2.跨商务文化交际文化的比喻
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(4)nature of friendship, ordering of time, concept of “self”, preference for competition or cooperation, body language, notions about logic and validity, patterns of handling emotions
3
The Culture Iceberg
Culture: like an iceberg
• Visible section above the waterline • Invisible section below the waterline
It is said that 1/10 of culture is above the surface.
Visible section: aspects of culture that are explicit, visible, taught.
Invisible section: the hidden culture, norms, values, assumptions
4
Culture is like an iceberg
因年龄（性别、阶级、职业、亲属关系等）社会地位的称谓 4）朋友的意义、时间观念、 、对“个人”的看法、对竞争和合作的偏爱、
肢体语言、对逻辑和信度的概念、控制情感的模式
10
2. The Cultural Onion
11
2. The Onion Culture
The onion has three different layers. The outer layer, the middle layer, the inner nuclear layer. By the same token, culture like an onion. when you strip it layer by layer, you will notice the fact that the culture also have three layers.
2）The middle level: heroes, such as admired persons who serve as an example for behavior
3）The inner nucleus level: rituals, such as ways of greeting and paying respect
14
Three Levels
外层：象征物，语言、食物、服饰、建筑、时装、艺术 中间层：英雄人物性格，可敬英雄人物的影响
核心层：礼仪，打招呼、尊重等
15
Three Levels
基础层（内）：理解世界的开始和根本，我们的心理地图 评价层（中）：检查和评判人生的自动系统。 实现层（外）：对现实的实现及最基础心理地图的实现。
9
Cultural Iceberg
1）美术、文学、戏剧、古典音乐、流行隐喻、民间舞蹈、饮食、服饰 2）目光、语境谈话方式、社交频率、面部表情
1）谦虚观念、美的概念、子女抚养标准、与动物的关系 2）上下级关系模式、罪恶的定义、求爱方式、工作的积极性、友谊的性质、
对领导的看法、工作节奏、集体决策 3）整洁的概念、对依赖的态度、疾病理论、解决问题方法、地位变化看法、
16
17
5
The Culture Iceberg
Kluchhohn指出文化中有的是显型的，有的是 隐型的。实际上，文化中的许多部分都是隐型 的，有的学者把文化比作冰山，我们能够看到 的只是它的一小部分，而我们没有看到的却是 大部分。
下图上我们可以看到只有服饰、食物、建筑、 文学艺术作品、科学技术的成果等可以看到， 并立即联系到某种文化，而牵涉到习俗、观念、 信仰、人与人之间的关系、人与自然的关系、 世界观等等都是我们看不到的。
6来自百度文库
7
Culture Like an Iceberg
a. Objective culture: history, literature, and customs. ( visible, small part)
b. Subjective culture: feelings and attitudes about things. (invisible, large part )
1) fine arts, literature, drama, classical music, popular music, folk dancing, games, cooking, dress
2) eye behavior, contextual conversation patterns, social interaction rite, facial expressions
8
Objective Culture & Subjective Culture
1) notions of modesty, conception of beauty, ideal of childrearing, relationships to animals
2) patterns of superior/subordinate relations, definition of sin, courtship practices, conception of justice, incentives to work, notions of leadership, tempo of work, group decision-making
Intercultural Communication
Presentation 2
Cultural Metaphors
Culture is a Bridge.
1
CONTENTS
1. The Cultural Iceberg 2. The Cultural Onion
2
1.The Cultural Iceberg
12
Geert Hefestede
a social psychologist and behavioural scientist in 1991 came up with this explanation of culture. In his view, culture is like an onion: a system that can be peeled, layer by layer, in order to reveal the content. Imagine the whole onion as ‘culture’ and as you peel on, you see different levels which work on and influence culture (in any particular society).
13
Three Levels
Three levels of culture that are more clearly observable:
1) The outer level: symbols, such as words, color or other artifacts that carry a special meaning
(3)conception of cleanliness, attitudes towards dependents, theory of disease, approaches to problem-solving, conception of status mobility, status designations based on age, sex, class, occupation, kinship, etc.
3
The Culture Iceberg
Culture: like an iceberg
• Visible section above the waterline • Invisible section below the waterline
It is said that 1/10 of culture is above the surface.
Visible section: aspects of culture that are explicit, visible, taught.
Invisible section: the hidden culture, norms, values, assumptions
4
Culture is like an iceberg
因年龄（性别、阶级、职业、亲属关系等）社会地位的称谓 4）朋友的意义、时间观念、 、对“个人”的看法、对竞争和合作的偏爱、
肢体语言、对逻辑和信度的概念、控制情感的模式
10
2. The Cultural Onion
11
2. The Onion Culture
The onion has three different layers. The outer layer, the middle layer, the inner nuclear layer. By the same token, culture like an onion. when you strip it layer by layer, you will notice the fact that the culture also have three layers.
2）The middle level: heroes, such as admired persons who serve as an example for behavior
3）The inner nucleus level: rituals, such as ways of greeting and paying respect
14
Three Levels
外层：象征物，语言、食物、服饰、建筑、时装、艺术 中间层：英雄人物性格，可敬英雄人物的影响
核心层：礼仪，打招呼、尊重等
15
Three Levels
基础层（内）：理解世界的开始和根本，我们的心理地图 评价层（中）：检查和评判人生的自动系统。 实现层（外）：对现实的实现及最基础心理地图的实现。
9
Cultural Iceberg
1）美术、文学、戏剧、古典音乐、流行隐喻、民间舞蹈、饮食、服饰 2）目光、语境谈话方式、社交频率、面部表情
1）谦虚观念、美的概念、子女抚养标准、与动物的关系 2）上下级关系模式、罪恶的定义、求爱方式、工作的积极性、友谊的性质、
对领导的看法、工作节奏、集体决策 3）整洁的概念、对依赖的态度、疾病理论、解决问题方法、地位变化看法、
16
17
5
The Culture Iceberg
Kluchhohn指出文化中有的是显型的，有的是 隐型的。实际上，文化中的许多部分都是隐型 的，有的学者把文化比作冰山，我们能够看到 的只是它的一小部分，而我们没有看到的却是 大部分。
下图上我们可以看到只有服饰、食物、建筑、 文学艺术作品、科学技术的成果等可以看到， 并立即联系到某种文化，而牵涉到习俗、观念、 信仰、人与人之间的关系、人与自然的关系、 世界观等等都是我们看不到的。
6来自百度文库
7
Culture Like an Iceberg
a. Objective culture: history, literature, and customs. ( visible, small part)
b. Subjective culture: feelings and attitudes about things. (invisible, large part )
1) fine arts, literature, drama, classical music, popular music, folk dancing, games, cooking, dress
2) eye behavior, contextual conversation patterns, social interaction rite, facial expressions
8
Objective Culture & Subjective Culture
1) notions of modesty, conception of beauty, ideal of childrearing, relationships to animals
2) patterns of superior/subordinate relations, definition of sin, courtship practices, conception of justice, incentives to work, notions of leadership, tempo of work, group decision-making
Intercultural Communication
Presentation 2
Cultural Metaphors
Culture is a Bridge.
1
CONTENTS
1. The Cultural Iceberg 2. The Cultural Onion
2
1.The Cultural Iceberg
12
Geert Hefestede
a social psychologist and behavioural scientist in 1991 came up with this explanation of culture. In his view, culture is like an onion: a system that can be peeled, layer by layer, in order to reveal the content. Imagine the whole onion as ‘culture’ and as you peel on, you see different levels which work on and influence culture (in any particular society).
13
Three Levels
Three levels of culture that are more clearly observable:
1) The outer level: symbols, such as words, color or other artifacts that carry a special meaning
(3)conception of cleanliness, attitudes towards dependents, theory of disease, approaches to problem-solving, conception of status mobility, status designations based on age, sex, class, occupation, kinship, etc.