英汉表达差异汇总之一

英汉语言差异6 被动和主动Passive vs Active 被动语态是英语的一种常见的语法现象。在某些问题当中，使用被动句几乎成了一种习惯。被动句促成了物称倾向，物称倾向促成了被动句。常用被动句的原因有：1施事未知而难以言明Eg 凶手已于昨天被捕，据说他将会被判处绞刑。2施事在上下文里面可以看出Eg她告诉我，她的男主人已解雇了她。男主人没有讲明任何理由。 3 施事不如受事重要，或受事需要施事强调Eg 她的独子被汽车轧了。4 为了隐含含糊的人称主语Eg 茶会上只供应茶和饼。 5 由于特殊原因不要讲明施事，如为了使得叙述得体，或为了某种微妙的情绪Eg 今晚有人在这里讲了不该讲的话。The murderer was caught yesterday, and it is said that he will be hanged. She told me that her master had dismissed her. No reason had been assigned. Her only son was run over by a car. At the party only tea and cake were served. Some things have been said here tonight that ought not to have been spoken. 英语中的结构被动句比意义被动句要多很多。一般来说，绝大多数及物动词和短语都有被动语态。使用范围广，使用频率也很高。但是，“意义被动句”，即主动的形式表达被动的意义，在英语里面比较少见。这些产品十分畅销。这个钟在背面上发条。她穿得漂亮。房间很快就挤满了。这种布经洗。这本书正在印刷。这项计划正在制定。你的头发需要打理了。These products sell like hot cakes. (=are sold) The clock winds up at the back.(= can be wound up ) She dresses beautifully. (=is dressed) The room filled rapidly. (=is filled) This kind of cloth washes very well. (=can be washed) The book is printing. (=is being printed) The plan is working out. (=is being worked out)

Your hair needs cutting. 英语有些被动可以用词汇，词组来表达：受试者受委托者他感到惊讶那个人受询问凶手被监禁可吃的想要的可以看见的值得尊敬的为某人所有Examinee = person examined Referee = to whom a question is referred His astonishment =he was astonished The man’s trial = the man was tried The imprisonment of the murderer =the murderer was imprisoned Eatable = can be eaten Desirable = to be desired Visible = that can be seen Respectable = deserving respect In one’s possession = owned by someone 和英语相反的是，汉译常用“意义被动式”，少用“形式被动式”。一般，只有表示“不好”的事情的时候，汉语才会使用“形式被动式”，比如“被，让，给，叫，挨，受，遭，蒙”等等。这事已经做了。这事做的好。这是被搞砸了。庄稼让大水冲了。他下班后叫人打了。这家工厂在地震中遭到严重破坏。It was done. It was well done, It was poorly done. The crops were washed away by the flood, He was beaten after work. This factory was seriously damaged during the earthquake. 王力指出：“中国语言被动式用途之狭，是西洋语言所不能比拟的。西洋语言的主动句是大多数可以转化成被动句的，而中国则恰恰相反，主动句大多是不能转

化成被动句的。”Eg. He was respected by everyone. The ceremony was abbreviated by rain. John actually loved Mary and was loved in return. 人人都尊敬他。因为下雨，仪式举行得很简短。约翰真的爱玛丽，玛丽也爱约翰。汉语常用主动式来表达英语的被动意义：My holiday afternoon were spent in ramble about the surrounding country. Not only politeness but an attitude of reverence is demanded in church, Language is shaped by , and shapes, human thought. 每逢假日的下午，我总要漫游周围的村庄。在教堂里，人们不仅要有礼貌，还要有一种虔诚的态度。人的思想形成了语言，而语言又影响了人的思想。汉语中的思维习惯是，人的行为，当然是人来完成的。这种不言而喻的思维模式使得人们在表达的时候常常把施事隐藏起来，而突出受事和行为本身上面。因此，受事就成了主语了。“受事＋主语＝当然被动句”大量的使用了。越是地道的汉语，使用的越多。昨晚我盖了两条被子。这锅饭可以吃十个人。一匹马骑两人。困难克服了，工作完成了，问题也解决了。Last night, I was covered up with two quilts. A pot of rice like this can feed 10 people. Two persons