直译与意译,归化与异化

直译与意译，归化与异化

直译与意译之争

中国汉唐时期的"文"与"质"之争（实际上是意译与直译之争）

主张"文"的翻译家强调翻译的修辞和通顺强调译文的可读性（意译）；主张"质"的翻译家则强调翻译的不增不减，强调翻译的忠实性（直译，甚至是硬译）。

两者都有片面性。

literal translation, generally speaking, means "not to alter the original words and sentences"; strictly speaking, it strives "to keep the sentiments and style of the original".

It takes sentences as its basic units and takes the whole text into consideration at the same time in the course of translation.

Furthermore, it strives to reproduce both the ideological content and the style of the original works and retains as much as possible the figures of speech.

Free translation, also called liberal translation, is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convey the meaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figure of speech.

This approach is most frequently adopted when it is really impossible to translate the original literally.

直译与意译

直译：literal translation；意译：free translation

直译的例子：

crocodile tears 鳄鱼的眼泪；

armed to the teeth 武装到牙齿；

chain reaction 连锁反应；

gentlemen's agreement 君子协定

one country, two systems 一国两制；

The three religions and the nine schools of thought

三教九流；paper tiger 纸老虎；

Breathe one's last 断气；

go to one's external rest 安息；

the long sleep 长眠；

see Marx 见马克思；

go west 上西天；

go to heaven 上天堂；

blow out the candles 吹灯拔蜡；

kick the bucket 蹬腿

You can kick everything but you can not kick the bucket

直译不等于死译(dead translation):

街道妇女应动员起来打扫卫生。

Women in the street should be called on to do some cleaning.

"In the street" should be replaced by "in the community".

她一大早起床，进城，见到了她的公爹：

She got up early, went to the town and saw her public father.

Public father should be father in law.

意译的例子：It rains cats and dogs / at sixes and sevens /Adam's apple

句子比较：Little fish does not eat big fish

直译：小鱼不吃大鱼；意译：胳膊拧不过大腿

试译：天有不测风云，人有旦夕祸福

直译：Storms gather without warning in nature and bad luck befalls men overnight.

意译：The weather and human life are both unpredictable

更多练习：

But I hate him, and I had a feeling that he would surely lead us both to our ancestor.

Don't get cross the bridge till you get to it.

Do you see any green in my eye?

你觉得我幼稚可欺吗？

这句话带有反问语气，关键在于"green"。此处"green"不是绿色的，而是指"缺少经验的，幼稚的，好欺负的"。

Hitler was armed to the teeth when he launched the Second World War, but in a few years , he was completely defeated.

希特勒在发动第二次世界大战时是武装到牙齿的，可是不过几年，就被彻底击败了。

双语转换模式

契合式：概念（深层结构）对应，表达形式（表层结构）大体对应；

并行式：概念（深层结构）并行，表达形式（表层结构）大体并行；冲突式：概念（深层结构）相左，表达形式（表层结构）不同；

替代式：概念（深层结构）替代，表达形式（表层结构）替代；

结论

直译意译相互关联，相互补充

EX.

You've got an iron butt, and that's the secret of being a lawyer.

Ruth was upsetting the other children, so I showed her the door.

Their accent couldn't fool a native speaker.

翻译方法

直译(literal translation)

意译(free translation)

音译(transliteration)

北京--Beijing, radar--雷达

形译(formal translation)

T-shirt T恤衫, T-square丁字尺

解释性翻译

Practice

1. It's a Smoke Free Area.

直译：这是个自由吸烟区。

意译：这是个无烟区。

2. Shakespeare put his hometown on the map.

直译：莎士比亚把他的家乡放在了地图上。

意译：莎士比亚使他的家乡声名远扬。