管理学双语教学foundations of management(external environment)
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The external environment of a firm ：
At the more general level is the macro environment, which includes legal, political, economic, technological, demographic, and social and natural factors that generally affect all organizations. （宏观环境） The firm exists in its competitive environment, which is composed of the firm and competitors, suppliers, customers, new entrants, and substitutes. （竞争环境）
16
Figure 2.2
The competitive environment
New entrants 新进入者
Suppliers 供货商
Rival firms 竞争对手公司
Customers 顾客
Substitutes 替代者 ( Michael Porter, a Harvard professor and noted authority on strategic management. ) 17
2. The economy 经济
- The economic environment（经济环境） dramatically affects companies’ ability to function effectively and influences their strategic choices. - Interest and inflation rates（利率和通货膨 胀率） affect the availability and cost of capital, the ability to expand, prices, costs, and consumer demand for products. - Unemployment rates（失业率）affect labor availability and the wages the firm must pay, as well as product demand.
III.
Environmental Analysis 对环境的分析
IV. Responding to the Environment 对环境的反应 V. Choosing a Response Approach 选择反应的方法
3
Chapter 2
The External Environment 外部环境
15
II. The competitive environment 竞争环境
The competitive environment includes rivalry among current competitors, threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, power of suppliers, and power of customers.
- Social trends regarding how people think and behave have major implications for management of the labor force, corporate social actions, and strategic decisions about products and markets. - Another issue of growing concern is the protection of our natural environment.
Part Ⅰ Foundations of Management
Chapter 2 The External Environment
1
Chapter 2
The External Environment 外部环境
பைடு நூலகம்
The essence of a business is outside itself. ---Peter Drucker 企业的本质在其外。 ——彼得.德鲁克
12
3. Technology 技术
-Technological advances create new products, advanced production techniques, and better ways of managing and communicating. - In addition, as technology evolves, new industries, markets, and competitive niches develop.
20
2. Threat of new entrants Barriers to entry
进入障碍
Threat of new entrants
新加入者的威胁
- many （多）
- less serious （不严重）
- few
（少）
- more serious （较严重）
- If many factors prevent new companies from
政府（法律和法规），经济，技术，人口统计， 社会问题和自然环境。
7
Chapter 2
The External Environment
Figure2.1 The external environment of a firm
法律和政治 新进入者
经济
供应商
客户
组织
竞争环境
宏观环境
技术
竞争对手
替代者
人口
社会价值
19
2. Threat of new entrants
* Major barriers to entry are: - government policy （政府政策) - capital requirements （资本需求） - brand identification （品牌确认） - cost disadvantages （成本劣势） - distribution channels （分销渠道 ）
6
* What is macro environment? （general environment） The most general environment; includes governments, economic conditions, and other fundamental factors that generally affect all organizations.
13
4. Demographics 人口统计
*What is demographics？ Measures of various characteristics of the people who comprise groups of other social units .
14
5. Social issues and the natural environment 社会问题和自然环境
Learning Objectives学习目标
1.How environmental forces influence organizations, as well as how organizations can influence their environments.
2. How to make a distinction between the microenvironment and the competitive environment. 3. Why organizations should attend to economic and social developments in the environment. 4. How to analyze the competitive environment.
entering the industry, the threat to established firms is less serious. - If there are few such barriers to entry, the threat of new entrants is more serious. 21
-For example, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) can prevent a company from selling an unsafe or ineffective product to the public. 食品和药物管理局（FDA）
11
5. How organizations respond to environmental uncertainty.
4
Chapter 2 The External Environment
• What is external environment? （organizational environment） All relevant forces outside a firm’s boundaries, such as competitors, customers, the government, and the economy .竞争者、客户、政府和经济
1. Competitors 竞争者 Who is the competition?
- small domestic firms - overseas firms - big, new domestic companies - strong regional competitors -unusual entries such as Internet shopping
18
2. Threat of new entrants 新进入者威胁
New entrants into an industry compete with established companies. * What is barriers to entry ? - Conditions that prevent new companies from entering an industry . 阻止新企业进入 行业的因素。
10
1. Laws and regulations 政策和法规
-The government can affect business opportunities through tax laws, economic policies, and international trade rulings.
5
• What is competitive environment? （task environment） The immediate environment surrounding a firm; includes suppliers, customers, competitors, and the like. 供应商、客户、竞争者等
9
I. The macro environment 宏观环境
• The macro environment includes:
-Law and Regulations 法律和法规 -The Economy 经济 -Technology 技术 -Demographics 人口统计 -Social Issues and the Natural Environment 社会问题和自然环境
2
Chapter 2 The External Environment 外部环境 Chapter Outline
I. The Macro-environment 宏观环境 II. The Competitive Environment 竞争环境
The External Environment 外部环境
The external environment of a firm ：
At the more general level is the macro environment, which includes legal, political, economic, technological, demographic, and social and natural factors that generally affect all organizations. （宏观环境） The firm exists in its competitive environment, which is composed of the firm and competitors, suppliers, customers, new entrants, and substitutes. （竞争环境）
16
Figure 2.2
The competitive environment
New entrants 新进入者
Suppliers 供货商
Rival firms 竞争对手公司
Customers 顾客
Substitutes 替代者 ( Michael Porter, a Harvard professor and noted authority on strategic management. ) 17
2. The economy 经济
- The economic environment（经济环境） dramatically affects companies’ ability to function effectively and influences their strategic choices. - Interest and inflation rates（利率和通货膨 胀率） affect the availability and cost of capital, the ability to expand, prices, costs, and consumer demand for products. - Unemployment rates（失业率）affect labor availability and the wages the firm must pay, as well as product demand.
III.
Environmental Analysis 对环境的分析
IV. Responding to the Environment 对环境的反应 V. Choosing a Response Approach 选择反应的方法
3
Chapter 2
The External Environment 外部环境
15
II. The competitive environment 竞争环境
The competitive environment includes rivalry among current competitors, threat of new entrants, threat of substitutes, power of suppliers, and power of customers.
- Social trends regarding how people think and behave have major implications for management of the labor force, corporate social actions, and strategic decisions about products and markets. - Another issue of growing concern is the protection of our natural environment.
Part Ⅰ Foundations of Management
Chapter 2 The External Environment
1
Chapter 2
The External Environment 外部环境
பைடு நூலகம்
The essence of a business is outside itself. ---Peter Drucker 企业的本质在其外。 ——彼得.德鲁克
12
3. Technology 技术
-Technological advances create new products, advanced production techniques, and better ways of managing and communicating. - In addition, as technology evolves, new industries, markets, and competitive niches develop.
20
2. Threat of new entrants Barriers to entry
进入障碍
Threat of new entrants
新加入者的威胁
- many （多）
- less serious （不严重）
- few
（少）
- more serious （较严重）
- If many factors prevent new companies from
政府（法律和法规），经济，技术，人口统计， 社会问题和自然环境。
7
Chapter 2
The External Environment
Figure2.1 The external environment of a firm
法律和政治 新进入者
经济
供应商
客户
组织
竞争环境
宏观环境
技术
竞争对手
替代者
人口
社会价值
19
2. Threat of new entrants
* Major barriers to entry are: - government policy （政府政策) - capital requirements （资本需求） - brand identification （品牌确认） - cost disadvantages （成本劣势） - distribution channels （分销渠道 ）
6
* What is macro environment? （general environment） The most general environment; includes governments, economic conditions, and other fundamental factors that generally affect all organizations.
13
4. Demographics 人口统计
*What is demographics？ Measures of various characteristics of the people who comprise groups of other social units .
14
5. Social issues and the natural environment 社会问题和自然环境
Learning Objectives学习目标
1.How environmental forces influence organizations, as well as how organizations can influence their environments.
2. How to make a distinction between the microenvironment and the competitive environment. 3. Why organizations should attend to economic and social developments in the environment. 4. How to analyze the competitive environment.
entering the industry, the threat to established firms is less serious. - If there are few such barriers to entry, the threat of new entrants is more serious. 21
-For example, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) can prevent a company from selling an unsafe or ineffective product to the public. 食品和药物管理局（FDA）
11
5. How organizations respond to environmental uncertainty.
4
Chapter 2 The External Environment
• What is external environment? （organizational environment） All relevant forces outside a firm’s boundaries, such as competitors, customers, the government, and the economy .竞争者、客户、政府和经济
1. Competitors 竞争者 Who is the competition?
- small domestic firms - overseas firms - big, new domestic companies - strong regional competitors -unusual entries such as Internet shopping
18
2. Threat of new entrants 新进入者威胁
New entrants into an industry compete with established companies. * What is barriers to entry ? - Conditions that prevent new companies from entering an industry . 阻止新企业进入 行业的因素。
10
1. Laws and regulations 政策和法规
-The government can affect business opportunities through tax laws, economic policies, and international trade rulings.
5
• What is competitive environment? （task environment） The immediate environment surrounding a firm; includes suppliers, customers, competitors, and the like. 供应商、客户、竞争者等
9
I. The macro environment 宏观环境
• The macro environment includes:
-Law and Regulations 法律和法规 -The Economy 经济 -Technology 技术 -Demographics 人口统计 -Social Issues and the Natural Environment 社会问题和自然环境
2
Chapter 2 The External Environment 外部环境 Chapter Outline
I. The Macro-environment 宏观环境 II. The Competitive Environment 竞争环境
The External Environment 外部环境