high paying job at a big corporation, but it enriches our understanding of how we think, where our ideas come from, and how society has evolved over time. It's like adding beautiful colors to the canvas of human knowledge.In my humble opinion, a university should be a bit of both. It should offer practical courses that get students ready for the job market. But it should also be a haven for the pursuit of pure knowledge. Universities should encourage students to study what they love, whether it's something "useful" or not. Because you never know, that "useless" knowledge today might turn out to be the key to a major breakthrough tomorrow. And at the same time, by equipping students with workplace skills, universities are also ensuring that their graduates can contribute to society in a more immediate way. So, it's a delicate balance that universities need to strike, like a tightrope walker trying not to fall on either side.二、题目：In some countries, young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this.范文：Hey, you know, this idea of taking a gap year between high school and university, it's kind of a big deal these days. There are some really cool advantages to it.First off, if a young person decides to work during that year, they can earn some money. And let me tell you, money is not a bad thing to have when you're about to start university. You can use it to buy all those textbooks that cost an arm and a leg. For example, I had a friend who worked in acoffee shop during his gap year. He not only made enough to cover his first year textbook expenses but also had some left over for a nice holiday.Traveling during the gap year is also super exciting. It broadens your horizons like nothing else. You get to see different cultures, taste different foods, and meet all kinds of interesting people. Imagine going to Thailand and learning about their unique religious festivals, or going to Italy and feasting on the most delicious pizza and pasta while chatting with the locals. It's like opening a whole new world of experiences that you just can't get from textbooks.However, there are some downsides too. One big problem is that some young people might lose their study momentum. If they take a year off to just travel and have fun, it can be really hard to get back into the study groove. It's like taking a long break from running and then trying to run a marathon all of a sudden.Also, there's the issue of uncertainty. What if something goes wrong during the gap year? Maybe you don't find a good job, or your travel plans fall through due to unforeseen circumstances. This can be really stressful and might even make you question your decision to take a gap year in the first place.All in all, I think taking a gap year can be a great adventure for young people, but they've got to be careful. They need to plan well and make sure they don't forget about their long term goal of getting a good education at university. It's like walking on a thin line between having a great time and not messing up your future educational prospects.。
剑桥雅思考官范文汇总
AGREE&DISAGREE剑三TEST 2When a country develops its technology, the traditional skills and ways of life die out. It is pointless to try and keep them alive.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?Overall, I disagree with the opinion expressed. I would like to begin by pointing out that …traditional skills and ways of life‟ are not automatically of one country, but of a culture or community. 34In many ways, the history of civilization in the history of technology: from the discovery of fire to the invention of the wheel to the development of the Internet, we have been moving on from previous ways of doing things. Some technologies, such as weapons of mass destruction, are of negative impact. Others, such as medical advances, positively help people to live better or longer, and so very much help traditional ways of life. Surely, few people would seek to preserve such traditions as living in caves. 87 Interestingly, technology can positively contribute to the keeping alive of traditional skills and ways of life. For example, the populations of some islands are too small to have normal schools. Rather than breaking up families by sending children to the mainland, education authorities have been able to use the Internet to deliver schooling online. In addition, the Internet, and modern refrigeration techniques, are being used to keep alive the traditional skills of producing salmon; it can now be ordered from, and delivered to, anywhere in the world. 87In conclusion, without suggesting that all technology is necessarily good, I think it is by no means …pointless‟, in any way, to try to keep traditions alive with technology. We should not ignore technology, because it can be our friend and support our way of life. 46254OPINION 剑三TEST 3In many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work. Some people regard this as completely wrong, while others consider it as valuable work experience, important for learning and taking responsibility.What are your opinions on this?The issue of children doing paid work is a complex and sensitive one. It is difficult to say who has the right to judge whether children working is …wrong‟ or …valuable‟. Opinions will also differ as to …learning‟ benefits: no doubt teach ers and factory owners, for example, would have varying concerns. 51An important consideration is the kind of work undertaken. Young children doing arduous and repetitive tasks on a factory production line, for example, are less likely to be …learning‟ than older children helping in an old people‟s home. There are health and safety issues to be considered as well. It is an unfortunate fact that many employers may prefer to use the services of children simply to save money by paying them less than adults and it is this type of exploitation that should be discouraged. 86However, in many countries children work because their families need the additional income, no matter how small. This was certainly the case in the past in many industrialized countries, and it is very difficult to judge that it is wrong for children today to contribute to the family income in this way. 52Nevertheless, in better economic circumstances, few parents would choose to send their children out to full-time paid work. If learning responsibilities and work experience are considered to be important, then children can acquire these by having light, part-time jobs or even doing tasks such as helping their parents around the family home, which are unpaid, but undoubtedly of value in children‟s development. 62251WHICH/WHAT/HOW剑四TEST2Happiness is considered very important in life.why is it difficult to define?what factors are important in achieveing happiness?Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.Happiness is very difficult do define, because it means so many different things to different people. While some people link happiness to wealth and material success, others think it lies in emotions and loving personal relationships. Yet others think that spiritual paths, rather than either the material world or relationships with people, are the only way to true happiness. 59Because people interpret happiness for themselves in so many different ways, it is difficult to give any definition that is true for everyone. However, if there are different kinds of happiness for different individuals then the first step in achieving it would be to have a degree of self-knowledge. A person needs to know who he or she is before being able to know what it is that makes him or her happy. 73Of course, factors such as loving relationships, good health, the skills to earn a living and a peaceful environment all contribute to our happiness too. But this does not meanthat people without these conditions cannot be happy. 38Overall, I think an ability to keep clear perspectives in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness. By that I mean an ability to have a clear sense of what is important in our lives (the welfare of our families, the quality of our relationships, making other people happy, etc.) and what is not (a problem at work, getting annoyed about trivial things, etc.). 66Like self-awareness, this is also very difficult to achieve, but I think these are the two factors that may be the most important for achieving happiness. 26大作文Test3 7分Creative artists should always be given the freedom to express their own ideas(in words, pictures, music or film) in whichever way they wish. There should be no government restrictions on what they do.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?I agree with the statement that there should be no government restriction on creative artists who express themselves in the way they do and that they must be given freedom for the same. Expression has always been the keynote in a person‟s life. It is the result of mere expression of our thoughts that we are able to communicate. Restrictions on how we present our thoughts is senseless.Creative artists play a major role in our society, be it the government, old peolple, the youth or the children. Their works enlighten our minds, no matter if is sactual or entertainment based. It is diserving that after a days‟ work when we want to take some time off for ourselves, we look out for some leisure. For instance: either pleasant music or a family movie which soothes the mind. Entertainment give us an overview of a new side of life which every individual respects. There is almost everything good in what is given to us through the media world which is made up of artists.On the contrary sometimes these artists tend to be unscrupuous. They convert rumours into facts and present them before us. This might impair the reputation of some illustrious people in today‟s society. On such occasions, certain restrictions are understandable. Nevertheless we all do know what is right or wrong. Rules and regulations not always are the solution to how artists present their own ideas. Hence it is doltish to be impetuous and the government should enforce alternative ways to control the media.Respect for ones ideas is not only hypothetical but must be practised. It is through respect that each one of us can be recognised as a unique person in the world. This can be achieved by looking at the bright side of what media i.e. the creative artists display for us. Not a day can go by when we don‟t look out for colourful dreams and a beautiful life which we can find either through music, poetry, films, pictures; everything that the creative artist offer us.TEST4In many countries schools have severe problems with student behaviour.What do you think are the causes of this?what solutions can you suggest?Poor student behaviour seems to be an increasingly sidespread problem and I think that modern lifestyles are probably responsible for this.In many countries, the birth rate is decreasing so that families are smaller with fewer children. These children are often spoilt, not in terms of love and attention because working parents do not have the time for this, but in more material ways. They are allowed to have whatever they want, regardless of price, and to behave as they please. This means that the children grow up without consideration for others and without any understanding of where their standard of living comes from.When they got to school age they have not learnt any self control or discipline. They have less respect for their teachers and refuse to obey school rules in the way that their parents did.Teachers continually complain about this problem and measures should be taken to combat the situation. But I think the solution to the problem lies with the families, who need to be more aware of the future consequences of spoiling their children. If they could raise them to be considerate of others and to be social, responsible individuals, the whole community would benefit.Perhaps parenting classes are needed to help them to do this, and high quality nursery schools could be established that would support families more in terms of raising the next generation. The government should fund this kind of parental support, because this is no longer a problem for individual families, but for society as a whole.Test BSome people believe that children should be allowed to stay at home and play until they are six or seven years old. Others believe that it is important for young children to go to school as soon as possible.What do you think are the advantages of attending school from a young age?In many places today, children start primary school at around the age of six or seven. However, because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunity for children to stay in their own home up to that age. Instead, they will probably go to a nursery school when they are much younger.While some people think this may be damaging to a child‟s development, or to a child‟s relationship with his or her parents, in fact there are many advantages to having school experience at a young age.Firstly, a child will learn to interact with a lot of different people and some children learn to communicate very early because of this. They are generally more confident and independent than children who stay at home with their parents and who are not used to strangers or new situations. Such children find their first day at school at the age of sixvery frightening and this may have a negative effect on hwo they learn.Another advantage of going to school at an early age is that children develop faster socially. They make friends and learn hwo to get on with other children of a similar age. This is often not possible at home because they are the only child, or because their brothers or sisters are older or younger.So overall, I believe that , attending school from a young age is good for most children. They still spend plenty of time at home with their parents,so they can benefit from both environments.剑桥5大作文Test2In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this.It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after graduating from high school. The trend is not restricted to rich students who have the money to travel, but is also evident among poorer students who choose to work and become economically independent for a period of time.The reasons for this trend may involve the recognition that a young adult who passes directly from school to university is rather restricted in terms of general knowledge and experience of the world. By contrast, those who have spent some time earning a living or travelling to other places, have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on. They tend to be more independent, which is a very important factor in academic study and research, as well as giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges of student life.However, there are certainly dangers in taking time off at that important age. Young adults may end up never returning to their studies or finding it difficult to readapt to an academic environment. They may think that it is better to continue in a particular job, or to do something completely different from a university course. But overall, I think this is less likely today, when academic qualifications are essential for getting a reasonable career.My view is that young people should be encouraged to broaden their horizons. That is the best way for them to get a clear perspective of what they are hoping to do with their lives and why. Students with such a perspective are usually the most 0effective and motivated ones and taking a year off may be the way to gain this.TEST4Researc indicates that the characterisitcs we are born with have much more influence on our personality and development than any experiences we may have in our life.Which do you consider to be the major influence?Tonday the way we consider human psychology and mental development is heavily influenced by the genetic sciences. We now understand the importance of inherited characteristics more than ever before. Yet we are still unable to decide whether an individual‟s personality and development are more influenced by genetic factors (nature) or by the environment(Nurture).Research, relating to identical twins, has highlighted hwosignificant inherited characteristics can be for and individual‟s life. But whether these characteristics are able to develop within the personality of an individual surely depends on whether the circumstances allow such a development. It seems that the experiences we have in life are so unpredictable and so powerful, that they can boost or over-ride other influences, and there seems to be plenty of research findings to confirm this.My own view is that there is no one major influence in a person‟s life. Instead, the traits we inherit from our parents and the situations and experiences that we encounter in life are constantly interacting. It is the interaction of the two that shapes a person‟s personality and dictates how that personality develops. If this were not true, then we would be able to predict the behaviour and character of a person from the moment they were born.In conclusion, I do not think that either nature or nurture is the major influence on a person, but that both have powerful effects. How these factors interact is still unknown today and they remain largely unpredictable in a person‟s life.TEST ASome people believe that children are given too much free time. They feel that this time should be used to do more school work.How do you think children should spend their free time?To large extent ,I believe that children are given too much free time.Free time in my opinion refers to time not spent under the direct supervision of a parent, teacher or a person enthrusted with the responsibility of bringing up the child.Such time is often spent on several things such as watching television, playing with friends, going to parties, doing home work, playing games on their own amongst others Amongst all of the above, a child could either be influenced by his or her peer group especially when left without attention or be influenced by what he or she watches on television most of which are those not meant to be viewed by the child‟s age group.In my opinion, most of the formative years of a child should be spent doing school work, engaging in recreational activities that would develop the child emotionally and mentally. I believe this strongly because at a young age, a child is quick to grasp most of all that is seen or heard.For instance, a child who is not used to doing more school work usually referred to as house work.TESTBNowadays we are producing more and more rubbish.why do you think this is happening?what can government do to help reduce the amount of rubbish produced?I think it is true that in almost every country today each household and family produces a large amount of waste every week. Most of this rubbish comes from the packaging from the things we buy, such as processed food. But even if we buy fresh food without packaging, we still produce rubbish from the plastic bags used everywhere to carry shopping home.The reason why we have so much packaging is that we consume so much more on a daily basis than families did in the past. Convenience is also very important in modern life, so we buy packaged or canned food that can be transported from long distances and stored until we need it , fist in the supermarket, and then at home.However, I think the amount of waste produced is also a result of our tendency to use something once and throw it away. We forget that even the cheapest plastic bag has used up valuable resources and energy to produce. We also forget that it is a source of pollution and difficult to dispose of.I think, therefore, that governments need to raise this awareness in the general public. Children can be educated about environmental issues at school, but adults need to take action. Governments can encourage such action by putting taxes on packaging, such as plastic bags, by providing recycling services and by finding households and shops that do not attempt to recycle their waste.With the political will, such measures could really reduce the amount of rubbish we produce. Certainly nobody wants to see our resources used up and our planet poisoned by waste.DISCUSSION 剑六TEST1Today, the high sales of popular consumer goods reflect the power of advertising and not the real needs of the society in which they are sold.To what extent do you agree or disagree?Nowadays, there are lots of advertisements on television or on the streets. Some people think that the advertising boosts the sales of goods and it encourages people to buy things unnecessarily. This arguments may be true. In my country, many advertising companies produce advertisements with famous and popular actors or singers. People, especially youngsters, buy goods that their favourite singer advertise, although they do not really need the products.Also, on the television screen, a product may look gorgeous and good quality. As aresult of it, people often buy goods without enough consideration. Consumers may not actually need it but they buy goods impulsively soon after they watch the advertising. Furthermore, as many customers buy a particular product due to its advertising campaign, the other people may be affected by the trend, even if the product is not of the real needs of the society.On the other hand,there are various aspects against these arguments. Moreover, it is people‟s choice to make a decision to buy goods. Advertising may be not a cause of customers‟buying habits. Individuals have their own spending habits. If they have got enough disposable income, then the right to make a decision is given to them. No one actually can judge whether the goods sold are the real needs of the society or not.In addition, as there should be a limited amount of disposable income consumers are able to spend, people try to allocated their budgets, They cannot be simply swayed by those advertisements.In conclusion, as customers have their own strong opinions and standard of good quality goods, it is better to leave them to make their own decision in buy good. It is fairly difficult to say everyone is swayed by advertising and buy good impulsively. However, in sensitive area of businesses such as toy industries, it may be necessary to band advertising to those children have not got enough ability to control themselves or to know what they need.TEST 2Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important professions. Some people think this is fully justified while others think it is unfair.Discuss both views and give your own opinion.As a result of constant media attention, sports professionals in my country have become stars and celebrities, and those at the top are paid huge salaries. Just like movie stars, they live extravagant lifestyles with huge houses and cars. 39Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists, or even leading politicians who have the responsibility of governing the country. However, sports salaries are not determined by considering the contribution to society a person makes, or the level of responsibility he or she holds. Instead, they reflect the public popularity of sport in general and the level of public support that successful stars can generate. So the notion of “fairness” is not the issue. 86Those who feel that sports stars‟ salaries are justified might argue that the number of professionals with real talent is very few, and the money is recognition of the skills and dedication a person needs to be successful. Competition is constant and a player is tested every time they perform in their relatively short career. The pressure from the media is intense and there is little privacy out of the spotlight. So, all of these factors may justify the huge earnings. 81Personally, I think that the amount of money such sports stars make is more justifiedthan the huge earnings of movie stars, but at the same time, it indicates that our society places more value on sport than on more essential professions and achievements. 4439+44+86+81=250TEST4Some people prefer to spend thier lives doing the same things and avoiding change. Others , however, think that change is always a good thing.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.Over the last half century the pace of change in the life of human beings has increased beyond our wildest expectations. This has been driven by technological and scientific breakthroughs that are changing the whole way we view the world on an almost daily basis. This means that change is not always a personal option, but an inescapable fact of life, and we need to constantly adapt to keep pace with it.Those people who believe they have achieved some security by doing the same, familiar things are living in denial. Even when people believe they are resisting change themselves, they cannot stop the world around them from changing. Sooner or later they will find that the familiar jobs no longer exist, or that the …safe‟ patterns of behaviour are not longer appropriate.However, reaching the conclusion that change is inevitable is not the same as assuming that …change is always for the better.‟ Unfortunately, it is not always the case that new things are promoed because they have good impacts for the majority of people. A lot of innovations are made with the aim of making money for a few. This is because it is the rich and powerful people in our society who are able to impose changes(such as in working conditions or property developmens ) that are in their own interests.In conclusion, I would say that change can be stimulating and energising for individuals when they pursue it themselves, but that all change, including that which is imposed on people, does not necessarily have good outcomes.Test B task2Using a computer every day can have more negative than positive effects on young children. Do you agree or disagree?I tend to agree that young children can be negatively affected by too mcuh time spent on the coumputer every day. This is partly because sitting in front of a screen for too long can be damaging to both the eyes and the physical posture of a young child, regardless of what they are using the computer for.However, the main concern is about the type of computer activities that attractchildren. These are often electronic games that tend to be very intense and rather violent. The player is usually the …hero‟of the game and too much exposure can encourage children to be self-centred and insensitive to others.Even when children use a computer for other purposes, such as getting information or emailing friends, it is no substitute for human interaction. Spending time with other children and sharing non-virtual experiences is and important part of a child‟s development that cannot be provided by a computer.In spite of this, the obvious benefits of computer skills for young children cannot be denied. Their adult world will be changing constantly in terms of technology and the Inerent is the key to all the knowledge and information available in the world today. Therefore it is important that children learn at an early age to use the equipment enthusiastically and with confidence as they will need these skills throughout their studies and working lives.I think the main point is to make sure that young children do not overuse computers. Parents must ensure that their children learn to enjoy other kinds of activity and not simply sit at home, learning to live in a virtual world.剑7Test 3-Task 2It is generally believed that some people are born with certain talents, for instance sports or music, and others are not. However, it is sometimes claimed that any child can be taught to become a good sports person or musician.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.MODEL ANSWERThis model has been prepared by an examiner as an example of a very good answer. However, please note that this is just one example out of many possible approaches.The relative importance of natural talent and training is a frequent topic of discussion when people try to explain different levels of ability in, for example, sport, art or music.Obviously, education systems are based on the belief that all children can effectively be taught to acquire different skills, including those associated with sport, art or music. So from our own school experience, we can find plenty of evidence to support the view that a child can acquire these skills with continued teaching and guided practice.However, some people believe that innate talent is what differentiates a person who has been trained to play a sport or an instrument, from those who become good players. In other words, there is more to the skill than a learned technique, and this extra talent cannot be taught, no matter how good the teacher or how frequently a child practices.I personally think that some people do have talents that are probably inherited viatheir genes. Such talents can give individuals a facility for certain skills that allow them to excel, while more hard-working students never manage to reach a comparable level. But, as with all questions of nature versus nurture, they are not mutually exclusive. Good musicians or artists and exceptional sports stars have probably succeeded because of both good training and natural talent. Without the natural talent, continuous training would be neither attractive nor productive, and without the training, the child would not learn how to exploit and develop their talent.In conclusion, I agree that any child can be taught particular skills, but to be really good in areas such as music, art or sport, then some natural talent is required.《剑七》议论文：Topic : Some people belive that there should be fixed punishments for each type of crime . Others , however , argue that the circumstances of an individual crime , and the motivation for committing it , should always be taken into account when deciding on the punishment .Discuss both these views and give your own opinion .Answer : Band 7.5Fixing punishments for each type of crime has been a debatable issue . There are many arguments supporting both views , those for and those against fixed punishments .On the one hand , fixed punishments will have a deterring effect on society . Individuals knowing that they will be subject to a certain punishment if they are convicted with a given crime , will reconsider committing this act in the first place .This deterring effect also leads to social stability and security , through minimising the number of crimes committed .If people knew they would be able to convince the court or the jury of a reason for having committed the crime they are accused of , penal decisions would be largely arbitrary . This would result into criminals getting away with their crimes and into a high level of injustice caused by the subjective approach of different courts .On the other hand , taking the circumstances of a crime and its motivation into consideration is a prerequisite for establishing and ensuring justice and equity .A person killing in self-defense can not be compared to a serial killer , moving from one victim to the next . In my opinion an intermediary position between both solutions is the perfect way to establish and ensure justice and equity .There has to be fixed punishment for all crimes . However , criminal laws have to provide for a minimum and maximum for the punishment and the laws also have to foresee certain cases of exemptions .。
剑桥雅思1-7考官范文_大作文
Topic: Environmental problems should be solved by the government instead of individuals and private companies. To what extent do you agree or disagree?Environmental protection is no doubt a major issue confronting the modern society with the development of new technologies and the explosion of world population. While the issue is certainly relevant to each individual citizen and all the companies, some people contend that only the government should be concerned about protecting the environment. I concede that the government should lead the efforts in addressing the environmental problems. Nevertheless, cooperation and participation from the corporations and individual citizens are essential as well.There is no doubt that the government is the agency that should play the leading roles in solving the environmental problems. To begin with, with the power to collect taxes from individual citizens and private companies, the government have the financial resources that are necessary to deal with environmental issues. In addition, the government may formulate policies to provide incentives for the companies and individuals to reduce the amount of pollution caused by their activities. Finally, the government is the only institution that may enact laws related to environmental problems.On the other hand, without the cooperation and participation of individual citizens and private companies, the government's efforts to protect the environment would not be effective. For example, the government may launch a campaign to educate the public about the desirability of driving compact cars for reducing the air pollution. The campaign would make little difference if the individuals pay little attention to the information or do not care about the environment at all. Nor would the government's goal be achieved if the car manufacturers do not produce more compact cars for the market. In other words, the government alone cannot solve the problem of environment. It takes the collaborative efforts from individual and corporate citizens to improve the situation.In conclusion, I agree that the government should take the responsibility to lead the society in addressing the problems of environmental pollution as it has the power and resources necessary to do so. Nonetheless, individual citizens and private companies have to be engaged if the government is to accomplish anything. Topic: Should the media report crimes in details?Nowadays the media often cover news of crimes such as murder, rape and armed robbery in great details. While such information may warn the public of the potential danger and help reduce crimes, providing too much information about crimes might lead to certain negative side effects. In my opinion, the information about crimes should be made accessible to the public but the media should refrainfrom reporting crimes in an irresponsible manner.To begin with, there is no doubt that people should have the right to information about crimes committed in a community. If someone in the neighbourhood were murdered, the chance of other people being killed would also increase. The people should be notified of the event as well as any actions the authorities had taken immediately. Any attempts to block the news about the crimes would violate people's right to know the truth. Yet, the necessity of informing the public does not mean full details have to be disclosed.Admittedly, the best way to alert the public about a recent crime being committed is through the reporting by the media. Most of us read newspaper and watch TV news everyday. But there are a number of reasons why the media should only report the crimes briefly and let any interested parties follow up with the events by themselves. To begin with, the details of the crimes may cause discomfort and even panic among the members of the public. This is particularly true for the young children in the society. In addition, the time on TV and the space on the newspaper are scarce resources that can be utilized in many different ways. Therefore, the detailed reporting of the crimes would incur high opportunity costs as the public attention would have been directed to other important issues such as education and environment. Finally, the full information about crimes may be made available through the police or other government agencies so that anyone interested in the events may consult the records. Such arrangement would be less costly compared to reporting the details via the media.In conclusion, since crimes are relevant to each and every member of the society, the media should report the events as soon as possible to alert the public and to help prevent more crimes. Nevertheless, the reports of crimes should be relatively brief in order to avoid public panic and to save the precious TV time and newspaper space. Furthermore, anyone who wants to know more about certain events should be allowed to consult the government agencies for suchTopic: When people move to a new country, they should accept the local culture as their own. Do you agree or disagree ?It is common nowadays for people to move to a new country as immigrants to seek new opportunities for work or to get married. For new immigrants, one of the major issues is to what extent they should accept the local culture as their own. While it is important for the newcomers to follow the local rules and convention in order to adapt to the new environment and start their new lives, I believe that it is beneficial to both the immigrants and their host countries if the new members bring in their own culture and lifestyle for the sake of cultural diversity.To begin with, new immigrants would make more smooth transition to their new life if they understand how the society of their host countries works and behaveaccordingly. To consider a simple example, when an American moves to England, she will have to drive on the left side of the road following the English customs. Otherwise, she will immediately find herself either in a severe accident or in jail for breaking the traffic laws. By the same token, a Mexican woman who immigrates to America will have to try to develop her English proficiency in order to better communicate with the local people whose native language is English. Nonetheless, as I will argue later on, following the local convention in one's daily life is one thing, but accepting the local culture as one's own is quite another.For the American who is now living in England, even though she has to obey all the English laws, she can still choose to retain her American identity and lifestyle. For example, she may cook American food at home and dine with her friends in American-style restaurants. In addition, she can still speak to her children with her American accent and teach her children American values. This is also true for the Mexican woman who moved to America.In fact, it is now generally acknowledged that cultural diversity should be considered a strength for a nation as people from different backgrounds will have a chance to learn from one another. For example, the American immigrant who cook American food at home might also share with her English neighbors the American recipes and help bring the American cuisine to an English dinner table. The Mexican woman who takes English courses in the local community college may also tutor her American classmates who are learning Spanish or studying Mexican culture. In conclusion, people who choose to immigrate to a different country may face great challenges and opportunities as they adapt to the new environment. It is true that they need to make the efforts to learn the new rules and culture of the host country. But they should also be encouraged to retain their own cultures and lifestyles as new members of a more diverse society.The life expectancy is longer in many countries. However, there is not enough respect for the elderly people. What are the causes and what are your solutions?Modern medical technologies and health care systems have significantly increased the life expectancy of people around the world. Unfortunately, however, the elderly people, while enjoying longer lives, do not always get the respect they deserve from the society. There are many factors causing this phenomenon. In this essay, I would focus on the lack of communication between the elderly people and other members of the society and propose a few possible solutions to address the issues.The main reason why the elderly are not well respected is that they often fail to communicate with other members in the society effectively. As they retire and leave their job positions, they lose the opportunities to get the most up-to-dateinformation on different aspects of life. They often find it difficult to talk with younger people who are more familiar with the latest development of the society. In addition, the younger people often communicate with one another using the lastest technologies such as mobile phones SMS (short messages services), e-mail and instant messengers. Once the younger people get used to these new gadgets, they lose the patience to talk to the elderly face-to-face.To address the issue of the lack of respect, the elderly people should be provided more opportunities to acquire the latest information about the world and the society. They need to learn how to surf the Internet and use the newest technologies to communicate with other people. The local community colleges may offer courses like "New Tools for Interpersonal Communication" specifically designed for the senior citizens. Moreover, the software designers and the mobile phone manufacturers should take the elderly people's needs into consideration when they work on the design of the interface of the devices to make their products more "elderly-friendly". Of course, introducing new technologies to the elderly alone cannot solve the problem. It is important to remember the elderly need more than medical services. They also need younger people to accompany them, to hear their stories and to be there for them. Therefore, the younger people should be engaged to pay more attention to the elderly if we want to improve the communication between the elderly and the younger people. Community centers for the elderly should be built to bring the old people and the younger people together in two ways. Firstly, more younger people may be hired to simply spend time with the eldely. Secondly, the community centers may also introduce certain programs to attract volunteers from local high schools and universities. Such programs may help encourage more people to care about the elderly.In conclusion, there are many factors causing the problem of the elderly lacking respect from the younger people. The communication failure between the elderly and the younger people is one of the major issues. To address this problem, efforts should be made to introduce new technologies and to bring more younger people, employees and volunteers, to the elderly.Some people prefer to spend their lives doing the same things and avoding change. Others, however, think that change is always a good thing.Discuss both these view and give your own opinion.Over the last half century the pace of change in the life of human beings has increased beyond our wildest expectations. This has been driven by technological and scientific breackthroughs that are changing the whole way we view the world on almost daily basis. This means that change is not always a personal option, but an inescapable fact of life, and we need to constantly adapt to keep pace to it.Those people who believe they have achieved some security by doing the same, familiar things are living in denial. Even when people believe they are resisting change themselves, they cannot stop the world around them from changing. Sooner or later they will find that the familiar jobs no longer exist, or that the 'safe' patterns of of behavior are no longer appropriate.However, reaching the conclusion that change is evitable is not the same as assuming that change is always for the better. Unfortunately, it is not always the case that new things are prompted because they habe good impacts for the majority of people.A lot of innovations are made with the aim of making money for a few. This is because it is the rich and powerful peple in our society who are able to impose changes (such as in working conditions or property developments) that are in their interests.In conclusion, I would say that change can be stinulating and ebergizing for individuals when they pursue it themselves, but that all change, including which is imposed on people, does not necessarily have good outcomes.In many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work. Some people regard this as completely wrong, while others consider it as valuable work experience, important for learning and taking responsibility.What are your opinions on this?The issue of children doing paid work is a complex and sensitive one. It is difficult to say who has the right to judge whether children working is 'wrong' or 'valuable'. Opinions will also differ as to 'learning' benefits; no doubt teachers and factory owner, for example, would have varying concerns.An important consideration is the kind of work undertaken. Young children doing arfuous and repetitive tasks ona factory production line, for example, ar eless likely to be 'learning' than older children helping in an old people's home. There are health can safety issues to be considered as well. It is an unfortunate fact that many employers may prefer to use the services of children simply to save money by paying them less than adults and it is this type of exploitation that should be discouraged.However, in many countries children work because their families need the additional income, no matter how small. This was certainly the case in the past in many industrialized countries, and it is very difficult to judge that it is wrong for children today to contribute to the family income in this way.Neverthless, in better economic circumstances, few parents would choose to sendtheir children out to full-time paid work. If learning responisbilities and work experience are cnosidered to be important, then children can acquire these by having light, part-time paid work or even doing tasks such as helping their parents around the family home, which are unpaid, the undoubtedly of value in children's development.Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence on your personality and development than any experiences we may have in our life.Which do you consdier to be the major influence?Today the way we consider human psychology and mental development is heavily influenced by the genetic sciences. We now understand the importance of inhereited characteristics more than ever before. Yet we are still unable to decide whether an individual's personality and development are more influenced by genetic factors (nature) or by the envrionment (nurture).Research, relating to identical twins, has highlighted how significant inherited characteristics can be for an individual's life. But whether these characteristics are able to develop within the personality of an individual surely depends on whether the circumstances allow such a development. it seems that the experiences we have in life are so unpredictable and so powerful, that they can boost or over-ride other influences, and there seems to be plenty of research findings to confirm this.My own view is that there is no one major influence in a person's life. Instead, the traits, we inherit from our parents and the situations and experiences we have in life are constantly interacting. It is the interacting of the two that shapes a person's personality and dictates how that personality develops. If this were not true, then we would be able to predict the behaviour and character of a person from the moment they were born.In conclusion, I do not think that either nature or nurture is the major influence on a person, but that both have powerful effects. How these factors interact is still unknown today and they remain largely unpredictable in a person's life. Happiness is considered very important in life. Why is it difficult to define? What factors are important in achieving happiness? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.Happiness is very difficult to define, because it means so many different things to different people. While some people link happiness to wealth and material success, others think it lies in emotions and loving personal relationships. Yet others think that spiritual paths, rather than either the material world or relationships withpeople, are the only way to true happiness.Because people interpret happiness for themselves in so many diferent ways, it is difficult to give any definition that is true for everyone. however, if there are different kinds of happiness for different individuals then the first step in achieving it would be to have a degree of self-knowledge. A person needs to know who he or she is before being able to know what it is that makes him or her happy.Of course, factors such as loving relationships, good health, the skills to earn a living and a peaceful environment all contribute to our happiness too. But this does not mean that people without these conditions cannot be happy.Overall, I think an ability to keep clear perspectives in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness. By that I mean an ability to have a clear sense of what is important in our lives (the welfare of our families, the quality of our relationships, maing other people happy, etc.) and what is not ( a problem at work, getting annoyed about trivial things, etc.).Life self-awareness, this is also very difficult to achieve, but I think these ar ethe two factors that may be most important for achieving happiness.As most people spend a major part of their adult life at work, job satisfaction is an important element of individual wellbeing. what factors contribute to job satisfaction? How realistic is the expectation of job satisfaction for all workers? Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge or experience.Nowadays many adults have full-time jobs and the proportion of their lives spent doing such jobs is very high. So feelings about one's job must reflect how an individual feels about his or her life as a whole, and because of this, job satisfaction is indeed very important for the wellbeing of that person.Employees get job satisfaction in a number of ways. Firstly, a person needs to feel that they are doing valued and valuable work, so positive feedback from superior is very important in his respect. A sense of fulfillment is also encouraged if a worker feels the job is worth doing because it contributes to the society or the economy as a whole. Secondly, when someone feels they are improving or developing their skills through training opportunities, for example, then there is a sense of progress and purpose that rewards a worker. The sense of belonging to a team or a working community also contributes to job satisfaction because colleagues help each other to enjoy their working lives. Satisfaction is also increased by a sense of responsibility for the loyal to a team.Of course not everyone enjoys their work. Hard economic realities mean that manypeople have little choice in the kind of job they can get. In some cases an employees is working in a job that suits neither their skills nor their personality. Some jobs are repetitive and boring, and labor relations may be poor and lead to resentment and insecurity rather than to job satisfaction.However, even though it is unlikely that all workers do feel happy in their work, I think it is not unrealistic to promote more job satisfaction in any job. If the factors identified above implemented, then any job can be improved and more workers can feel greater degrees of job satisfaction.Successful sports professionals can earn a great deal more money than people in other important professions. Some people think this is fully justified while others think it is unfair. Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.As a result of contant media attention, sports professionals in my country have become stars and celebrities, and those at the top are paid huge salaries. Just like movie stars, they live extravagant lifestyles with huge houses and cars.Many people find their rewards unfair, especially when comparing these super salaries with those of top surgeons or research scientists, or even leading politcians who have the responsibility of governing the country. However, sports salaries are not determined by considering the contribution to society a person makes, or the level of responsibility he or she holds. Instead, they reflect the public popularity of sport in general and the level of public support that successful stars can generate. So the notion of "fairness" is not the issue.Those who feel that sports stars are justified might argue that the number of professionals with real talent are very few, and the money is a recognition of the skills and dedication a person needs to be successful. Competition is constant and a player is tested every time they perform in their relatively short career. The pressure from the the media is intense and there is little privacy out the the spotlight. So all of these factors may justify the huge earnings.Personally, I think that the amount of money such sports stars is more justified than the huge earnings of movie stars, but at the same time, it indicates that our society places more value on sport than on more essential professional and achievements.In some countries young people ar encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies.Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this. It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after graduating from high school. The trend is not restricted to richstudents who have the money to travel, but is also evident among poorer students who choose to work and become economically independent for a period of time.The reaons for this trend may involve the recognition that a young adult who passes directly from school to university is rather restricted in terms of general knowledge and experience of the world. By contrast, those who have spent some time earning a living or travelling to other places, have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on. They tend to be more indpendent, which is very important factor in academic study and research, as well as giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the chanllenges of student life.However, there are certainly dangers in taking time off at the important age. Young adults may end up never returning to their studies or finding it difficult to readapt to an academic environment. They may think that it is better to continue in a particular job, or to do something completely different from a university course. But overall, I think this is less likely today, when academic qualifications are essential for getting a reasonable career.My view is that young people should be encouraged to broaden their horizons. That is the best way for them to get a clear perspective of what they are hoping to do with their lives and why. Students with such a perspective are usually the most effective and motivated ones and taking a year off may be the best way to gain this. It's generally believed that some people are born with certain talents, for instance for sport or music, are others are not. However, it is sometimes claimed that any child can be taught to become a good sports person or musician.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.The relative importance of natural talent and training is a frequent topic of discussion when people try to explain different levels of ability in, for example, sport, art or music.Obviously, education systems are based on the belief that all children can effectively be taught to acquire different skills, including those associated with sport, art or music. So from our own school experience, we can find plenty of evidence to support the view that a child can acquire these skills with continuted teaching and guided practice.Howver, some people believe that innate talent is what differentiates a person who has been trained to play a sport or an intrusment, from those who become good players. In other words, there is more to the skill than to a learned technique, and this extra talent cannot be taught, no matter how good the teacher or how frequent a child practices.I personally think that some people do have talents that are probably inherited via their genes. Such talents can give individuals a facility for certain skills that allow them to excel, while more hard-wokring students never manage to reach a comparable level. But, as with all questions of nature versus nurture, they are not mutually exclusive. Good musicians or artists and exceptional sports star have probably succeeded because of both good training and natural talent. With the natural talent, continuous training would be neither attractive nor productive, and without the training, the child would not learn hotw to exploit and develop their talent.In conclusion, I agree that any child can be taught particular skills, but to be really good in areas such as music, art or sport, then some natural talent is required.The subjects and lesson contents are decided by the authorities such as the government. Some people argue that teachers should make the choice. To what extent do you agree or disagree?It has long been argued amid the community: Which one counts more, authority or academy? Notwithstanding the fact that our current pedagogy is so much clinging to the central committee, the educational system is in a blockbuster amount of outcry for reform. Does the temporary system still embrace rationality? Or is it the ripe juncture to refurnish it out and out? I personally took a deep look in it.In the showdown between authority and academy, the former arguably outweighs the latter. Politics is a compulsory course in all kinds of enrollment examinations as well as all levels of educational institutions. The government, or a commander-in-chief to be vivid, needs to be held accountable for the stability of society. Education is by all means an almighty tool to incubate a behaving generation. With social development gaining momentum, a farsighted power base generally with a broader scope than the individuals, needs to build up particular majors specializing in fledgling domains involving cleaning energy, high-tech innovation, interpretation, to name but a few. Trained personnel in such fields are usually more fit into the society.Arguments being articulated above though, academy-oriented teaching methodology is so far stillreputed for its own merits. With teachers gaining more says in selecting knowledge, the students will presumably be inculcated with a more objective perception of the curriculum. Without authority barging in, the possibility of the impartiality being jeopardized is excluded for the mission of serving the regime is no longer valid. Only under such circumstance can the intrinsic value of the subject be authentically and manifested to the thirsty learners in an untangled manner. An untarnished and pristine academic ambience is colossally demanding by numerous pundits for the sake of equity and truth.。
剑桥雅思真题考官范文剑4-剑7大小作文汇总
剑四小作文Test1The table gives a breakdown of the different types of family who were living in poverty in Australia in 1999.On average, 11% of all households,comprising almost two million people, were in this position. However, those consisting of only one parent or a single adult had almost double this proportion of poor people, with 21% and 19% respectively.Couples generally tended to be better off, with lower poverty levels for couples without children(7%) than those with children(12%). It is noticeable that for both types ofhousehold with children, a higher than average proportion were living in poverty at this time.Older people were generally less likely to be poor, though once again the trend favoured elderly couples(only 4%) rather than single elderly people(6%).Overall the table suggests that households of single adults and those with children were more likely to be living in poverty than those consisting of couples.TEST 3小作文The chart gives information about post-school qualifications in terms of the different levels of further education reached by men and women in Australia in 1999.We can see immediately that there were substantial difference in the proportion of men and women at different levels. The biggest gender difference is at the lowest post-school level, where 90% of those who held a skilled vocational diploma were men, compared with only 10% of women. By contrast, more women held undergraduate diplomas(70%) and marginally more women reached degree level(55%).At the higher levels of education, men with postgraduate diplomas clearly outnumbered their female counterpa rt (70% and 30%, respectively), and also constituted 60% of Master’s graduates.Thus we can see that more men than women hold qualifications at the lower and higher levels of education, while more women reach undergraduate diploma level than men. The gender difference is smallest at the level of Bachelor’s degree, however.剑桥5小作文2The first graph shows that there is a gradual decrease in study for career reasons with age. Nearly 80% of students under 26 years, study for their career. This percentage gradually declines by 10-20% every decade. Only 40% of 40-49 yr olds and 18% of over 49yr olds are studying for career reasons in late adulthood.Conversely, the first graph also shows that study stemming from interest increases with age. There are only 10% of under 26 yr olds studying out of interest. The percentage increases slowly till the beginning of the fourth decade, and increases dramatically in late adulthood. Nearly same number of 40-49yr olds study for career and interest. However 70% of over 49yr olds study for interest in comparison to 18% studying for career reasons in that age group.The second graph shows that employer support is maximum(approximately 60%) for the under 26yr students. It drops rapidly to 32% up to the third decade of life, and then increases in late adulthood up to about 44%. It is unclear whether employer support is only for career-focused study, but the highest level is for those students who mainly study for career purposes.3The map shows two proposed locations for a new supermarket for the town of Garlsdon.The first potential location (S1) is outside the town itself, and is sited just off the main road to the town of Hindon, lying 12 kms to the north-west. This site is in the countryside and so would be able to accommodate a lot of car parking. This would make it accessible to shoppers from both Hindon and Garlsdon who could travel by car. As it is also close to the railway line linking the two towns to Cransdon(25km to the south-east), a potentially large number of shoppers would also be able to travel by train.In contrast, the suggested location, S2, is right in the town centre, which would be good for local residents. Theoretically the store could be accessed by road or rail from the surrounding towns, including Bransdon, but as the central area is a no-traffic zone,cars would be unable to park and access would be difficult.Overall, neither site is appropriate for all the towns, but for customers in Cransdon, Hindon and Garlsdon, the out-of-town site(S1) would probably offer more advantages.47分The table shows the details regarding the underground railway systems in six cities. London has the oldest underground railway systems among the six cities. It was opened in the year 1863, and it is already 140 years old. Paris is the second oldest, in which it was opened in the year 1900. This is was then followed by the opening of the railway systems in Tokyo, Washington DC and Kyoto. Los Angeles has the newest underground railway system. And was only opened in the year 2001. In terms of the size of the railway systems, London, for certain, has the largest underground railway systems. It has 394 kilometres of route in total, which is nearly twice as large as the system in Paris. Tokyo, in contrast, has the smallest system. It only has 11 kilometres of route, which is more than 30 times less than that of London.Interestingly, Tokyo, which only has 155 kilometers of route, serves the greatest number of passengers per year, at 1927 millions passengers. The system in Paris has the second greatest number of passengers, at 1191 millions passengers per year. The smallest underground railway system, Tokyo, serves the smallest number of passengers per year as predicted.In conclusion, the underground railway systems in different cities vary a lot in the size of the system, the number of passengers served per year and in the age of the system.剑六TEST1小作文The graph shows how the amount of water used worldwide changed between 1900 and 2000. Throughout the century, the largest quantity of water was used for agricultural purposes, and this increased dramatically from about 500km to around 3000 km in the year 2000. Water used in the industrial and domestic sectors also increased, but consumption was minimal until mid-century. From 1950 onwards, industrial use grew steadily to just over 1000km, while domestic use rose more slowly to only 300km, both far below the levels of consumption by agriculture.The table illustrates the differences in agricultural consumption in some areas of the world by contrasting the amount of irrigated land in Brazil(26500km) with that in the D.R.C (100km). This means that a huge amount of water is used in agriculture in Brazil, and this is reflected in the figures for water consumption per person: 359m compared with only 8m in the Congo. With a population of 176 million, the figures for Brazil indicate how high agricultural water consumption can be in some countries.TEST3The first diagram shows that there are four main stages in the life of the silkworm. First of all, eggs are produced by the moth and it takes ten days for each egg to become a silkworm larva that feeds on mulberry leaves. This stage lasts for up to six weeks until the larva produces a cocoon of silk thread around itself. After a period of about three weeks, the adult moths eventually emerge from these cocoons and the life cycle begins again.The cocoons are the raw material used for the production of silk cloth. Once selected. they are boiled in water and the threads can be separated in the unwinding stage. Each thread is between 300 and 900 metres long, which means they can be twisted together, dyed and then used to produce cloth in the weaving stage.Overall, the diagrams show that the cocoon stage of the silkworm can be used to produce silk cloth through a very simple process.TEST41We are given two charts which show us a few sets of data about the marital status of the Amercians between 1970 and 2000.The first chart compares the number of marriages and divorces in the United States of America between 1970 and 2000. We can see that data is given for each decade; the number of people who are getting married decreased slightly since 1980, as well as the divorces one. Nevertheless, divorces increased between 1970 and 1980.The second chart is more precise about the different martial status of the Americans between the 1970 and 2000. The number of divorced people has risen more than the double during this two years, and the data for the never married people has also increased significantly. However , less and less people are married,as the first chart showed us; the widowed American number is also decreasing.As a conclusion, we can say that the marital status background of the Americans has maybe known the greatest change it had ever seen.剑桥雅思 7Test 2Writing task 1Topic requestThe graph below shows the consumption of fish and some different kinds of meat in a European country between 1979 and 2004.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.Model answerThe graph illustrates changed in the amounts of beef, lamb, chicken and fish consumed in a particular European country between 1979 and 2004.In 1979 beef was by far the most popular of these foods, with about 225 grams consumed per person per week. Lamb and chicken were eaten in similar quantities (around 150 grams), while much less fish was consumed (just over 50 grams).However, during this 25-year period the consumption of beef and lamb fell dramatically to approximately 100 grams and 55 grams respectively. The consumption of fish also declined, butmuch less significantly to just below 50 grams, so although it remained the least popular food, consumption levels were the most stable.The consumption of chicken, on the other hand, showed an upward trend, overtaking that of lamb in 1980 and that of beef in 1989. By 2004 it had soared to almost 250 grams per person per week.Overall, the graph shows how the consumption of chicken increased dramatically while the popularity of these other foods decreased over the period.剑桥雅思 7Test 4Writing task 1Topic requestThe pie charts below show units of electricity production by fuel source in Australia and France in 1980 and 2000.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.Model answerThe chart compare the sources of electricity in Australia and France in the years 1980 and 2000. Between these years electricity production almost doubled, rising from 100 units to 170 in Australia, and from 90 to 180 units in France.In 1980 Australia used coal as the main electricity source (50 units) and the remainder was produced from natural gas, hydro power (each producing 20 units) and oil (which produced only 10 units). By 2000, coal had become the fuel for more than 75% of electricity produced and only hydro continued to be another significant source supplying approximately 20%.In contrast, France used coal as a source for only 25 units of electricity in 1980, which was matched by natural gas. The remaining 40 units were produced largely from oil and nuclear power, with hydro contributing only 5 units. But by 2000 nuclear power, which was not used at all in Australia, had developed into the main source, producing almost 75% of electricity, at 126 units, while coal and oil together produced only 50 units. Other sources were no longer significant. Overall, it is clear that by 2000 these two countries relied on different principal fuel sources: Australia relied on coal and France on nuclear power.剑三C3- Test 2 P28-P162When a country develops its technology; the traditional skills and ways of life die out. It is pointless to try and keep them alive.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?Overall, I disagree with the opinion expressed. I would like to begin by pointing out that ‘traditional skills and ways of life’ are not automatically of one country, but of a culture or community.In many ways, the history of civilisation is the history of technology: from the discovery of fire to the invention of the wheel to the development of the Internet, we have been moving on from previous ways of doing things. Some technologies, such as weapons of mass destruction, are of negative impact. Others, such as medical advances, positively help people to live better or longer, and so very much help traditional ways of life. Surely, few people would seek to preserve such traditional as living in caves!Interestingly, technology can positively contribute to the keeping alive of traditional skills and ways of life. For example, the populations of some islands are too small to have normal schools. Rather than breaking up families by sending children to the mainland, education authorities have been able to use the Internet to deliver schooling online. In addition, the Internet, and modern refrigeration techniques, are being used to keep alive the traditional skills of producing salmon; it can now be ordered from, and delivered to, anywhere in the world.In conclusion, without suggesting that all technology is necessarily good, I think it is by no means ‘ pointless’, in any way, to try to keep traditions alive with technology. We should not ignore technology, because it can be our friend and support our way of life.剑桥C3, Test3, P74-P164You should spend about 40 minutes on this task. Present a written argument or case to an educated reader with no specialist knowledge of the following topic.· In many countries children are engaged in some kind of paid work. Some people regard this ad completely wrong, while others consider it as valuable work experience, important for learning and taking reposibility.· What are your opinions on this? You should use your own ideas, knowledge and experience and support your arguments with examples and relevant evidence.You should write at least 250 words.The issue of children doing paid work is a complex and sensitive one. It is difficult to say who has the right to judge whether children work ing is "wrong” or "valuable”. Opinions will also differ as to "learning "benefits: no doubt teachers and factory owners, for example, would you have varying concerns.An important consideration is the kind of work undertaken. Young children doing arduous and repetitive tasks on a factory production line, for example, are less likely to be ‘learning’ than older children helping in an old people’ home. There are health and safety issues to be considered as well. It is an unfortunate fact that many employers may prefer to use the services of children simply to save money by paying them less than adults and it is this type of exploitation that should be discouraged.However, in many countries children work because their families need the additional income, no matter how small. This was certainly the case in the past in many industrialized countries, and it is very difficult to judge that it is wrong for children today to contribute to the family income in thisway.Nevertheless, in better economic circumstances, few parents would choose to send their children out to full-time paid work. If learning responsibilities and work experience are considered to be important, then children can acquire these by having light, part-time jobs or even doing tasks such as helping their parents around the family home, which are unpaid, but undoubtedly of value in children's development.Test A P113-P168Some people believe that children’s leisure activities must be educational; otherwise they are a complete waste of time.Do you agree or disagree？Today, education has become a priority for many parents seeking to secure a good future for their children in this rapidly changing world. They believe that if their children apply themselves and work hard at school, then they will increase their opportunities for going to higher education and eventually getting a good job. Of course they are right, and as access to the best education and best jobs is becoming more competitive, then it is true that children have to make the best of their study time when they young.However, the parents who do not allow their children sufficient free time for leisure activities outside school hours, are misguided. Such activities are far from being a waste of time for the children simply because they are not academic. It is important to remember that children need to develop skills other than intellectual ones, and the best way to do this is through activities such as sports, games and playing with other kids. If they cannot play make-believe games, how can they develop their imagination? How can they learn physical co-ordination or learn important social lessons about winning and losing if they do not practise any sports? Many children form strong, personal relationship with friends they play with, and without the opportunity to do this, they could grow up emotionally immature or unformed.Finally, I think it is also important to remember that children need to relax as well as work. If everything they do must have some educational or academic relevance, then they will soon get tired of studying altogether, which is the last thing parents would want. (255)剑四C4 –Test 2 P55-P165Happiness is considered to be very important in life.Why is it difficult to define?What factors are important in achieving happiness?Happiness is very difficult to define, because it means so many different things to different people. While some people link happiness to wealth and material success, others think it lies in emotions and loving personal relationships. Yet others think that spiritual paths, rather than either the material world or relationships with people, are the only way to true happiness. Because people interpret happiness for themselves in so many different ways, it is difficult to give any definition that is true for everyone. However, if there are different kinds of happiness fordifferent individuals then the first step in achieving it would be to have a degree of self-knowledge. A person needs to know who he or she is before being able to know what it is that makes him or her happy.Of course, factor such as loving relationships, good health, the skills to earn a living and a peaceful environment all contribute to our happiness too. But this does not mean that people without these conditions cannot be happy.Overall, I think an ability to keep clear perspectives in life is a more essential factor in achieving happiness. By that I mean an ability to have a clear sense of what is important in our lives (the welfare of our families, the quality of our relationships, making other people happy, etc.) and what is not (a problem at work, getting annoyed about trivial things, etc.).Like self-awareness, this is also very difficult to achieve, but I think these are the two factors that may be the most important for achieving happiness.C4, P101-169In many countries schools have severe problems with student behaviour.What do you think are the cause of this?What solutions can you suggest?Poor student behaviour seems to be increasingly widespread problem and I think that modern lifestyles are probably responsible for this.In many countries, the birth is decreasing so that families are smaller with fewer children. These children are often spoilt, not in terms of love and attention because working parents do not have the time for this, but in more material ways. They are allowed to have whatever they want, regardless of price, and to behave as they please. This means that the children grow up without consideration for others and without any understanding of where their standard of living comes from.When they get to school age they have not learnt any self control or discipline. They have less respect for their teachers and refuse to obey school rules in the way that their parents did.Teachers continually complain about this problem and measures should be taken to combat the situation. But I think the solution to the problem lies with the families, who need to be more aware of the future consequences of spoiling their children. If they could raise them to be considerate of others and to be social, responsible individuals, the whole community would benefit.Perhaps parenting classes are needed to help them to do this, and high quality nursery schools could be established that would support families more in terms of raising the next generation. The government should fund this kind of parental support, because this is no longer a problem for individual families, but for society as a whole.C4 G Test BP129-P173Some people believe that children should be allowed to stay at home and play until they are sixor seven years old. Others believe that it is important for young children to go to school as soon as possible.What do you think are the advantages of attending school from a young age?In many places today, children start primary school at around the age of six or seven. However, because it is more likely now that both parents work, there is little opportunity for children to stay in their own home up to that age. Instead, they will probably go to a nursery school when they are much younger.While some people think this may be damaging to a child’s development, or to a child’s relationship with their parents, in fact there are many advantages to having school experience at a young age.Firstly, a child will learn to interact with a lot of different people and some children learn to communicate very early because of this. They are generally more confident and independent than children who stay at home with their parents and who are not used to strangers or new situations. Such children find their first day at school at the age of six very frightening and this may have a negative effect on how they learn.Another advantage of going to school at an early age is that children develop faster socially. They make friends and learn how to get on with other children of a similar age. This is often not possible at home because they are the only children, or because their brothers or sisters are older or younger.So overall, I believe that, attending school from a young age is good for most children. They still spend plenty of time at home with their parents, so they can benefit from both environments.剑五Test 2 P53- P165剑五范文In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people to do this.It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after graduating from high school. This trend is not restricted to rich students who have the money to travel, but is also evident among poorer students who choose to work and become economically independent for a period of time.The reasons for this trend may involve the recognition that a young adult who passes directly from school to university is rather restricted in terms of general knowledge and experience of the world. By contrast, those who have spent some time earning a living or traveling to other places have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on. (Furthermore,) They tend to be more independent, which is a very important factor in academic study and research, as well as giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges of student life.However, there are certainly dangers/risks in taking time off at that important age. Young adults may end up never returning to their studies or finding it difficult to readapt to an academic environment. They may think that it is better to continue in a particular job, or to do something completely different from a university course. But overall, I think this is less likely today, when academic qualifications are essential for getting a reasonable career.My view is that young people should be encouraged to broaden their horizons. That is the best way for them to get a clear perspective of what they are hoping to do with their lives and why. Students with such a perspective are usually the/tend to be the most effective and motivated ones and taking a year off may be the best way to gain this.TEST4 P99 P169Nature VS. nurtureToday(剑五范文)Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence on our personality and development than any experiences we may have in our life.Today the way we consider human psychology and mental development is heavily influenced by the genetic sciences. We now understand the importance of inherited characteristics more than ever before. Yet we are still unable to decide whether an individual's personality and development are more influenced by genetics factors (nature) or by the environment (nurture).Research, relating to identical twins, has highlighted how significant inherited characteristics can be for an individual's life. But whether these characteristics are able to develop within the personality of an individual surely depends on whether the circumstances allow such a development. It seems that the experiences we have in life are so unpredictable and so powerful, that they can boost or over-ride other influences, and there seems to be plenty of research findings to confirm this.My own view is that there is no one major influence in a person's life. Instead, the traits we inherit from our parents and the situations and experiences that we encounter in life are constantly interacting. It is the interaction of the two that shapes a person's personality and dictates how that personality develops. If this were not true, then we would be able to predict the behaviour and character of a person from the moment they were born.In conclusion, I do not think that either nature or nurture is the major influence on a person, but that both have powerful effects. How these factors interact is still unknown today and they remain largely unpredictable in a person's life.General training P127 P173剑五范文Nowadays we are producing more and more rubbish. Why do you think this is happening? What can governments do to help reduce the amount of rubbish produced?I think it is true that in almost every country today each household and family produces a large amount of waste every week. Most of this rubbish comes from the packaging from the things we buy, such as processed food. But even if we buy fresh food without packaging, we still producerubbish from the plastic bags used everywhere to carry shopping home.The reason why we have so much packaging is that we consume so much more on a daily basis than families did in the past. Convenience is also very important in modern life, so we buy packaged or canned food that can be transported from long distances and stored until we need it, first in the supermarket, and then at home.However, the amount of waste produced is also a result of our tendency to use something once and throw it away. We forget that even the cheapest plastic bag has used up valuable resources and energy to produce. We also forget that it is a source of pollution and difficult to dispose of.I think, therefore, that governments need to raise this awareness in the general public. Children can be educated about environmental issues at school, but adults need to take action. Governments can encourage such action by putting taxes on packaging, such as plastic bags, by providing recycling services and by fining households and shops that do not attempt to recycle their waste.With the political will, such measures could really reduce the amount of rubbish we produce. Certainly nobody wants to see our resources used up and our planet poisoned by waste.剑六Today, the high sales of popular consumer goods reflect the power of advertising and not the real needs of the society in which they are sold. To what extent do you agree or disagree?Nowadays, there are lots of advertisements on television or on the streets. Some people think that the advertising boosts the sales of goods and it encourages people to buy things unnecessarily. This arguments may be true. In my country, many advertising companies produce advertisements with famous and popular actors or singers. People, especially youngsters, buy goods that their favourite singer advertise, although they do not really need the products.Also, on the television screen, a product may look gorgeous and good quality. As a result of it, people often buy goods without enough consideration. Consumers may not actually need it but they buy goods impulsively soon after they watch the advertising. Furthermore, as many customers buy a particular product due to its advertising campaign, the other people may be affected by the trend, even if the product is not of the real needs of the society.On the other hand, there are various aspects against these arguments. Moreover, it is people’s choice to make a decision to buy goods. Advertising may be not a cause of customers’ buying habits. Individuals have their own spending habits. If they have got enough disposable income, then the right to make a decision is given to them. No one actually can judge whether the goods sold are the real needs of the society or not.In addition, as there should be a limited amount of disposable income consumers are able to spend, people try to allocate their budgets. They cannot be simply swayed by those advertisements.In conclusion, as customers have their own strong opinions and standard of good quality goods, it is better to leave them to make their own decision in buy goods. It is fairly difficult to say everyone is swayed by advertising and buy good impulsively. However, in sensitive area of businesses such as toy industries, it may be necessary to band advertising to those children as children have not got enough ability to control themselves or to know what they need. (332 words)。
剑桥雅思12test2大作文考官范文
剑桥雅思12test2大作文考官范文Some people believe that it is important to protect all wild animals. Others believe that it is only important to protect some, not all, wild animals. The survival of wild animals is intricately connected to the health and balance of our planet. They play indispensable roles in maintaining biodiversity, regulating ecosystems, and providing crucial resources for human societies. While it is evident that all life forms deserve respect and consideration, the question of whether we should prioritize the protection of all wild animals or focus oncertain species requires careful examination. Advocates for the protection of all wild animals argue that each species, regardless of its perceived value or abundance, contributes to the intricate web of life. They emphasize the intrinsic value of biodiversity, arguing that every species has a right to exist and that the loss of even a single species can have unforeseen and potentially detrimental consequences. They highlight the interconnectedness of ecosystems, where the decline of one species can trigger a domino effect, impacting other species and disrupting the delicate balance of the environment. Furthermore, proponents of universal protection emphasize the ethical obligation we have towards non-human life. They argue that as the dominant species on Earth, we have a moral responsibility to safeguard the existence of other creatures and ensure the continuation of the planet's rich biological heritage. However, focusing on the protection of all wild animals presents significant challenges. The sheer number of species, coupled with limited resources and competing human interests, makes it practically impossible to implement comprehensive conservation strategies for all creatures. Furthermore, some argue that prioritizing certain species, particularly those deemed endangered or critically threatened, can be a more effective and efficient approach. Advocates for targeted conservation efforts argue that focusing resources on species facing imminent threats of extinction allows for more impactful interventions and maximizes the return on investment. They point to the success stories of species-specific conservation programs that have successfully brought animals back from the brink of extinction. Moreover, they argue that focusing on keystone species, whose roles are crucial for the health of entire ecosystems, can have a cascade effect, benefiting a wider range oforganisms. Ultimately, the question of whether to prioritize the protection of all wild animals or focus on specific species involves complex considerations. While the intrinsic value of biodiversity and the ethical obligation to protect all life forms are compelling arguments, the practical challenges and the potential for more effective targeted interventions cannot be ignored. A balanced approach, one that acknowledges the importance of biodiversity while recognizing the limitations of resources and the need for strategic prioritization, is essential for navigating this complex issue. It is crucial to recognize that conservation efforts are not solely about preserving individual species but about safeguarding the intricate web of life that sustains us all. By embracing a holistic perspective, one that considers ecological, ethical, and practical considerations, we can strive towards a future where both human societies and the natural world thrive in harmony.。
剑桥英语5雅思考官范文(大作文+小作文)
剑5 1-1The graph below shows the proportion of the population aged 65 and over between 1940 and 2040 in three different countries.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The graph shows the increase in the ageing population in Japen, Sweden and the USA. It indicates that the percentage of elderly people in all three countries is expected to increase to almost 25% of the respective populations by the year 2040.In 1940 the proportion of people aged 65 or more stood at only 5% in Japan, approximately 7% in Sweden and 9% in the USA. However, while the figuresfor the Western countries grew to about 15% in around 1990, the figure for Japan dipped to only 2.5% for much of this period, before rising to almost 5% again at the present time.In spite of some fluctuation in the expected percentage, the proportion of older people will probably continue to increase in the next two decades in the three countries. A more dramatic rise is predicted between 2030 and 2040 in Japan, by which time it is though that the proportion of elderly people will be similar in the three countries.剑5 2-2In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for a year between finishing high school and starting university studies. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages for young people who decide to do this.It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have a break from studying after graduating from high school. The trend is not restricted to rich students who have the money to travel, but is also evident among poorer students who choose to work and become economically independent for a period of time.The reasons for this trend may involve the recognition that a young adult who passes directly from school to university is rather restricted in terms of general knowledge and experience of the world. By contrast, those who have spent some time earning a living or traveling to other places, have a broader view of life and better personal resources to draw on. They tend to be more independent, which is a very important factor in academic study and research, as well as giving them an advantage in terms of coping with the challenges ofstudent life.However, there are certainly dangers in taking time off at that important age. Young adult may end up never returning to their studies or finding it difficult to re-adapt to an academic environment. They may think that it is better to continue in a particular job, or to do something completely different from a university course. But overall, I think this is less likely today, when academic qualifications are essential for getting a reasonable career.My view is that young people should be encouraged to broaden their horizons. That is the best way for them to get a clear perspective of what they are hoping to do with their lives and why. Students with such a perspective are usually the most effective and motivated ones and taking a year off may be the best way to gain this.剑5 3-1The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is planned for the town. The map shows two possible sites for the supermarket.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The map shows two proposed locations for a new supermarker for the town of Garlsdon.The first potential location(S1) is outside the town itself, and is sited just off the main road to the town of Hindon, lying 12 kms to the north-west. This site in the countryside and so would be able to accommodate a lot of car parking.This would make it accessible to shoppers from both Hindon and Garlsdon who could travel by car. As it is also close to the railway line linking the two towns to Cransdon (25 km to the south-east), a potentially large number of shoppers would also be able to travel by train.In contrast, the suggested location, S2, is right in the town centre, which would be good for local residents. Theoretically the store could be accessed by road or rail from the surrounding towns, including Bransdon, but as the central area is a no-traffic zone, car would be unable to park and access would be difficult.Overall, neither site is appropriate for all the towns, but for customers in Cransdon, Hindon and Garisdon, the out-of-town site (S1) would probably offer more advantages.剑5 4-2Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with have much more influence on our personality and development than any experiences we may have in our life.Which do you consider to be the major influence?Today the way we consider human psychology and mental development is heavily influenced by the genetic sciences. We now understand the importance of inherited characteristics more than ever before. Yet we are still unable to decide whether an individual’s personality and development are more influenced by genetic factors (nature) or by the environment(nurture).Research, relating to identical twins, has highlighted how significant inherited characteristics can be for an individual’s life. But whether these characteristics are able to develop within the personality of an individual surely depends onwhether the circumstances allow such a development. It seems that the experiences we have in life are so unpredictable and so powerful, that they can boost or over-ride other influences, and there seems to be plenty of research finding to confirm this.My own view is that there is no one major influence in a person’s life. Instead, the traits we inherit from our parents and the situations and experiences that we encounter in life are constantly interacting. It is the interaction of the two that shapes a person’s personality and dictates how that personality develops. It this were not true, then we would be able to predict the behaviour and character of a person from the moment they were born.In conclusion, I do not think that either nature or nurture is the major influence on a person, but that both have powerful effects. How these factors interact is still unknown today and they remain largely unpredictable in a person’s life.。
(完整版)剑桥英语9雅思考官范文(大作文+小作文)
剑9 1-2Some experts believe that it is better for children to begin learning a foreign language at primary school rather than secondary school.Do the advantages of this outweigh the disadvantages?Traditionally children have begun studying foreign languages at secondary school,but introducing them earlier is recommended by some educationalists. This policy has been adopted by some educational authorities or individual schools,with both positive and negative outcomes.The obvious argument in its favour is that young children pick up languages much more easily than teenagers. Their brains are still programmed to acquire their mother tongue, which facilitates leaning another language, and unlike adolescents, they are not inhibited by self-consciousness.The greater flexibility of the primary timetable allows for more frequent,shorter sessions and for a play-centred approach, thus maintaining learners’enthusiasm and progress. Their command of the language in late life will benefit from this early exposure, while learning other languages subsequently will be easier for them. They may also gain a better understanding of other cultures.There are,however, some disadvantages. Primary school teachers are generalists, and may not have the necessary language skills themselves. If specialists have to be brought in to deliver these sessions, the flexibility referred to above is diminished, if primary language teaching is not standardised, secondary schools could be faced with a great variety of levels in different languages within their intake,resulting in a classroom experience which undoes the earlier gains. There is no advantage if enthusiastic primarypupils become demotivated as soon as they change school.However,these issues can be addressed strategically within the policy adopted.Anything which encourage language learning benefits society culturally and economically, and early exposure to language learning contributes to this. Young children’s innate abilities should be harnessed to make these benefits more achievable.剑9 2-1The chart below shows the total number of minutes (in billions) of telephone calls in the UK, divided into three categories, from 1995-2002. Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The chart shows the time spent by UK residents on different type of telephone calls between 1995 and 2002.Local fixed line calls were the highest throughout the period, rising from 72 billion minutes in 1995 to just under 90 billion in 1998. After peaking at 90 billion the following year, these calls had fallen back to the 1995 figure by 2002.National and international fixed line calls grew steadily from 38 billion to 61 billion at the end of the period in question, though the growth slowed over the last two years.There was a dramatic increase in mobile calls from 2 billion to 46 billion minutes.This rise was particularly noticeable between 1999 and 2002, during which time the use of mobile phone tripled.To sum up, although local fixed line call were still the most popular in 2002, the gap between the three categories had narrowed considerably over the second half of the period in question.剑9 3-2Some people say that the best way to improve public health is by increasing the number of sports facilities. Others, however, say that this would have little effect on public health and that other measures are required.Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.A problem of modern societies is the declining level of health in the general population, with conflicting views on how to tackle this worrying trend. Onepossible solution is to provide more sports facilities to encourage a more active lifestyle.Advocates of this believe that today’s sedentary lifestyle and stressful working conditions mean that physical activity is no longer part of either our work or our leisure time. If there were easy-to-reach local sports centres, we would be more likely to make exercise a regular part of our lives, rather than just collapsing in front of a screen every evening. The variety of sports that could be offered would cater for all ages, levels of fitness and interests;those with painful memories of PE at school might be happier in the swimming pool than on the football pitch.However, there may be better ways of tackling this problem. Interest in sport is not universal, and additional facilities might simply attract the already fit, not those who most need them. Physical activity could be encouraged relatively cheaply, for example by installing exercise equipment in parks, as my local council has done. This has the added benefit that parents and children often use them together just for fun, which develops a positive attitude to exercise at an early age.As well as physical activity, high tax penalties could be imposed on high-fat food products, tobacco and alcohol, as excessive consumption of any of these contributes to poor health. Even improving public transport would help: it takes longer to walk to the bus stop than to the car.In my opinion,focusing on sports facilities is too narrow an approach and would not have the desired results. People should be encouraged not only to be more physically active but also to adopt a healthier lifestyle in general.剑9 4-1The graph below gives information from a 2008 report about consumption of energy in the USA since 1980 with projections until 2030.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where relevant.The graph shows energy consumption in the US from 1980 to 2012, and projected consumption to 2030.Petrol and oil are the dominant fuel sources throughout this period, with 35 quadrillion (35q) units used in 1980, rising to 42q in 2012. Despite some initial fluctuation. From 1995 there was a steady increase. This is expected to continue, reaching 47q in 2030.Consumption of energy derived from natural gas and coal is similar over theperiod. From 20q and 15q respectively in 1980, gas showed an initial fall and coal a gradual increase, with the two fuels equal between 1985 and 1990. Consumption has fluctuated since 1990 but both now provide 24q. Coal is predicted to increase steadily to 31q in 2030, whereas after 2014, gas will remain stable at 25q.In 1980, energy from nuclear, hydro-and solar/wind power was equal at only 4q.Nuclear has risen by 3q, and solar/wind by 2. After slight increase, hydropower has fallen back to the 1980 figure. It is expected to maintain this level until 2030. While the others should rise slightly after 2025.Overall, the US will continue to rely on fossil fuels, with sustainable and nuclear energy sources remaining relatively insignificant.。
(完整版)剑桥英语10雅思考官范文(大作文小作文).doc
剑10 1-2It is important for children to learn the difference between right and wrong at an early age. Punishment is necessary to help them learn this distinction.To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?What sort of punishment should parents and teachers be allowed to useto teach good behavior to children?One important stage in a child ’growths is certainly the development of a conscience, which is linked to the ability to tell right from wrong. This skill comes with time and good parenting, and my firm conviction is that punishment does not have much of a role to play in this. Therefore I have to disagree almost entirely with the given statement.To some extent the question depends on the age of the child. To punish a very young child is both wrong and foolish, as an infant will not understand what is happening or why he or she is being punished. Once the age of reason is reached however, a child can be rewarded for good behavior and discouraged from bad. This kind but firm approach will achieve more than harsh punishments, which might entail many negative consequences unintended bythe parents.To help a child learn the difference between right and wrong, teachers and parents should firstly provide good role modelling in their own behavior. After that, if sanctions are needed, the punishment should not be of a physical nature, as that merely sends the message that it is acceptable for larger people to hit smaller ones-an outcome which may well result in the child starting to bully others. Nor should the punishment be in any way cruel.Rather, teachers and parents can use a variety of methods to discipline their young charges, such as detention, withdrawal of privileges, and time-out. Making the punishment fit the crime is a useful notion. Which would see children being made to pick up rubbish they have dropped, clean up graffiti they have drawn, or apologise to someone they have hurt. In these ways responsibility is developed in the child, which leads to much better future behavior than does punishment.剑10 2-1The tables below give information about sales of Fairtrade-labelled coffee and bananas in 1999 and 2004 in five European countries.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,and make comparisons where relevant.The two tables contain sales date for Fairtrade coffee and bananas in 1999and 2004, in five nations of Europe.The first shows low-level coffee sales increasing in all five countries, albeit to widely varying degrees. In two places sales increased by the same small amount: 1.8-2 million euros in Denmark, and 0.8-1 million in Sweden. The increment was slightly larger in Belgium, from 1-1.7 million euros. Meanwhile,in Switzerland sales doubled from 3-6 million euros. Finally, in the UK therewas an enormous increase, from 1.5-20 million euros.In the second table, it is Switzerland which stands out as buying far more Fairtrade bananas than the other four countries. Swiss sales figures jumpedfrom 15-47 million euros across these five years, while in the UK and Belgium sales only grew from 1-5.5 and from 0.6-4 million euros respectively. Sweden and Denmark showed a different pattern, with fails in banana sales from 1.8-1 and 2-0.9 million euros.Comparing the two tables, it is clear that in 1999 Fairtrade coffee sales rangedfrom 0.8-3 million euros in these five countries, while banana sales also mostly cluster between 0.6 and 2 million euros, with Switzerland the outlier at a huge15 million euros. By 2004, sales figures for both products had risen across the board, except for Sweden and Demark which recorded drops in banana sales.剑10 3-2Countries are becoming more and more similar because people areable to buy the same products anywhere in the world.Do you think this is a positive or negative development?It is said that countries are becoming similar to each other because of the global spread of the same products, which are now available for purchase almost anywhere. I strongly believe that this modern development is largely detrimental to culture and traditions worldwide.A country ’s history, language and ethos are all inextricably bound up in its manufactured artefacts. If the relentless advance of international brands into every corner of the world continues, these bland packages might one day completely oust the traditional objects of a nation, which would be a loss of richness and diversity in the world, as well as the sad disappearance of the manifestations of a place’s character. What would a Japanese tea ceremonybe without its specially crafted teapot, or a Fijian kava ritual without its bowlmade from a certain type of tree bark?Let us not forget either that traditional products, whether these be medicines, cosmetics, toys, clothes, utensils or food, provide employment for local people. The spread of multinational products can often bring in its wake a loss of jobs,as people turn to buying the new brand, perhaps thinking it more glamorousthan the one they are used to. This eventually puts old-school craftspeople outof work.Finally, tourism numbers may also be affected, as travellers become disillusioned with finding every place just the same as the one they visited previously. To see the same products in shops the world over is boring, and does not impel visitors to open their wallets in the same way that trinkets or souvenirs unique to the particular area do.Some may argue that all people are entitled to have access to the same products, but I say that local objects suit local conditions best, and that faceless uniformity worldwide is an unwelcome and dreary prospect.剑10 4-1The diagrams below show the life cycle of a species of large fishcalled the salmon.Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features,and make comparisons where relevant.Salmon begin life as eggs on a pebbly riverbed, hidden among reeds in theslow-moving upper reaches of a river. After five to six months the eggs hatchinto “fry ”.For approximately the next four years, these baby salmon will live inthe lower, faster-flowing waters of their river. During this time they measure between three and eight centimetres in length.By the time salmon reach twelve to fifteen centimetres, they are termed‘smolt’, and at this time they migrate further downriver into the open sea. After five years at sea the salmon will have grown to adult size, which is between seventy and seventy-six centimetres. They then begin swimming back totheir birthplace, where they will lay their eggs, and the cycle starts anew.In summary, the salmon passes through three distinct physical stages as it grows to maturity. Each of these stages takes place in a very different aquatic location. It is noteworthy that the first two stages of this fish ’slife occur in a freshwater environment, while the third stage is lived in saltwater.。
矿产
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。
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矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及审查大纲
矿产资源开发利用方案编写内容要求及《矿产资源开发利用方案》审查大纲一、概述
㈠矿区位置、隶属关系和企业性质。
如为改扩建矿山, 应说明矿山现状、
特点及存在的主要问题。
㈡编制依据
(1简述项目前期工作进展情况及与有关方面对项目的意向性协议情况。
(2 列出开发利用方案编制所依据的主要基础性资料的名称。
如经储量管理部门认定的矿区地质勘探报告、选矿试验报告、加工利用试验报告、工程地质初评资料、矿区水文资料和供水资料等。
对改、扩建矿山应有生产实际资料, 如矿山总平面现状图、矿床开拓系统图、采场现状图和主要采选设备清单等。
二、矿产品需求现状和预测
㈠该矿产在国内需求情况和市场供应情况
1、矿产品现状及加工利用趋向。
2、国内近、远期的需求量及主要销向预测。
㈡产品价格分析
1、国内矿产品价格现状。
2、矿产品价格稳定性及变化趋势。
三、矿产资源概况
㈠矿区总体概况
1、矿区总体规划情况。
2、矿区矿产资源概况。
3、该设计与矿区总体开发的关系。
㈡该设计项目的资源概况
1、矿床地质及构造特征。
2、矿床开采技术条件及水文地质条件。