权利与政治英语翻译

Power and Politics 权力与政治
Power and Politics
权力与政治
一、 Define power and contrast leadership and power
权力的定义以及领导和权利的对比
1、Definition 权力的定义
Power refers to a capacity that A has to influence the behavior of B so that B acts in accordance with A’s withes. A person can have power over you only if he or she controls something you desire. For instance, if you want a college degree and have to pass a certain course to get it, the people who teach you has power on you.
在组织中，权利是指能力，即A影响B的行为使得B按照A的意愿做事情。

它意味着一个人只要能控制你想要的东西就对你有权利。

例如，你想要大学学位就需要通过考试来得到它，所以那个教你课的老师就对你有权利。

2、Leadership and power 领导和权力
Contact: Leaders use power as a means of attaining group goals. Leaders achieve goals, and power is a means of facilitating their achievement.
联系：领导运用权利这个工具来达到组织的目标，权利只是一个工具。

Difference: Leadership has always been based on goals, while the power can be existed in the absence of objective conditions, as long as there is a dependency.
区别：领导始终以目标为基础，而权力可以在没有目标的情况下存在，只要有依赖性即可。

二、f ive bases of power 权利的五个层面
1、Formal Power: One has statutory rights through position.
法定权：通过组织职位所拥有的法定权利。

2、Coercive Power：It mainly through the threat or uses punishment to influence the ability of others.
强制权：强制权主要通过使用或者威胁使用惩罚手段来影响他人的能力。

3、Reward Power:Influence others by the ability to use rewarding.
奖赏权：通过奖赏的能力来影响他人。

4、Legitimate Power: It represents the rights of control and the use of organizational resources.
合法权：它代表控制的权力和使用组织资源。

5、Personal Power:This power comes from an individual personality of the one and only. In this field, two individual rights mean professional knowledge level and respect and admiration come from others .
人身权：这个权力来自于一个个体的独一无二的个性。

在这个领域里，两个个人权力的层面即专业知识和他人的尊重和钦佩。

6、Expert Power:From the influence of the professional and technical,
special skills and knowledge.
专家权：来源于专业技术、特殊技能和知识的影响力。

7、Referent Power:It is based on the identity to a desirable resources or a person’s trait.
参照权：它基于一个可取的资源或对个人特质的人认同。

三、N ine power or influence tactics九种权术和影响策略
1、Legitimacy.:Rely on a position of authority or request according to the organization's politics and rules.
合理性：依靠一个权威地位或据组织的政策和规则请求。

2、Rational persuasion: Have ideas and facts according to the logic to prove a request is reasonable.
理性劝导：依据逻辑提出观点和事实，证明一个请求是合理的。

3、Inspirational appeals:Affective commitment attract the target value, needs, hopes and ambitions
灵感上诉：用情感的承诺来发展吸引目标价值、需要、希望和抱负。

4、Consultation:Objective can increase the power and the support, enabling him or her to smoothly completed goals .
咨询：目标能够增加动力和支持，使他或她能够顺利完成任务
5、Exchange: Rewarding the target with benefits or favors in exchange for following a request
交换：用利益来奖励达到目标的人或者有利的交换请求
6、Personal. Appeal:Asking for compliance based on friendship or loyalty.个人上诉：在友谊和忠诚的基础上要求得到承诺
7、Ingratiation.Though praising, ，friendly behavior before making a request.
逢迎：使用“恭维”，称赞，友善的行为之后请求他做事。

8、e warnings, many requests, and threats.
压力：使用警告，多次要求，和威胁。

9、Coalitions: Enlisting the aid of other people to persuade the target or using the support of others as a reason for the target to agree.
联盟：争取其他人都的援助去达到目标或着将他人的支持作为理由争取使大家的目标一致。

四、the connection between sexual harassment and the abuse of power 性骚扰和滥用权力的联系
1、Definition：Unwelcome conduct of a sexual nature influence an individual's employment and create a hostile work environment.
性骚扰：那些不受欢迎的具有性实质的行为影响个人的就业和创建一个敌意的工作环境。

3、Contact：①Regardless of harassment from boss, colleague or subordinate, boss and employee relationship can best show that unequal power relations.
② Sexual harassment is ultimately the reason for abuse of power.
联系：①无论骚扰是来自于上司、同事还是下级，上司和员工的两性关系可以最好的表明不平等的权利关系。

②发生性骚扰的原因归根究底是为滥用权力。

五、 the causes and consequences of political behavior
引发政治行为的因素和政治行为结果
☆Political behavior have two parties. The one is legitimate and the other is illegitimate. Political behavior may lead to positive and negative results
政治行为分为正当政治行为和不正当政治行为。

政治行为可能会导致积极和消极的结果.
六、Apply impression management techniques
应用印象管理技术
1、It refers to the conscious control of others on impression formation process.
应用印象管理技术指有意识地控制别人对自己印象的形成过程。

2、Impression management techniques 印象管理的技术
①self-description 自我描述② herd从众
③ excuse辩解（借口）④ apologiz e 道歉
⑤ self-promotion 宣扬，自我推销⑥ Flattery吹捧
⑦ Grace 恩惠
3、the methods of letting others enjoy them 让别人喜欢自己的方法
①interes t 要了解别人感兴趣的事；
②smile 微笑；
③name 要记住名字是一个人所有语言中最美、最重要的声音；
④be a good listener, encourage others to talk about themselves;
做一个好的聆听者、鼓励别人谈论他们自己；
⑤talk about things of interest to others 谈论别人感兴趣的事；
⑥in good faith to make others think you are important.真诚地使别人觉得你是重要的；
七、Determine whether a political action is ethical判断一个政治行为是否是道德的
八、The influence of culture on the uses and perception of politics 文化在政治用途和感知方面的影响
2011-12-20。