基于单片机的智能小车外文文献翻译
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译
系部机电工程系
专业车辆工程
学生姓名学号
指导教师职称讲师
2013年2 月
Electric intelligent car based on SCM
Through research and to realize a photoelectric sensor for sensitive components ,with AT89C51 as control core electric tracing of intelligent control carbonylation-the car ,the system is also including dc motor ,L9110 chips and LM324 comparator etc. The design USES AT89C51 as intelligent car core controller.
The system takes microcontroller as control core and realization of electric before Enter ,back ,turn left and right turn function .Through the Angle sensor detection the seesaw Angle change ,use incremental pl algorithm to control the electric car for balance ,and using photoelectric sensor detection black line ,make the electricity Actuation vehicle in the course of driving keep linear motion and don’t skip from atrium .
1. Project Design
Light buy a sensor ,the reality of the electric car is moving quickly degrees ,bit ,buy, transportation line shape when measured quantity of real condition ,and will be measured quantity number according to preach sent to monolithic machine into line processing, but buy single chip machine according to the measured buy root different forms of several inspection according to real now to electric actuation vehicle wisdom can control system .This kind of square case real now to electric actuation vehicle dynamic shape state into the shipment do real possession in system ,control system spirit alive ,can depend ,pure degree is high ,can full foot of each item of the stockings to bed .(1)straight epidemiological speed is tasseled straight epidemiological speed department with pulse width modulation experience .meanwhile gather speed is experience .meanwhile ,its main electrical pulse width modulation by road system type variable change device ,Jane says PWM variable change device .Adjustable speed by in the department of PWM experience .Meanwhile open shut frequency rate is high ,only on electricity barnado electricity sense of filter wave can be use to get to move very small straight pulse electric flow ,electricity flow barnado electric capacity easily even tantras, department of low speed operation flat experience .meanwhile ,adjustable speed stability van is surrounded relatively wide ,can reach 1000 left light .By on electrical flow wave shape than V-M system .be in phase with flat to all electrical flow dynamic machine ,electric heat consumption and hair loss than a small .with the sample buy in open shut frequency rate is high ,and if a fast speed electrical machine ring should match close ,fasten tasseled phase can be to get very wide frequency band ,because of the fast speed ring should be good ,dynamic configuration sexual can perturbation resistance can force is powerful .According to the root ,with more than ensemble close and this set of electrical machine control project by tolerance of the quantity and electrical machine speed straight flow of hair ,the exhibitor to adopt the project with a single extremely H type can be changed into change device inverse PWM line speed .
1.1 photoelectric detection module design
The intelligent car was stuck on the black line running on white paper “road”, so this module design need to detect shop on the black rubber belt drive area , including Run straight along the arc district and driving district two area .Because f the black and white paper to light reflection coefficient is different ,can according to receive reflected light .
The strength of the judge “road”-the black line .this paper USES is simple and practical detection methods, namely the infrared detection method.
Infrared detection method ,I use infrared ray in different colors of physical surface with different reflection properties characteristics .In the car driving process Continually to the ground to launch the infrared ,when the infrared met white ground occurs when the reflected light ,aimless and launch packed on the car of receiving tube receiving ; if Fruit is met black line is absorbed ,and than the infrared cars receiving tube receiving less than signal .
1.2 signal comparative module design
This part design USES a LM324 comparator ,of sensor signal voltage received compare and amplified ,and will compare the results after Feed to the microcontroller ,used to detect sensor sensitivity ,diagram shown in figure 5 shows .When two sensors simultaneously detect light ,straight forward .When the sensor can’t detect light ,in cut-off state ,double LM324 operational amplifier output low level to microcontroller ,by program processing ,If left not detected light ,then left correct direction; If the right has not been detected light ,then turn correct direction .
1.3 motor control and driving module design
Because use is double drive cars ,this part of the circuit must be able to output of two different voltage values ,respectively to controlling trolley right and left two motor drive ,the two of the wheel speed and direction of the same or different ,thus to control its advance and turning .In system design process ,use two L9110 chips to connect SCM and dc motor respectively .L9110 is for control and drive motor design two channels push-pull power amplifier application-specific integrated circuit device ,discrete circuits in monolithic IC integrated such that the peripheral equipments in lower cost and the whole machine can carry on sexual high .The core slice two a TTL/CMOS and let electricity flat lose into ,have good anti-jamming ,two output terminal can pick flooding dynamic electric machine straight to the shipment of positive reverse move and it has had a big electricity flow flooding dynamic can force ,each call way can pass over 800mA continuous current ,peak current capacity of 1.5 ~OA ; At the same time it has lower output saturation pressure drop and the static electricity ,The built-in clamp a diode can release the perceptual load of reverse current impulse ,making it the drive relays ,dc motors ,stepping motor or switch power tube the use
of safe and reliable .
Follow tracing car system to common AT89C51, complementary
with relatively simple components and circuit design ,the smooth completion of follow under the premise of tracing function ,and fully considered appearance ,costs ,so most of the circuit car by manual welding is complete .In the design ,we never in a circuit increase redundant functions ,but retained various hardware interface and software subroutines interface to facilitate the expansion and development after.
2. System hardware design
2.1 motor driver module design
In making intelligent car, right wheel respectively with two speed and Torque basic identical dc motor driven deceleration. bolt-on trunk-lid spoiler Department to install a direction wheel, then through the I/O mouth to control tow dc slowing down Motor speed and steering can be achieved on the car to the left, turn right and straight line.
Motor drive using a integrated electrical machine flooding dynamic core slice L 298 N. L298N is ST the production of the company, the internal containing four channel logical drive circuit, it is a kind of tow phase four phase motor drive, namely the special contains tow H bridge of high voltage large current commander bridge type drive，acceptance criteria TTL logic level signals, be driven 46V, 2A below the motor.
2.2 tracing module design
Tracing module mainly composed by photoelectric sensor reflex, Photoconductive resistance of the resistance of the light with the surrounding environment changes, when the LTT white lines above, light emission strongly; The LTT black line above, light emission are relatively weak. So when photoconductive resistance in white line and black line above the elements will occur significantly changes, the resistance changes value after comparator can output high level. But this way environmental influences big, work is not stable. This article actual use is RPP220 type reflex sensors made tracing module.
RPR220 is an integration of reflective photoelectric detector, transmitter is a gas infrared light emitting diode and the receiver is a high sensitivity silicon photoelectric triode flat. When the light emitting diode reflected back, triode conduction and output low level
2.3 obstacle avoidance module design
Obstacle avoidance module mainly composed by infrared reflection sensor. Infrared reflection sensor by one infrared tubes and photoelectric diode constitute, infrared tubes out to meet the infrared object reflective sex strong after be turned back, by photoelectric diode receiving, cause
photoelectric diode current increases, light born this change into voltage signal, it could be processor receives and processing.
2.4 remote control module design
This module will launch end USES high sensitive HL-5000 type universal television remote control, the receiver using receive frequency for 38kH receiving head 1838, this module and the single chip computer interface is very convenient. In addition, for the red outside meet after harvest of plait code letter number the department tasseled set when shipped with project of AT89C52 single chip microcomputer external interruption. In order to recognize a complete key signal, must for each coding pulse width were measured with discriminate receives the pulse is o still 1. the microcontroller timer/counter to measuring pulse width. Timer/counter except points than can be set, from except 2 to except 2048, measurable pulse width can reach 500m/s. This paper set except point for 12, namely than 12 points frequency, because the external clock is about 12MH, clock cycle for 1s, so the timer/counter for 1 per timing once s.
2.5 alarm module design
Alarm module core chip 110 IC, can choose application in automobile, motorcycle, alarms, personal riot device, door magnetic alarm device and etc.
3. System software design
This system software modular structure, he main program, initial anti-fuzzy procedures, interrupt subroutines, delay subroutines, buttons pronunciation subroutines, buttons scanning subroutines constitutes.
3.1 tracing subroutines design
Tracing module is designed by the left right photoelectric sensor output terminal receiving monolithic respectively, p22 and p23 tube feet, then through the microcontroller programming, produce PWM control signal. Through L 298 control motor speed, let the car to move forward, left turn, turn right and stop driving purpose.
3.2 avoid barrier of programming
Obstacle avoidance module is designed by the infrared reflection sensor module around the output terminal receiving MCU respectively p20 and p21 tube feet, then through the microcontroller programming, produce PWM control signal, through L298 control motor speed, let the car to move forward, left turn, turn right and stop driving purpose.
3.3 remote subroutines design
Remote control module is designed by the infrared sensor 1838 an output terminal of the receiving MZUp32 tube feet, then use all-purpose remote control on the remote control, then let
microcontroller decoding, produce PWM control signal, through L298 control motor speed, let the car move forward, left turn, turn right and stop driving purpose.
4. Summar y
Adopts singlechip, using photoelectric senor and infrared reflection senor was designed as a detection system, can realize automatic homing line to walk, automatic obstacle avoidance, alarm and remote control functions such as intelligent car. This design is the obvious advantage of simple circuit, reliability, low cost, and easy to function of further perfecting and expansion.
From https://www.360docs.net/doc/ec5019654.html,
基于单片机的智能小车
通过研发实现了一种一光电传感器为敏感元件，以AT89C51单片机为控制核心的电机循迹小车的智能控，该系统还包括直流电机、L9110芯片和LM324比较器等。
本设计采用AT98C51单片机作为智能小车核心控制器。本系统以单片机为控制核心，实现电动机的前进、退、左转和右转功能。通过角度传感器[1]检测跷跷板角度的变化，利用增量式pi算法[2]控制电动车寻找平衡点，同时运用光电传感器检测黑线，使电动车在行驶过程保持之先切不会脱离跷跷。
一设计方案
电动车的速度、位置、运行状况的实时测量，并将测量数据传送至单片机进行处理，然后又单片机根据所监测的各种数据实现对电动车的智能控制。这种方案能实现对电动车的运动状态进行实时控制，控制，灵活可靠，精度高，可慢猪对系统的各项要求。
直流调速系统采用脉宽调速系统，其主电路采用脉宽调制式变换器，简称PWM变换器。由于PWM调速系统的开关频率较高，仅靠电枢电感的滤波作用就可以获得脉动很小的直流电流，电枢电流容易连续，系统的低速运行平稳，调速范围较宽，可达1：10000左右。由于电流波形比V-M系统好，在相同的平均电流下，电动机的损耗和发热都比较小。同样由于开关频率高，若与快速响应的电机相配合，系统可以获得很宽的频带，因此快速响应性能好，动态抗扰能力强。根据以上综合比较，以及本设计中受控电机的容量和直流电机调速的发展方向，本设计采用了H型单极型可逆PWM变换器进行调速。
1.1光电检测模块设计
该智能小车在贴有黑线的白纸“路面”上行驶，因此本模块设计需要检测铺在行驶区的黑胶带，包括直线行驶区和沿弧线行驶区两个区域。由于黑线和白纸对光线的反射系数不同可根据接收到的反射光的强弱来判断“道路”---黑线。本文采用的是简单实用的检测方法，即红外探测法。
红外探测法，即利用红外线在不同颜色的物理表面具有不同的反射性质的特点。在小车行驶过程中不断地向地面发射红外光，当红外光遇到白色地面时发生
漫发射，反射光被撞在小车上的接收管接收；如果遇到黑线则红外光被吸收，则小车上的接收管接收不到信号
1.2信号比较模块设计
输送给单片机，用于检测传感器的敏感性，电力图如图5所示。当两个传感器同时接收到光时，直线前进。当传感器检测不到光时，处于截止状态，双运算放大器LM324输出低电平给单片机，由程序处理；若左路未检测到光，则向左纠正方向；若右路未检测到光，则向右纠正方向。
1.3电机控制与驱动模块设计
由于采用的是双驱动的小车，这部分电路必须能够输出两个不同的电压值，分别去控制小车的左、右两个驱动电机，使小车的两个车轮的转速和方向相同或不同，从而来控制它的前进和转弯。在系统的设计过程中，用两个L9110芯片来分别连接单片机和直流电机。L9110是为控制和驱动电机设计的两道推挽式功率放大专用集成电路件，将分立电路集成在单片ic之中，使外围器件成本降低，整机可靠性提高。该芯片有两个TTL/CMOS兼容电平的出入，具有良好的抗干扰性；两个输出端能之间驱动电机的正反向运动，它具有较大的电流驱动能力，每通道能通过800mA的持续电流，峰值电流能力可达1.5~2.0A；同时它具有较低的输出饱和压降与静态电流；内置的钳位二极管能释放感性负载的反向冲击电流，使它在驱动继电器、直流电机、步进电机或开关功率管的使用上安全可靠。
循迹小车系统以常见的AT89C51单片机为核心，辅以较简单的元器件和电路设计，在顺利完成循迹功能的前提下，又充分考虑到了成本、外观等问题，因此小车的大部分电路有手工焊接完成。在设计中，我们没有在电路中增加冗余的功能，但是保留了各种硬件接口和软件子程序接口，方便以后的扩展和开发。
二系统硬件设计
2.1电机驱动模块设计
在制作智能小车时，后左、右轮分别用两个转速和力矩基本完全相同的直流减速电机进行驱动，车头前部装一个方向轮，然后通过i/o口控制两个直流减速电机的转速和转向就可以实现小车的转轮、右轮和直行。
电机驱动采用片集成电机驱动芯片L298N。L298N是ST公司的产品，内部包
含4通道逻辑驱动电路，是一种二相和四相电机的专用驱动器，即内含二个H 桥的高电压大电流双全桥式驱动器，接受标准TTL逻辑电平信号，可驱动46v、2A以下的电机。
2.2循迹模块设计
迅即模块主要由广电反射式传感器组成。光敏电阻的阻值随周围
环境光线的变化而变化，当光线照射到白线上面时，光线发射强烈；光线发射到黑线上面时，阻值会发生明显的变化，将阻值的变化只经过比较器就可以输出高低电平。但是这种方式受环境影响大，工作不稳定。本文实际采用的是RPR220型反射式传感器制作的循迹模块。
RPR220是一种一体化反射型光电探测器，其发射器是一个砷化镓红外发光二极管，而接收器是一个高灵敏度硅平面光电三极管。当发光二极管发出的光反射回来时，三级管道通病输出低电平。
2.3避障模块设计
避障模块主要有红外反射式传感器组成。红外反射式传感器由1个红外发射管（发射器）和1个光电二极管（接收器）构成，红外发射管发出的红外光在遇到反光性较强的物体后被折回，被光电二极管接收，引起光电二极管光生电流的增大，将此变化转为电压信号，就可以被处理器接收并处理。
2.4遥控模板设计
本模块发射端采用高灵敏的HL-5000型万能电视遥控器，接收端采用接收频率为38KHZ的万能接收头182，该模块与单片机接口非常方便。另外，对于景红外接收后的编码信号，本系统设计时运用AT89C52单片微机的外部中断来接收，信号的下降沿触发外部中断。为了识别一个完整的键信号，必须对每一个编码脉冲的宽度进行测量，以判别接收到的脉冲是0还是1，利用单片机中的定时器/计数器来测量脉冲宽度。定时器/计数器的除分比是可以设定的，从除2到除2048，可测量的脉冲宽度可达500ms。时钟周期为1s，所以定时器/计数器每计时一次为1s。
2.5报警模块的设计
报警模块的核心芯片选择110报警IC，可应用于汽车、摩托车、防盗器、
个人防暴器、门磁报警器等场所。
三统软件设计
本系统软件采用模块化结构，由主程序、初始化子程序、中断子程序、延时子程序、按键发音子程序、按键扫描子程序构成。
3.1循迹子程序设计
循迹模块设计是通过把左右光电传感器的输出端分别接到单片机的P22和P23管脚上，然后通过单片机编程，产生PWM控制信号，通过L298控制电机的转速，让校车达到前进、左转、右转即停止行驶的目的。
3.2避障子程序设计
避障模块设计是通过把左右红外线反射式传感器模块的输出端分别接到单片机的P20和P21管脚上，然后通过单片机编程，产生PWM控制信号，通过L298控制电机的转速，让小车达到前进、左转、右转及停止行驶的目的。
3.3遥控子程序设计
遥控模块设计师通过吧红外接收头1838的输出端接到单片机的p32管脚上，然后用万能遥控器对其进行遥控，接着让单片机解码，产生PWM控制信号，通过L298控制电机的转速，让小车达到前进、左转、右转及停止行驶的目的。
四总结
采用单片机为核心，利用光电传感器和红外反射式传感器作为探测系统，设计了可以实现自动寻线行走、自动避障、报警以及遥控等功能的智能小车。该设计的显著优点是电路简单、可靠性强、成本低，并且非常易于功能进一步完善和扩展。
汽车专业毕业设计外文翻译
On the vehicle sideslip angle estimation through neural networks: Numerical and experimental results. S. Melzi,E. Sabbioni Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing 25 (2011)：14~28 电脑估计车辆侧滑角的数值和实验结果 S.梅尔兹,E.赛博毕宁 机械系统和信号处理2011年第25期：14~28
摘要 将稳定控制系统应用于差动制动内/外轮胎是现在对客车车辆的标准（电子稳定系统ESP、直接偏航力矩控制DYC）。这些系统假设将两个偏航率(通常是衡量板)和侧滑角作为控制变量。不幸的是后者的具体数值只有通过非常昂贵却不适合用于普通车辆的设备才可以实现直接被测量,因此只能估计其数值。几个州的观察家最终将适应参数的参考车辆模型作为开发的目的。然而侧滑角的估计还是一个悬而未决的问题。为了避免有关参考模型参数识别/适应的问题,本文提出了分层神经网络方法估算侧滑角。横向加速度、偏航角速率、速度和引导角,都可以作为普通传感器的输入值。人脑中的神经网络的设计和定义的策略构成训练集通过数值模拟与七分布式光纤传感器的车辆模型都已经获得了。在各种路面上神经网络性能和稳定已经通过处理实验数据获得和相应的车辆和提到几个处理演习(一步引导、电源、双车道变化等)得以证实。结果通常显示估计和测量的侧滑角之间有良好的一致性。 1 介绍 稳定控制系统可以防止车辆的旋转和漂移。实际上，在轮胎和道路之间的物理极限的附着力下驾驶汽车是一个极其困难的任务。通常大部分司机不能处理这种情况和失去控制的车辆。最近,为了提高车辆安全，稳定控制系统(ESP[1,2]; DYC[3,4])介绍了通过将差动制动/驱动扭矩应用到内/外轮胎来试图控制偏航力矩的方法。 横摆力矩控制系统（DYC）是基于偏航角速率反馈进行控制的。在这种情况下,控制系统使车辆处于由司机转向输入和车辆速度控制的期望的偏航率[3,4]。然而为了确保稳定，防止特别是在低摩擦路面上的车辆侧滑角变得太大是必要的[1,2]。事实上由于非线性回旋力和轮胎滑移角之间的关系，转向角的变化几乎不改变偏航力矩。因此两个偏航率和侧滑角的实现需要一个有效的稳定控制系统[1,2]。不幸的是,能直接测量的侧滑角只能用特殊设备(光学传感器或GPS惯性传感器的组合)，现在这种设备非常昂贵,不适合在普通汽车上实现。因此, 必须在实时测量的基础上进行侧滑角估计，具体是测量横向/纵向加速度、角速度、引导角度和车轮角速度来估计车辆速度。 在主要是基于状态观测器/卡尔曼滤波器(5、6)的文学资料里, 提出了几个侧滑角估计策略。因为国家观察员都基于一个参考车辆模型,他们只有准确已知模型参数的情况下，才可以提供一个令人满意的估计。根据这种观点,轮胎特性尤其关键取决于附着条件、温度、磨损等特点。 轮胎转弯刚度的提出就是为了克服这些困难,适应观察员能够提供一个同步估计的侧滑角和附着条件[7,8]。这种方法的弊端是一个更复杂的布局的估计量导致需要很高的计算工作量。 另一种方法可由代表神经网络由于其承受能力模型非线性系统，这样不需要一个参
智能车中英文外文翻译
中英文对照资料外文翻译文献 自治智能车在模拟车辆列队中的设计 摘要 自治智能车是基于考虑车辆和道路在内的车辆编队的物理仿真的基础。本文在车辆道路综合的情况下，分析了车辆编队系统的架构，并提出了自制智能车控制系统的构造和结构。在分析了自治智能车的功能要求之后，本文设计了自治智能车关键的硬件和软件。它把芯片作为控制器，以及用摄像头和超声波传感器作为行车导航。同时，它应用直流电机实现智能车的驱动和转向，以及采用Zigbee技术来设计无线通信模块。我们提出的关于识别导航线和运动控制的关键算法，这其中包括路径提取和控制算法。试验表明自治智能车有一个良好的稳定性能，满足了车辆编队系统的功能要求，这款车将提供测试平台和车辆编队系统的进一步研究的技术基础。 1.简介 近年来，随着横向和纵向的智能车辆控制技术等智能交通技术的发展，车辆列队研究已成为在智能交通领域的热点，它融合了一些技术，这其中包括车辆间相互通信，公路通信技术，智能控制技术等。在车辆道路综合的基础上的车辆队列控制系统可以通过提高单个车辆的智能化水平，提高与交通环境交互信息的能力，以及增加车辆密度来提高道路通行能力。与此同时，它减少了控制对象，简化了交通控制复杂性，增加了运输可控性，有效地缓解了交通堵塞，并最终提高了行车安全性。此外，它可以在一定程度上减少车辆阻力和车辆油耗。 图1显示了基于车辆道路行驶的车辆队列架构系统，这表明智能车辆控制，车路信息交互技术，车辆队列和控制方式和其他关键技术是系统的重要组成部分。然而，目前汽车队列的结构，行为特征和智能化行程控制算法尚未完善。因此，有必要研究一些基础东西，这包括车辆队列，车辆队列模型，及车辆小队控制方法的行为特征，这些研究需要在建设有硬件循环仿真的车辆队列系统中进行。
汽车后市场 外文文献翻译
The Competitive Dynamics in the Automotive Aftermarket: Branded Products and Private Label Products THE BUSINESS CASE Throughout the automotive aftermarket industry,senior executives are facing the reality of private brands. Similar dynamics exist outside of the automotive aftermarket and are intensifying in other sectors, such as traditional consumer goods. Also known as ―private label‖ and referred to across many consumer-oriented industries as ―store brands,‖ ―control brands‖ or ―own brands,‖ their risin g prominence has led top executives to ask: ? What issues and risks do U.S.-branded manufacturers face with respect to private brands? ? How are market forces different today than in years past? How will this landscape evolve? ? How can I better understand my operational blind spots in an increasingly competitive landscape? ? What can my management team focus on to protect and grow my brands? Where do we start? ?What are the similarities and differences between the private brand trends in the automotive aftermarket and the consumer products sector? ? What can be learned by automotive aftermarket executives from the private brand experiences in other sectors? Although answers to these questions are not simple and some market dynamics are not yet fully clear, the availability of private brands and other competitive trends are growing in the automotive aftermarket community, just as they are in many consumer product segments. One out of every three consumer products sold by one of the nation’s largest retailers is now private brand – up from one out of every five just a few years ago. With U.S. private brand sales in the grocery market surpassing well over $80 billion, for example, private brands can no longer be ignored by consumer product manufacturers. The U.S. market share of private brands in food, drug and mass merchant channels is more than 20 percent, according to industry data research firms. More than 80 percent of consumers shopping in big box, warehouse clubs and superstores frequently buy store brands and, depending on the specific product category, multiple store brands at a time. Retailers are focusing more resources on private branding to enhance margins, increase shelf velocity and expand store
外文文献翻译：汽车的发展
The development of automobile As the world energy crisis and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy in one day someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not inresources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications the application of the electronic device cars and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance but also improve the automobile fuel economy performance reliability and emission spurification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system electronic control ignition system electronic control automatic transmission electronic control ABS/ASR control system electronic control suspension system electronic control power steering system vehicle dynamic control system the airbag systems active belt system electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response the use function of quick car high reliability guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example automatic transmission in road can not on the clutch can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter gear transmission pump hydraulic control system electronic control system and oil cooling system etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and stability. When the vehicle in the car when the road uneven road can according to automatically adjust the height. When the car ratio of height low set to gas or oil cylinder filling or oil. If is opposite gas or diarrhea. To ensure and improve the level of driving cars driving stability. Variable force power steering system can significantly change the driver for the work efficiency and the state so widely used in electric cars. VDC to vehicle performance has important function it can according to the need of active braking to change the wheels of the car car motions of state and optimum control performance and increased automobile adhesion controlling and stability. Besides these appear beyond 4WS 4WD electric cars can greatly improve the performance of the value and ascending simultaneously. ABS braking distance is reduced and can keep turning skills effectively improve the stability of the directions simultaneously reduce tyre wear. The airbag appear in large programs protected the driver and passengers safety and greatly reduce automobile in collision of drivers and passengers in the buffer to protect the safety of life. Intelligent electronic technology in the bus to promote safe driving and that the other functions. The realization of automatic driving through various sensors. Except some smart cars equipped with multiple outside sensors can fully perception of information and traffic facilities
智能汽车中英文对照外文翻译文献
智能汽车中英文对照外文翻译文献 (文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 翻译： 基于智能汽车的智能控制研究 摘要：本文使用一个叫做“智能汽车”的平台进行智能控制研究，该小车采用飞思卡尔半导体公司制造的MC9S12DG128芯片作为主要的控制单元，同时介绍了最小的智能控制系统的设计和实现智能车的自我追踪驾驶使用路径识别算法。智能控制智能车的研究包括:提取路径信息,自我跟踪算法实现和方向和速度控制。下文介绍了系统中不同模块的各自实现功能，最重要部分是智能车的过程智能控制：开环控制和闭环控制的应用程序包括增量式PID控制算法和鲁棒控制算法。最后一步是
基于智能控制系统的智能测试。 关键词：MC9S12DG128；智能控制;开环控制；PID；鲁棒； 1.背景介绍 随着控制理论的提高以及信息技术的快速发展,智能控制在我们的社会中发挥着越来越重要的作用。由于嵌入式设备有小尺寸、低功耗、功能强大等优点，相信在这个领域将会有一个相对广泛的应用,如汽车电子、航空航天、智能家居。如果这些技术一起工作，它将会蔓延到其他领域。为了研究嵌入式智能控制技术，“智能汽车”被选为研究平台,并把MC9S12DG128芯片作为主控单元。通过智能控制,智能汽车可以自主移动,同时跟踪的路径。 首先,本文给读者一个总体介绍智能车辆系统的[2、3]。然后,根据智能车辆的智能控制:提取路径信息,自我跟踪算法实现中,舵机的方向和速度的控制。它提供包括了上述四个方面的细节的智能车系统信息。此外,本文强调了智能车的控制过程应用程序包括开环控制、闭环增量PID算法和鲁棒算法。 2.智能车系统的总体设计 该系统采用MC9S12DG128[4]作为主芯片，以及一个CCD传感器作为交通信息收集的传感器。速度传感器是基于无线电型光电管的原理开发。路径可以CCD传感器后绘制收集的数据，并且系统计算出相应的处理。在同时，用由电动马达速度测试模块测量的智能汽车的当前速度进行响应的系统。最后，路径识别系统利用所述路径信息和当前的速度，以使智能汽车在不同的道路条件的最高速度运行。图1示出了智能车辆系统的框图。
外文翻译---汽车车身总布置的方法
附录 Modern car’s design always stresses people-oriented, so safety, comfort, Environmental protection and energy saving have been the design theme And target in car design. Ergonomics layout design is not only relate to the effective use of internal space and improve car’s comfort and safety Performance, but it will also impact internal and external modeling results, and further affects the vehicle's overall performance and marketability.Soergonomics’application and research during car design and development process occupy an important position.After more than 50 years of construction and development, China’s Automobile industry has become the leading power of automobile production and consumption in the world. In particular, with the rise and rapid de velopment of independent brand’s vehicles, we pay more attention To the development processes and the technical requirements of hard Points’ layout. Through the three typical processes such as modern vehicle developing Process, body development process and using ergonomic to progress Inner auto-body layout, describe ergonomic layoationship between design, Aunt design in which stage of the process of vehicle development, the red The importance of working steps. The automobile body total arrangement is the automobile design most initial is also the most essential step, is other design stage premise and the foundation, to a great extent is deciding the body design success or failure. Picks generally in the actual design process With by forward and reverse two design method (1) to design (from inside to outside law) to design method namely "humanist", is coming based on the human body arrangement tool to define the pilot and the crew member gradually rides the space and the vehicle comes to pay tribute each article the arrangement, take satisfies the human body to ride with the driving comfortableness as the premise, said simply is determined first satisfies the human body to ride under the comfortable premise, carries on the indoor arrangement first, then carries on the complete bikes external styling design again. The concrete method and the step are as follows: ①Determine 5% and 95% manikin H position and the chair by the SAE recommendation's enjoyable line or the region law adjustment traveling schedule, seat
汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献
汽车保险中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)
汽车保险 汽车保险是在事故后保证自己的财产安全合同。尽管联邦法律没有强制要求，但是在大多数州（新罕布什和威斯康星州除外）都要求必须购买汽车保险；在各个州都有最低的保险要求。在鼻腔只购买汽车保险的两个州，如果没有足够的证据表明车主财力满足财务责任法的要求，那么他就必须买一份汽车保险。就算没有法律规定，买一份合适的汽车保险对司机避免惹上官和承担过多维修费用来说都是非常实用的。 依据美国保险咨询中心的资料显示，一份基本的保险单应由6个险种组成。这其中有些是有州法律规定，有些是可以选择的，具体如下： 1.身体伤害责任险 2.财产损失责任险 3.医疗险或个人伤害保护险 4.车辆碰撞险 5.综合损失险 6.无保险驾驶人或保额不足驾驶人险 责任保险 责任险的投保险额一般用三个数字表示。不如，你的保险经纪人说你的保险单责任限额是20/40/10，这就代表每个人的人身伤害责任险赔偿限额是2万美元，每起事故的热身上海责任险赔偿限额是4万美元，每起事故的财产损失责任险的赔偿限额是1万美元。 人身伤害和财产损失责任险是大多数汽车保险单的基础。要求汽车保险的每个州都强令必须投保财产损失责任险，佛罗里达是唯一要求汽车保险但不要求投保人身伤害责任险的州。如果由于你的过错造成了事故，你的责任险会承担人身伤害、财产损失和法律规定的其他费用。人身伤害责任险将赔偿医疗费和误工工资；财产损失责任险将支付车辆的维修及零件更换费用。财产损失责任险通常承担对其他车辆的维修费用，但是也可以对你的车撞坏的灯杆、护栏、建筑物等其他物品的损坏进行赔偿。另一方当事人也可以决定起诉你赔偿精神损失。
汽车变速器设计外文翻译
汽车变速器设计 ----------外文翻译 我们知道，汽车发动机在一定的转速下能够达到最好的状态，此时发出的功率比较大，燃油经济性也比较好。因此，我们希望发动机总是在最好的状态下工作。但是，汽车在使用的时候需要有不同的速度，这样就产生了矛盾。这个矛盾要通过变速器来解决。 汽车变速器的作用用一句话概括，就叫做变速变扭，即增速减扭或减速增扭。为什么减速可以增扭，而增速又要减扭呢？设发动机输出的功率不变，功率可以表示为 N = w T，其中w是转动的角速度，T是扭距。当N固定的时候，w与T是成反比的。所以增速必减扭，减速必增扭。汽车变速器齿轮传动就根据变速变扭的原理，分成各个档位对应不同的传动比，以适应不同的运行状况。 一般的手动变速器内设置输入轴、中间轴和输出轴，又称三轴式，另外还有倒档轴。三轴式是变速器的主体结构，输入轴的转速也就是发动机的转速，输出轴转速则是中间轴与输出轴之间不同齿轮啮合所产生的转速。不同的齿轮啮合就有不同的传动比，也就有了不同的转速。例如郑州日产ZN6481W2G型SUV车手动变速器，它的传动比分别是：1档3.704:１；2档2.202:1；3档1.414:1；4档1:1；5档（超速档）0.802:1。 当汽车启动司机选择1档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器向后接合1档齿轮并将它锁定输出轴上，动力经输入轴、中间轴和输出轴上的1档齿轮，1档齿轮带动输出轴，输出轴将动力传递到传动轴上（红色箭头）。典型1档变速齿轮传动比是3:1,也就是说输入轴转3圈，输出轴转1圈。 当汽车增速司机选择2档时，拨叉将1/2档同步器与1档分离后接合2档齿轮并锁定输出轴上，动力传递路线相似，所不同的是输出轴上的1档齿轮换成2档齿轮带动输出轴。典型2档变速齿轮传动比是2.2:1，输入轴转2.2圈，输出轴转1圈，比1档转速增加，扭矩降低。
单片机外文翻译----基于单片机的电动智能小车
基于单片机的电动智能小车 通过研发实现了一种以光电传感器为敏感元件，以 AT89C51 单片机为控制核心的电动循迹小车的智能控，该系统还包括直流电机、L9110 芯片和 LM324 比较器等。本设计采用 AT89C51 单片机作为智能小车核心控制器。 本系统以单片机为控制核心 ,实现电动车的前进、退、左转和右转功能.通过角度传感器 [ 1 ]检测跷跷板角度的变化 ,利用增量式 PI算法 [ 2 ]控制电动车寻找平衡点 ,同时运用光电传感器检测黑线 ,使电动车在行驶过程中保持直线运动且不会脱离跷跷。 一．方案设计 电动车的速度、位置、运行状况的实时测量，并将测量数据传送至单片机进行处理，然后由单片机根据所检测的各种数据实现对电动车的智能控制。这种方案能实现对电动车的运动状态进行实时控制，控制，灵活可靠，精度高，可满足对系统的各项要求。(1)直流调速系统直流调速系统采用脉宽调速系统，其主电路采用脉宽调制式变换器，简称PWM变换器。由于PWM调速系统的开关频率较高，仅靠电枢电感的滤波作用就可以获得脉动很小的直流电流，电枢电流容易连续，系统的低速运行平稳，调速范围较宽，可达1：10000左右。由于电流波形比 V-M系统好，在相同的平均电流下，电动机的损耗和发热都比较小。同样由于开关频率高，若与快速响应的电机相配合，系统可以获得很宽的频带，因此快速响应性能好，动态抗扰能力强。根据以上综合比较，以及本设计中受控电机的容量和直流电机调速的发展方向，本设计采用了H型单极型可逆 PWM 变换器进行调速。 1.1 光电检测模块设计 该智能小车在贴有黑线的白纸“路面”上行驶，因此本模块设计需要检测铺在行驶区的黑 胶带，包括直线行驶区和沿弧线行驶区两个区域。由于黑线和白纸对光线的反射系数不同可根据接收到的反射光的强弱来判断“道路”---黑线。本文采用的是简单实用的检测方法，即红外探测法。 红外探测法，即利用红外线在不同颜色的物理表面具有不同的反射性质的特点。在小车行驶过程中不断地向地面发射红外光，当红外光遇到白色地面时发生漫发射，反射光被装在小车上的接收管接收；如果遇到黑线则红外光被吸收，则小车上的接收管接收不到信号。 1.2 信号比较模块设计 输送给单片机，用于检测传感器的敏感性，电路图如图 5 所示。当两个传感器同时检测到光时，直线前进。当传感器检测不到光时，处于截止状态，双运算放大器 LM324 输出低电平给单片机，由程序处理；若左路未检测到光，则向左纠正方向；若右路未检测到光，则向右纠正方向。 1.3 电机控制与驱动模块设计 由于采用的是双驱动的小车，这部分电路必须能够输出两个不同的电压值，分别去控制小车的左、右两个驱动电机，使小车的两个车轮的转速和方向相同或不同，从而来控制它的前进和转弯。在系统的设计过程中，用两个 L9110 芯片来分别连接单片机和直流电机。L9110 是为控制和驱动电机设计的两通道推挽式功率放大专用集成电路器件，将分立电路集成在单片 IC 之中，使外围器件成本降低，整机可靠性提高。该芯片有两个 TTL / CMOS 兼容电平的输入，具
汽车外文翻译
As the world energy crisis, and the war and the energy consumption of oil -- and are full of energy, in one day, someday it will disappear without a trace. Oil is not in resources. So in oil consumption must be clean before finding a replacement. With the development of science and technology the progress of the society, people invented the electric car. Electric cars will become the most ideal of transportation. In the development of world each aspect is fruitful, especially with the automobile electronic technology and computer and rapid development of the information age. The electronic control technology in the car on a wide range of applications, the application of the electronic device, cars, and electronic technology not only to improve and enhance the quality and the traditional automobile electrical performance, but also improve the automobile fuel economy, performance, reliability and emissions purification. Widely used in automobile electronic products not only reduces the cost and reduce the complexity of the maintenance. From the fuel injection engine ignition devices, air control and emission control and fault diagnosis to the body auxiliary devices are generally used in electronic control technology, auto development mainly electromechanical integration. Widely used in automotive electronic control ignition system mainly electronic control fuel injection system, electronic control ignition system, electronic control automatic transmission, electronic control (ABS/ASR) control system, electronic control suspension system, electronic control power steering system, vehicle dynamic control system, the airbag systems, active belt system, electronic control system and the automatic air-conditioning and GPS navigation system etc. With the system response, the use function of quick car, high reliability, guarantees of engine power and reduce fuel consumption and emission regulations meet standards. The car is essential to modern traffic tools. And electric cars bring us infinite joy will give us the physical and mental relaxation. Take for example, automatic transmission in road, can not on the clutch, can achieve automatic shift and engine flameout, not so effective improve the driving convenience lighten the fatigue strength. Automatic transmission consists mainly of hydraulic torque converter, gear transmission, pump, hydraulic control system, electronic control system and oil cooling system, etc. The electronic control of suspension is mainly used to cushion the impact of the body and the road to reduce vibration that car getting smooth-going and
汽车制动系统(机械、车辆工程毕业论文英文文献及翻译)
Automobile Brake System汽车制动系统 The braking system is the most important system in cars. If the brakes fail, the result can be disastrous. Brakes are actually energy conversion devices, which convert the kinetic energy (momentum) of the vehicle into thermal energy (heat).When stepping on the brakes, the driver commands a stopping force ten times as powerful as the force that puts the car in motion. The braking system can exert thousands of pounds of pressure on each of the four brakes. Two complete independent braking systems are used on the car. They are the service brake and the parking brake. The service brake acts to slow, stop, or hold the vehicle during normal driving. They are foot-operated by the driver depressing and releasing the brake pedal. The primary purpose of the brake is to hold the vehicle stationary while it is unattended. The parking brake is mechanically operated by when a separate parking brake foot pedal or hand lever is set. The brake system is composed of the following basic components: the “master cylinder” which is located under the hood, and is directly connected to the brake pedal, converts driver foot’s mechanical pressure into hydraulic pressure. Steel “brake lines” and flexible “brake hoses” connect the master cylinder to the “slave cylinders” located at each wheel. Brake fluid, specially designed to work in extreme conditions, fills the system. “Shoes” and “pads” are pushed by the slave cylinders to contact the “drums” and “rotors” thus causing drag, which (hopefully) slows the c ar. The typical brake system consists of disk brakes in front and either disk or drum brakes in the rear connected by a system of tubes and hoses that link the brake at each wheel to the master cylinder (Figure). Basically, all car brakes are friction brakes. When the driver applies the brake, the control device forces brake shoes, or pads, against the rotating brake drum or disks at wheel. Friction between the shoes or pads and the drums or disks then slows or stops the wheel so that the car is braked.