国际经济学克鲁格曼ppt课件
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– A larger scale is more efficient: the cost per unit of output falls as a firm or industry increases output.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
7-3
Introduction (cont.)
• But there may be increasing returns to scale or economies of scale:
– This means that when inputs to an industry increase at a certain rate, output increases at a faster rate.
• Internal economies of scale occur when the cost per unit of output depends on the size of a firm.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
– When inputs to an industry increase at a certain rate, output increases at the same rate.
– If inputs were doubled, output would double as well.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
7-4
Introduction (cont.)
• For example, suppose an industry produces widgets using only one input, labor.
• Consider how the amount of labor required depends on the number of widgets produced.
Chapter 7
External Economies of Scale and the International Location of Production
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Preview
7-7
Economies of Scale and Market Structure
• Economies of scale could mean either that larger firms or a larger industry would be more efficient.
• External economies of scale occur when cost per unit of output depends on the size of the industry.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
7-2
Introduction
• The models of comparative advantage thus far assumed constant returns to scale:
• The presence of economies of scale may be seen from the fact that
– doubling the input of labor more than doubles the industry’s output.
– the average amount of labor used to produce each widget is less when the industry produces more.
• Types of economies of scale • Economies of scale and market structure • The theory of external economies • External economies and international trade • Dynamic increasing returns • International trade and economic geography
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
7-5
Table 7-1: Relationship of Input to Output for a Hypothetical Industry
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
7-6
ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
Introduction (cont.)
• Mutually beneficial trade can arise as a result of economies of scale.
• International trade permits each country to produce a limited range of goods without sacrificing variety in consumption.
• With trade, a country can take advantage of economies of scale to produce more efficiently than if it tried to produce everything for itself.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
7-3
Introduction (cont.)
• But there may be increasing returns to scale or economies of scale:
– This means that when inputs to an industry increase at a certain rate, output increases at a faster rate.
• Internal economies of scale occur when the cost per unit of output depends on the size of a firm.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
– When inputs to an industry increase at a certain rate, output increases at the same rate.
– If inputs were doubled, output would double as well.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
7-4
Introduction (cont.)
• For example, suppose an industry produces widgets using only one input, labor.
• Consider how the amount of labor required depends on the number of widgets produced.
Chapter 7
External Economies of Scale and the International Location of Production
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
Preview
7-7
Economies of Scale and Market Structure
• Economies of scale could mean either that larger firms or a larger industry would be more efficient.
• External economies of scale occur when cost per unit of output depends on the size of the industry.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
7-2
Introduction
• The models of comparative advantage thus far assumed constant returns to scale:
• The presence of economies of scale may be seen from the fact that
– doubling the input of labor more than doubles the industry’s output.
– the average amount of labor used to produce each widget is less when the industry produces more.
• Types of economies of scale • Economies of scale and market structure • The theory of external economies • External economies and international trade • Dynamic increasing returns • International trade and economic geography
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
7-5
Table 7-1: Relationship of Input to Output for a Hypothetical Industry
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.
7-6
ຫໍສະໝຸດ Baidu
Introduction (cont.)
• Mutually beneficial trade can arise as a result of economies of scale.
• International trade permits each country to produce a limited range of goods without sacrificing variety in consumption.
• With trade, a country can take advantage of economies of scale to produce more efficiently than if it tried to produce everything for itself.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved.