话语分析法及其在语用学研究中的运用-陈新仁

尽管各有不同的假定、重点、方法，但都认为意义是在交际 中建构的。
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2）话语分析：新兴学科 话语分析研究使用中的语言是一个相对较新的学科， 超越句子层面研究日常语言互动。
Discourse analysis, at its simplest and most general definition, concerns the study of language in use. As such it is a relatively new discipline, since it is only comparatively recently that the study of discourse has developed from the examination of syntax, phonology and lexis, i.e. the structure of language at sentence level, into the study of everyday written and spoken interaction.
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Baidu Nhomakorabea13
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学科˃（课题）领域˃理论˃视角˃路径˃方法？
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(O„Rourke, B. K. An Overview of Discourse Analytical Approaches to
Research. In: J. Hogan, P. Dolan and P. Donnelly (eds.), Approaches to Qualitative Research: Theory and Its Practical Application. Cork: Oak Tree Press, 2009, pp. 209-228.)
这种方法不同于一般意义上的例证法、对比法、统计法等， 而是指通过分析话语的形式、结构、意义等回答特定学科的 理论问题。
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2.1 话语分析法的特征
（1）属于实证研究(empirical)方法，语料来自真实 交际。 所用分析语料是自然发生的；情境化的；具有交际 意图的。
“Discourse analysis is a part of the linguistic turn in the social sciences and the humanities which emphasizes the role of language in the construction of social reality. It is one of the dominant or mainstream research approaches in communication, sociology, social psychology, and psychology.” (p. 460)
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3）话语分析：研究路径
“话语分析不只是一种路径，而是一系列跨学科路径，可以 用在许多不同的社会领域中探究各种问题。” “… discourse analysis is not just one approach, but a series of interdisciplinary approaches that can be used to explore many different social domains in many different types of studies.” (Marianne Jö gensen and Louise Phillips, Discourse Analysis as
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话语分析可以分多种，如会话分析（conversation analysis, CA), 话语心理学（discursive psychology, DP）, 批评话语 分析（critical discourse analysis, CDA) 以及福柯派话语分 析（Foucauldian discourse analysis, FDA）。
(Linda Wood and Rolf Kroger, Doing Discourse Analysis. Sage, 2000)
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“目前关于话语分析的研究林林总总，以至‘话语’差不多 成了‘语言’的同义词。”
Theory and Method, London: SAGE Publications Ltd, 2002, p. 1)
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“话语分析是人文社会科学中语言转向的一部分，强调语言 在社会现实建构中的作用，是传播学、社会学、社会心理学 和心理学领域中主宰性或主流性研究路径之一。”
(Sanna Talja, Analyzing Qualitative Interview Data: The Discourse Analytic Method. Library & Information Science Research, 1999, 21, (4): 459–477.)
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"the analysis of discourse . . . is typically based on the linguistic output of someone other than the analyst. . . . More typically, the discourse analyst's 'data' is taken from written texts or tape recordings. It is rarely in the form of a single sentence. The type of linguistic material is sometimes described as 'performance data' and may contain features such as hesitations, slips, and non-standard forms which a linguist like Chomsky (1965) believed should not have to be accounted for in the grammar of a language." (G. Brown and G. Yule, Discourse Analysis. Cambridge University Press, 1983: 20)
Work in discourse analysis is now so diverse that “discourse” is almost a synonym for “language”.
(Deborah Tannen, The Handbook of Discourse Analysis. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Inc., 2001, p. 3)
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除了上面提及的领域外，应该还包括：语言学、教育 学、社会工作、人类学、认知心理学、地域研究、文 化研究、国际关系、人类地理学、翻译研究等。 Discourse analysis or discourse studies has been taken up in a variety of social science disciplines, including linguistics, education, sociology, anthropology, social work, cognitive psychology, social psychology, area studies, cultural studies, international relations, human geography, communication studies, and translation studies.
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1. “话语分析”的界定

“话语分析”（discourse analysis, DA)的说法起源于
上世纪五十年代。1952年，美国语言学家Z. S. Harris
在Language杂志上发表Discourse Analysis 一文。

“话语分析”具有“多义性”。
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1）话语分析：研究领域

话语分析是一个发展、演变迅速的领域（field)。该领域当 前的研究源于不同的学科（academic disciplines），如语 言学、人类学、 哲学、传播学 、认知心理学、社会心理 学、人工智能等。
The field of discourse analysis (DA) is vast, varied and contested with traditions ranging from conversational analysis (Sacks, 1995, [1964-1972]), to more Foucauldian inspired approaches (e.g. Kendall & Wickham, 1999), to critical discourse approaches (Van Dijk, 2001; Fairclough, 2003).
(Julia Harrison, „The structure of discussion: A discourse analytical approach to the identification of structure in the text type „discussion.‟ ‟ Dissertation, The University of Nottingham , 2001，pp. 5-6)
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2. 话语分析作为一种分析方法 话语分析法 (discourse-analytic approach/method)

重点从语料收集的方法转移到语料的描写、分析和阐释上 shift of attention from data-gathering methods to the methods of data description, analysis, and interpretation.
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4）话语分析：方法与视角
“话语分析不只是一种方法，还是一种看待语言本质及其与 社会科学中核心问题关系的视角……”
"[Discourse analysis] is not only about method; it is also a perspective on the nature of language and its relationship to the central issues of the social sciences. More specifically, we see discourse analysis as a related collection of approaches to discourse, approaches that entail not only practices of data collection and analysis, but also a set of metatheoretical and theoretical assumptions and a body of research claims and studies."
话语分析法及其在语用学研究中的运用
南京大学 陈新仁
cxr3354182@163.com
《外国语文研究》/www.cxrlinguistics.com
目录
1. 2. 3.
“话语分析”的界定 话语分析作为一种分析方法 话语分析法在语用学研究中的运用
2016/10/28
Dept. of English Nanjing University