newmark翻译理论PPT课件
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• Faithful translation • A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual
meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It ‘transfers’ cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical ‘abnormality’ (deviation from SL norms) in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realization of the SL writer.
• One of the basic differences between S-T
and C-T is on constative and performative. (Newmark, 1981: 23)
6
2. Newmark’s theoretical development
• SL bias
Peter Newmark
1
2
3
Table of contents
• 1. philosophical foundation • 2. theoretical development • 3. distinction between Newmark and
Nida
• the 8 translation methods • References • Data analysis
• Semantic translation • Semantic translation differs from ‘faithful translation’ only in as far
as it must take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on ‘meaning’ where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalent and it may make other small concessions to the readership. The distinction between ‘faithful’ and ‘semantic’ translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% fidelity and allows for the translator’s intuitive empathy with the original.
• Literal translation • The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their
nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.
semantic/communicative
(Newmark, 1988:45)
7
The 8 translation methods
• Word-for-word translation • This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with
TL bias
literal
free
faithful
idiomatic
semantic/communicative
(Newmark, 1981:39)
Fra Baidu bibliotek• SL emphasis
TL emphasis
word-for-word
adaptation
literal
free
faithful
idiomatic
of semiotics, for communicative translation
• The meaning of a sign consists of all the effects
that may conceivably have practical bearings on a particular interpretant, and which will vary in accordance with the interpretant. (Newmark, 1981: 5)
4
1.The philosophical foundation of Newmark’s thinking on translation
• Philosophy is a fundamental issue in translation
theory. (Newmark, 1981: 6).
• The American philosopher C. S. Peirce, the founder
the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL wordorder is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meaning, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of a wordfor-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process.
5
• the British philosopher J. Austin’s
distinction between constative and performative sentences
• Translation is a craft consisting in the
attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. (Newmark, 1981:7)
• Faithful translation • A faithful translation attempts to reproduce the precise contextual
meaning of the original within the constraints of the TL grammatical structures. It ‘transfers’ cultural words and preserves the degree of grammatical and lexical ‘abnormality’ (deviation from SL norms) in the translation. It attempts to be completely faithful to the intentions and the text-realization of the SL writer.
• One of the basic differences between S-T
and C-T is on constative and performative. (Newmark, 1981: 23)
6
2. Newmark’s theoretical development
• SL bias
Peter Newmark
1
2
3
Table of contents
• 1. philosophical foundation • 2. theoretical development • 3. distinction between Newmark and
Nida
• the 8 translation methods • References • Data analysis
• Semantic translation • Semantic translation differs from ‘faithful translation’ only in as far
as it must take more account of the aesthetic value (that is, the beautiful and natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on ‘meaning’ where appropriate so that no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version. Further, it may translate less important cultural words by culturally neutral third or functional terms but not by cultural equivalent and it may make other small concessions to the readership. The distinction between ‘faithful’ and ‘semantic’ translation is that the first is uncompromising and dogmatic, while the second is more flexible, admits the creative exception to 100% fidelity and allows for the translator’s intuitive empathy with the original.
• Literal translation • The SL grammatical constructions are converted to their
nearest TL equivalents but the lexical words are again translated singly, out of context. As a pre-translation process, this indicates the problems to be solved.
semantic/communicative
(Newmark, 1988:45)
7
The 8 translation methods
• Word-for-word translation • This is often demonstrated as interlinear translation, with
TL bias
literal
free
faithful
idiomatic
semantic/communicative
(Newmark, 1981:39)
Fra Baidu bibliotek• SL emphasis
TL emphasis
word-for-word
adaptation
literal
free
faithful
idiomatic
of semiotics, for communicative translation
• The meaning of a sign consists of all the effects
that may conceivably have practical bearings on a particular interpretant, and which will vary in accordance with the interpretant. (Newmark, 1981: 5)
4
1.The philosophical foundation of Newmark’s thinking on translation
• Philosophy is a fundamental issue in translation
theory. (Newmark, 1981: 6).
• The American philosopher C. S. Peirce, the founder
the TL immediately below the SL words. The SL wordorder is preserved and the words translated singly by their most common meaning, out of context. Cultural words are translated literally. The main use of a wordfor-word translation is either to understand the mechanics of the source language or to construe a difficult text as a pre-translation process.
5
• the British philosopher J. Austin’s
distinction between constative and performative sentences
• Translation is a craft consisting in the
attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or statement in another language. (Newmark, 1981:7)