《组织学与胚胎学》教学课件:口腔与消化管
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肌 层
骨骼肌 口腔、咽、部分食管和肛门 平滑肌 大部分
内环行、外纵行
类似 粘膜下神经丛
协调肌组织舒缩
(四)
外 膜
浆 膜
(serosa)
间 皮 + 薄层ct
消化管中段 (胃和肠) 消化管上段 (咽和食管) 下段(直肠)
(腹膜脏层)
薄层ct
纤 维 膜
(fibrosa)
Histology of the Digestive System
黏膜下层
submucosa
肌层
muscularis
外膜
adventitia
(一)
1. 上皮
黏 膜
epithelium 口腔、咽、食管、肛门
复层扁平上皮 单层柱状上皮
- 保护
- 消化、吸收
2. 固有层
lamina propria
细密结缔组织
血管、淋巴管、小消化腺 免疫细胞、淋巴组织
3. 黏膜肌层
• 数量较少 • 分布舌尖 • 基部小蘑菇状 • 轻度/未角化
•Leabharlann Baidu肉眼红色小点状
• 无味蕾
• 味蕾(少)
• 数量少,6-14个 • 分布舌后部界沟前方“V”形
• 大,陷入黏膜,顶部宽而平坦 • 未角化 • 周围黏膜凹陷形成----
环沟
侧壁上皮-
味蕾
(浆液性腺泡;分泌 底-味腺导管开口水样液体,冲洗)
消化系统
消化管
消化腺
The Digestive Process
Ingestion Propulsion (movement of food)
contraction &relaxation
Taking in food through the mouth Swallowing Peristalsis – propulsion by alternate Chewing Churning in stomach Mixing by segmentation By secreted enzymes Transport of digested end products into
薄层平滑肌
muscularis mucosa
收缩 - 促进固有层
腺体分泌、血液运行
(二)
黏 膜 下 层
疏松结缔组织,丰富血管淋巴管
食管腺、十二指肠腺
构成:副交感神经元、无髓NF 功能:调节黏膜肌层收缩及腺体分泌
皱襞 (plica) 黏膜、部分黏膜下层共同凸向消化管腔
(食管、胃、小肠、大肠)
(三)
(taste bud)
味觉感受器
分布:菌状乳头、轮廓乳头上皮(最多)
软腭、咽壁、会厌(少)
构成: ① 支持细胞 ② 味细胞
- 顶端:味毛伸入味孔
- 基底:味觉NE建立突触
形态:卵圆形小体,顶端-味孔
③ 基细胞 功能: 味觉感受器
舌尖-甜咸; 舌侧-酸; 舌后部-苦
消化道的一般结构
黏膜
mucosa
Lingual papillae. (a): Section of the dorsal surface of tongue shows both filiform (FI) and fungiform papillae (F). Both types are elevations of the connective tissue (CT) covered by stratified squamous epithelium (SS), but the filiform type is pointed and heavily keratinized while the fungiform type is mushroom—shaped, lightly keratinized, and has a few taste buds. (b): Micrograph shows a single very large vallate papilla with two distinctive features: many taste buds (TB) around the sides and several small salivary glands (GL) emptying into the cleft or moat formed by the elevated mucosa surrounding the papilla. These glands continuously flush the cleft, renewing the fluid in contact with the taste buds. Both X20. H&E. 6
食管
esophagus
纵行皱襞 (黏膜、黏膜下层)
(一) 黏膜
1、上皮 未角化复层扁平上皮
2、固有层 细密结缔组织
3、黏膜肌层 纵行平滑肌束
(二) 黏膜下层
食管腺 腺泡(粘液性)
(食管腔) 导管
(三) 肌层 骨骼肌、平滑肌
纤维膜
(四) 外膜
Oesophagus
Esophagus. (a): Longitudinal section of esophagus shows mucosa consisting of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium (SS), lamina propria (LP), and smooth muscles of the muscularis mucosae (MM). Beneath the mucosa is the submucosa containing esophageal mucous glands (GL) which empty via ducts (D) onto the luminal surface. X40. H&E. (b): Transverse section showing the muscularis halfway along the esophagus reveals a combination of skeletal muscle (right) and smooth muscle fibers (left) in the outer layer, which are cut both longitudinally and transversely here. This transition from muscles under voluntary control to the type controlled autonomically is important in the swallowing mechanism. X200. H&E. 18
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion Absorption
Defecation
blood and lymph in wall of canal from body as feces
Elimination of indigestible substances
2
口 腔 oral cavity
舌(tongue)
舌背 黏膜 固有层 与 复层扁平 上皮 向表面突起→
丝状乳头
(filiform papillae)
菌状乳头
(fungiform papillae)
轮廓乳头
(circumvallate papillae)
• 数量最多 • 分布舌背、舌缘
• 圆锥形突起 • 脱落的角化细胞 舌苔
Basic Histological Layers: 1. Mucosa: a. Epithelium b. Lamina Propria c. Muscularis Mucosae 2. Submucosa: Submucosal plexus “Plexus of Meissner” 3. Muscularis: Myenteric plexus “Plexus of Auerbach 4. Serosa