药学英语上册考点整理

Introduction

1、Pharmacy:①药学；②药店。

Pharmacodynamics(药物效应学)

Pharmacology(病理学)

Pharmacokinetic (药物代谢动力学)

Pharmaceutics(药剂学)

2、Plural forms

-a(-ae) : mocosa →mucosae formula →formulae(处方)

-um(-a) : bacterium →bacteria spectum →spectra(光谱)

-us(-i) : fungus →fungi coccus →cocci(球菌)

4、Cell : basic living unit of structures & functions of the body

①general cell structures & components

②general mechanisms for changing nutritions to energy

③deliver end products into their surrounding fluid

④almost all have the ability to reproduce

Notes:

(1)WEBSITES:CDA. FDA. WHO.

(2)ADME:Absorbtio(吸收) →Distribution(分布) →Mechanism(代谢) →Excretion(排出)

(3)formula prescription recipe 中药处方

UNIT 1 TEXT A

1、Physiology(生理学):Phisiology isa the functions of living matter.It is concerned with how an organisn performs its varied activities.

Pathology（病理学）:Pathoology is the science of disease.

Pathophysiology(病理生理学):Pathophysiology is the study of functional changes in the body which occur in response to disease or injury.

2、人体组成分级、类别

cells(细胞)→tissues(组织)→organs(器官)→organ systems(系统)→organism(人体)

3、The principle types of tissues

epithecal(上皮组织) connective(结缔组织) nervous(神经组织) muscular(肌肉组织)

4、Cardiovavascular system(心血管组织)

①组成：1）the heart 心脏2）blood vessels 血管3）associated tissues 相关联的组织

②心脏结构：four chambers,two atria(心房) and two venticles(心室).

③血循环过程

1）Pulmonary circuit(肺循环): The right ventricles pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs where it absorbs oxygen from the air.

2）Systemtic circuit(体循环): The left ventricles pumps oxygenated blood returning from the lungs to the rest of body to supply the tissues.

5、Anabolism(合成代谢)

Catabolism(分解代谢)

6、内分泌和神经系统

特点和区别：1）The nervous system uses electrical signals to transmit information very rapidly to specific cells. 2）The endocrine system secretes chemical agents,homones,which travel in the bloodstream to the cells upon which they

exert a regulary effect.

7、Homeostasis （稳态）：

①定义：1)The process of stabilization of the internal environment/2)Maintanance of relatively constant chemical/physical conditions of the internal environment[stabl e≠rigidity]

②作用：Homeostasis regulates its internal environment and tends to maintain a stable,constant condition of properties like temperature or pH.

8、How to regulate the internal environment(one example)

P5[Taking one example,the beating``````]

Notes:

Body Fluids 体液

Extracellular fluid (ECF) 细胞外液→internal environment（内环境）

Intracellular fluid (ICF) 细胞内液

UNIT 3 TEXT B

1、Antibiotic: chemical produced by a microorganism that kills or inhibits the growth of another microorganism.

分类：①(?) 1）Antibacterial antibiotics(抗菌抗生素) 2）Antineoplastic antibiotics(抗癌抗生素)

②

1）cell wall inhibitors

2）protein synthesis inhibitors

3）folic acid inhibitors

4）DNA synthesis inhibitors

5）RNA synthesis inhibitors

2、cross-infection(交叉感染)

Super-infection(双重感染)

3、不良反应：1）anaphylactic shock(过敏性休克)

2）gastrointestinal disorder 肠胃失调；sore mouth 口腔溃疡；

cramps 痉挛；diarrhea 腹泻；anal itch 肛痒

UNIT 4 TEXT B

1、Adverse drug reactions(ADR):unwanted effects caused by normal therapeutic does.

2、Type A 和Type B 的区别

1）Type A:①a consequence of the drug’s main pharmacological effect/predictable from pharmacological(药理学的) effect;②dose-related and usually mild;③usually due to incorrect dosage.

2）Type B:①not predictable from the drug’s main pharmacological action;②not dose-related and severe with considerable mortality(死亡率);③The underlying pathophysiology (潜在的病理)of type B reactions is poorly if at all understood,and often has a genetic or immunological (免疫学的)basis;④occur infrequently(罕见的).

3、Type C、D、E的概念

Type C ：continuous reactions due to long-term drug use

Type D ：delayed reactions

Type E ：end-of-use reactions

3、Phase I/II/III Trials

①Early(phase I/II) tials are important for assessing the tolerability and dose-response relationship of new therapeutic agents.

②Phase III clinical trials can establish the incidence of common adverse reactions and relate this to therapeutic benefit. UNIT 5 TEXT B

1、Lead compounds(先导物)