英语议论文的语言特点
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英语议论文的语言特点
由于与其他文体相比,英语议论文类似英语说明文,因此,它具有英语说明文的一些语言特点,比如:时态较为统一,多用现在时;强调语言表达的客观性;尽可能指明信息来源等等。
但作为一种独立的文体,英语议论文在语言上也有一些自己特有的表达形式:
1.较多使用表达委婉语气的词语和句子
与英语说明文相比,英语议论文不仅需要说明自己的观点,而且还要让读者接受自己的观点,因此,在词语表达上除了客观之外,还必须注意委婉。
在英语中,常用虚拟语气,让步状语从句和情态动词can,could,may,might,would,should等。
请看下面两组有关“面试在招生过程中的重要性”的文字:
(1)No one should be admitted into(招收进)college without a personal interview(面试).What can admissions people(招生人员)tell from a piece of paper?They can tell nothing.Only when they see a student face to face,can they decide what kind of a person he is.
(2)Though admissions people can learn some things from a piece of paper,such as how well a person writes and what he is interested in there may be many other things that an application (申请表)can not tell but can only be seen in a personal interview.The way a person talks,the way he thinks about and answers questions,the way he reacts(反应),are all important facts of a person which can not be found on a piece of paper.
两段文字都强调“大学生入学必须面试”,但相比之下,例(2)用了情态动词,though 引导的让步状语从句等表达方式,语气较为委婉,更容易为读者所接受。
2.使用有辩论、推理等含义的连接词和过渡词等词语结构
英语议论文讲究辩论推理的条理性和逻辑性,因此,往往较多地使用这类性质的过渡词和连接词,常用的包括:since (既然),now that(既然),therefore(因而),consequently (因此),accordingly(因此),hence(因而),in that case(在那种情况下),because(因为),so(所以)。
另外,还有些句型也常出现在英语议论文中,比如:It follows that…(因而……),If…,we may conclude that…(如果……,我们可以这样下结论……),Should it be the case (如果是这样的话……),Idon't want to…,but…(我并不想……,但是……),If you admit…,then…(如果你承认……,那么……),It is true that…,but…(诚然……,但是……),Even if…(即使……)等。
下面这篇学生作文较好地使用了上述这些英语议论文常用的连接词和过渡词等词语结构,从而使文章的辩论和推理条理清晰,富有说服力:
Some people say that they will not give up smoking because they have the right to do what they want to do since smoking is not against the law.Yes,it's true that smoking does not violate (违反)the law and therefore they can do as they like,but what is equally true is that they have to be responsible for what they do at the same time. Now I don't want to bring fears to anyone,but here are some statistics(统计数字)I've just got from newspaper:Over seventy percent of the people who died of lung cancer were heavy smokers. More than thirty-five percent deformed(畸形的)babies have smoking mothers. Even if those chain smokers (一支接一支抽烟者)are not afraid for themselves,shouldn't they be afraid for their family members if they have got any?
还可以用各种句型,eg.
1)如“很多人很快就会发现,他们在物质上是富裕了,精神上却很贫乏”,可以这样达:Many people will soon find themselves rich in goods,but ragged in spirit.(注:句中rich in 与ragged in,goods与spirit具有正反对比的关系和效果。
)
2)如“利远远大于弊”,可以这样表达:
The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.(注:句中the advantages与the disadvantages 具有正反对比的关系和效果。
)
3)如“他们注意到了这些说法中的一些道理,但他们却忽视了一个重要的事实”,可以这样表达:
They have noticed a grain of truth in the statements,but have ignored a more important fact.(注:句中have noticed与have ignored,a grain of truth in the statements与a more important fact 具有正反对比的关系和效果。
)
4)如“这样做既有积极效果也有消极效果”,可以这样表达:
It will have both negative and positive effects by so doing.(注:句中negative与positive 具有正反对比的关系和效果)
5)如“我们既有与我们很为相似的朋友,又有与我们很为不同的朋友”,可以这样表达:We have friends similar to us and friends different from us.(注:句中similar to与different from具有正反对比的关系和效果)
2.排比英文中有时也使用排比句式,这种句式整齐而有气势,又不会使人感到单调。
例如,如“读书使我们聪明,锻炼使我们强健”,可以这样表达:
Reading makes us wise while exercises make us strong.
3.重复英文一般讲求简洁,因此为表达强调偶尔使用重复可以使语句的强调内容得到突出。
1)如“现在是忘掉过去一切的时候了。
现在是言归正传的时候了。
现在是为未来而奋斗的时候了”,可以这样表达:
Now is the time to forget everything in the past. Now is the time to get down to the business. Now is the time to work hard for the future.(注:此句为句首重复,重复部分为句首的now it the time to)
2)如“我们渴望成功,而且正在为成功而努力工作”,可以这样表达:
We long for success and we are working hard for success.(注:此句为句尾重复,重复的部分为句尾的for success.)
3)如“我相信我们能够成功,我相信我们也一定会成功”,可以这样表达:
I am convinced that we can succeed,and I am convinced that we must succeed.(注:and 所连接的两个语句的句首与句尾部分同时重复,重复的部分为句首的I am convinced that与句尾的succeed)
4)如“我们现在生活在一个新的时代,而一个改革充满着风险与机遇”,可以这样表达:We are now living in a new era,and a new era of reform is always full of ventures and chances.(注:and之前的句尾与and之后的句首重复,重复部分为a new era.)
4.倒装这里说的倒装不同于前述非修辞性的语法结构倒装。
非修辞性的语法结构倒装是语句的语法结构所限定的,没有自由选择的余地,只要运用需要倒装结构的句型就要采用倒装结构。
这里所说的倒装是指修辞性语义结构倒装,是进行强调的一种手段,它利用了语句句首(或句尾)的特殊位置。
例如,如“充满着风险与机遇的改革的新时代正向我们走来”,可以这样表达:
Now on coming to us is the new era of reform full of ventures and chances. 5.转义转义是一种对词语灵活运用的修辞手段,主要有比喻、拟人、夸张、反语、婉转等,比喻又包括明喻、暗喻、换喻、提喻等。
1)如要表达“过去的经历就像图片一样总是在脑海中萦绕”,英文可为:
What had been experienced in the past was always looming in memory like a picture.(注:此句采用明喻,明喻的特点是使用了like一词)
2)如要表达“我们的英语老师就是我们最好的英语辞典”,英文可为:
Our English teacher is our best English dictionary.(注:此句采用暗喻,暗喻的特点是利用事物之间的相似之处进行比喻,与明喻不同之处在于不使用like一词)
3)如要表达“我正在读莎土比亚的书呢”,英文可为:
I am reading Shakespeare.(注:此句采用换喻,换喻的特点是直接借用一事物的名称宋代替另一事物的名称,使用通过联想理解其含义,但不是所有的事物都是可以用换喻来表达的)
4)如要表达“这里需要一个帮手”,英文可为:
A hand is needed here.(注:此句采用提喻,提喻的特点是用一个事物的部分来代表事物的整体或用一个事物的整体来代表事物的部分。
这里用hand一词代表整个人)5)如要表达“巨大的不幸笼罩着整个城市”,英文可为:
A great misfortune crept over the whole city.(注:此句采用拟人。
拟人的特点是将事物人格化)
6)如要表达“这种想法可真是伟大的愚蠢”,英文可为:
This is really a great stupid idea.(注:此句采用反语。
反语的特点是故意将话反说,具有讽刺意味)
7)如要表达“我太渴望成功了。
听到成功的消息我欣喜若狂”,英文可为:
I was mad for success and on the news of success I went mad with joy.(注:此句采用夸张。
夸张的特点是为表现事物的特征故意夸大其词)
如何进行英语记叙文写作训练
高考记叙文的写作一般要求考生根据试卷中提供的情景,组织语言材料,编写成文。
一般说来,记叙文有时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和结果六要素,写作时要明白、清楚地给予表达。
写人时,要注意介绍人物的身世、经历和事迹等;叙事时,要写清事情发生与发展的过程以及事情发生的前因后果等。
进行记叙文写作训练时,应该注意以下三点:首先,要学习记叙文写作的六要素——人物、事件、时间、地点、原因和结果,在记叙文写作时要把六要素交待清楚。
据中心思想的需要确定详略,分清主次。
学习记叙文写作的人称知识,学会运用第一人称和第三人称进行写作。
其次,把阅读教学与写作指导结合起来进行训练。
结合记叙文的阅读教学,通过仿写、改写等手段,使学生的读与写融会贯通。
阅读记叙文,重在对记叙文写法的分析、阐述;学写记叙文,重在对记叙文知识运用的指导、点拨。
第三,教学生如何确定写作中心。
根据这个中心,思考能够扩展的材料有哪些,要避免写那些与中心内容无关的细节。
围绕中心,列出写作提纲。
提纲一定要包含所提供的情景要点,同时要尽量使用自己熟悉的词语与句型将其扩展成篇。
扩展时要注意写作要求的字数,防止由于字数不够而引起的扣分。
下面从三个方面来分析记叙文的写作训练:
(—)叙述的人称:
(1)第一人称叙述(First—person narrator):写作者以当事人的口气,即第一人称来叙述,把文章中的事情以“我”的所见所闻来告诉读者,用主观的表现手法,给读者一种亲切自然的感觉,如同亲身经历一样,加强了事件的可信性,直接抒发作者的思想情感,从而引起读者的共鸣。
(2)第三人称叙述(Third—person narrator):写作者从旁观者的角度来叙述事件,以客观的写作方法,能够充分反映事件中各人的感受及见解,以全知的视角来叙述。
(二)叙述的内容:
一篇记叙文应注意交代清楚事情的始末及细节,即何时、何地、何事、何人及何因(when,where,what,who and why/how),做到有条有理,使读者易于明白。
一些常见的开头及结尾
通知:
开头语: Attention, please.
May I have your attention, please?
I have an announcement to make.
结束语:
Don’t forget the time and the address.
I’m sure you will have a lot of fun.
That’s all, thank you.
欢迎词:
开头语:
Welcome to …
Now let me tell you something about …
I’m going to give you a detailed description of…
Let me show you around…
结束语:
I’m sure you’ll have a good trip.
That’s all, thank you.
写信:
开头语:
I’m glad to hear from you.
I’m writing to tell you something about…
How are you getting along with your…?
I really don’t know how to thank you for…
结束语
:Please give my best regards to...
Remember me to your parents.
I’m looking forward to hearng from you soon.
Best wishes.
附:提高英语写作分数的88个词组
1.经济的快速发展the rapid development of economy
2.人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard
3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology
4.面临新的机遇和挑战be faced with new opportunities and challenges
5.人们普遍认为It is commonly believed/ recognized that…
6.社会发展的必然结果the inevitable result of social development
7.引起了广泛的公众关注arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention
8.不可否认It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…
9.热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate
10. 有争议性的问题a controversial issue
11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument
12.一些人…而另外一些人…Some people…while others…
13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言As far as I am concerned, / Personally,
14.就…达到绝对的一致reach an absolute consensus on…
15.有充分的理由支持be supported by sound reasons
16.双方的论点argument on both sides
17.发挥着日益重要的作用play an increasingly important role in…
18.对…必不可少be indispensable to …
19.正如谚语所说As the proverb goes:
20.…也不例外…be no exception
21.对…产生有利/不利的影响exert positive/ negative effects on…
22.利远远大于弊the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。
23.导致,引起lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in
24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon
25.责任感/ 成就感sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement
26. 竞争与合作精神sense of competition and cooperation
27. 开阔眼界widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision
28.学习知识和技能acquire knowledge and skills
29.经济/心理负担financial burden / psychological burden
30.考虑到诸多因素take many factors into account/ consideration
31. 从另一个角度from another perspective
32.做出共同努力make joint efforts
33. 对…有益be beneficial / conducive to…
34.为社会做贡献make contributions to the society
35.打下坚实的基础lay a solid foundation for…
36.综合素质comprehensive quality
37.无可非议blameless / beyond reproach
39.致力于/ 投身于be committed / devoted to…
40. 应当承认Admittedly,
41.不可推卸的义务unshakable duty
42. 满足需求satisfy/ meet the needs of…
43.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information
44.宝贵的自然资源valuable natural resources
45.因特网the Internet (一定要由冠词,字母I 大写)
46.方便快捷convenient and efficient
47.在人类生活的方方面面in all aspects of human life
48.环保(的) environmental protection / environmentally friendly
49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress
50.科技的飞速更新the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology
51.对这一问题持有不同态度hold different attitudes towards this issue
52.支持前/后种观点的人people / those in fovor of the former/ latteropinion
53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence
54.在一定程度上to some extent/ degree / in some way
55. 理论和实践相结合integrate theory with practice
56. …必然趋势an irresistible trend of…
57.日益激烈的社会竞争the increasingly fierce social competition
58.眼前利益immediate interest/ short-term interest
59.长远利益. interest in the long run
60.…有其自身的优缺点…has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages
61.扬长避短Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones
62.取其精髓,取其糟粕Take the essence and discard the dregs。
63.对…有害do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to
64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息exchange ideas/ emotions/ information
65.跟上…的最新发展keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with the latest development of …
66.采取有效措施来…take effective measures to do sth
67.…的健康发展the healthy development of …
68.有利有弊Every coin has its two sides。
No garden without weeds。
69.对…观点因人而异Views on …vary from person to person。
70.重视attach great importance to…
71.社会地位social status
72.把时间和精力放在…上focus time and energy on…
73.扩大知识面expand one’s scope of knowledge
74.身心两方面both physically and mentally
75.有直接/间接关系be directly / indirectly related to…
76. 提出折中提议set forth a compromise proposal
77. 可以取代“think”的词believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that
78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担relieve stress/ burden
79.优先考虑/发展…give (top) priority to sth。
80.与…比较compared with…/ in comparison with
81. 相反in contrast / on the contrary。
82.代替replace/ substitute / take the place of
83.经不起推敲cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water
84.提供就业机会offer job opportunities
85. 社会进步的反映mirror of social progress
86.毫无疑问Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…
87.增进相互了解enhance/ promote mutual understanding
88.充分利用make full use of / take advantage of。