【英语国家概况】102 UK-2 The Language [兼容模式]

语言的谱系分类法

1.Indo-European languages46%(Europe,

Southwest to South Asia, America, Oceania)

2.Sino-Tibetan languages21%(East Asia)

3.Niger-Congo languages6.4%(Sub-Saharan

Africa)

4.Afro-Asiatic languages6.0%(North Africa to

Horn of Africa, Southwest Asia)

5.Austronesian languages5.9%(Oceania,

Madagascar, maritime Southeast Asia)

语言的谱系分类法

6.Dravidian languages3.7%(South Asia)

7.Altaic languages2.3%(Central Asia, Northern Asia,

Anatolia, Siberia)

8.Japonic languages2.1%(Japan)

9.Austro-Asiatic languages1.7%(mainland Southeast

Asia)

10.Tai-Kadai languages1.3%(Southeast Asia)

Indo-European Language Family

印欧语系

Genetic

classification

One of the world's major language families

Geographic distribution Before the 15th century, Europe, and South, Cent and Southwest Asia; today worldwide.

Subdivisions Albanian group

Anatolian(e.g., Hittite)

Armenian

Balto-Slavic(e.g., Russian, Lithuanian)

Celtic(e.g., Irish, Welsh)

Germanic(e.g., English, German, Swedish) Hellenic(e.g., Greek)

Indo-Iranian(e.g., Bengali, Hindi, Persian, Kurdi Italic(e.g., French, Italian, Portuguese, Spanis Tocharian

练习：

•用树形图表示以下现代语言的关系：•Romance, Indo-Iranian, Slavic, Polish, Italian, German, English, Greek, Celtic, Welsh, French, Spanish, Russian, Swedish, Danish, Germanic, Bulgarian

The language historian divides English history into three times:

（又称盎格鲁-萨克森时期公元450—1100年）

英语的历史从1500多年前的北欧开始。在公元5世纪左右，

称为盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人的部落从德国和丹麦旅行

向西过北海。他们迁入英国，并在7世纪末以前，他们所讲的

即为早期形式的英语。The history of the English language began over 1500 years ago in the north of Europe. Around the fifth century A.D., tribes of people known as the Angels, Saxons, and Jutes traveled west from Germany and Denmark across the North Sea. They settled in Britain, and by the late seventh century, they were speaking an early form of the English.

1、Ancient English

In the late eighth century, the Vikings attacked England. Fighting continued for years. During this time, almost two hundred many Latin, Danish, and Norse words entered the English language.

•Latin gave English words like kitchen and cup. •From Danish and Norse, English borrowed skin, leg, and the pronouns them, their, and they. many synonyms from the Norse language became integrated into English, for example,

wrath(English),anger(Norse);sick(English),ill(Nors e).

英译汉

在8世纪末，斯堪的那维亚人攻占英国。战争持续了将近200

年。在这个时期，很多拉丁语、丹麦和古斯堪的那维亚的单词融入英语。象炊具和杯子与生活息息相关一样，拉丁语给了英语很多单词。从丹麦语和古斯堪的那维亚语中，英国人借鉴过来了皮肤、腿、以及各种词格的代词"他们"、"他们的"。来自古斯堪

的那维亚语的很多同义词统一到英语中，例如，愤怒(英语的wrath和古斯堪的那维亚语的

anger)；生病(英语的sick和古斯堪的那维亚语的ill)，都在英

语中进行了统一。