词汇学 Meaning ppt课件
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Ⅱ. Word Meaning
(Ⅰ).Definition:
Meaning is a notion in semantics classically defined as having two components: reference, anything in the referential realm denoted by a word or expression, and sense, the system of paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships between a lexical unit and other lexical units in a language.
(Ⅱ).Natures of Word Meaning:
1. Conventionality （约定俗成）
Most English words are conventional，arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic relation between the symbol and its sense. There is no way to explain why this or that symbol has this or that meaning.
Why do we name
a “house”
There is no way to explain “why”.
However, there is some way to explain “house” in “It houses us.” or “We are housed.”
So, words may have two natures: “conventionality” and “motivation”.
The English linguist, Eric Partridge, says:“Words have no meaning; people have meaning for them.”（词 本无义，人赋予之。）
I say:“Words are words, because they are meaningful.”
2. Motivation: （理据形成）
Motivation refers to the connection between word symbol and its sense. From the point of view of motivation, the great majority of English words are conventional. However, there is a small group of words that can be described as motivated, that is, a direct connection between the symbol and its sense can be really observed.
(3).Semantic motivation:
Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors. It is a kind of mental association. eg: the leg of a table,
1. Grammatical meaning:
(1).word-class: modern (adj) → modernize(v) → modernization(n) (How to use them ?)
(2).Inlfectional paradign: （词形变化） cat → cats write → writes → wrote → written → writing
A complete word:
meaning (房子)
form --------------- referent (house)
这个图形表示:
第一 ,词有两个方向—“形式” 和“意义(概念)” . “形式”指的是拼
写;与此相对的是词的 “意义(概念)”,也就是词的内容.每个词都有一 定的形式和意义,这两方面缺一不可.
Motivation can arise in three major ways:
(1).Phonetic motivation:ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ(onomatopoeic words)
(2).Morphological motivation: (derivation, compounding, conversion)
a stony heart, Her favorite dish is steak. He manages to earn bread.
(Ⅲ). Main Types of Word Meaning
Word meaning is made up of various components which are interrelated and interdependent. These components are commonly described as types of meaning. Two main types of word meaning are grammatical and lexical.
第二,词义与所指对象连接在一起.一方面,词义在客观世界中是有 所指的;另一方面,词义又是客观世界的某一(或某些)事物在语言中的 反映.
第三,在“语义三角” 中, “形式”和“所指对象”间不是实线,而 是用虚线连接起来的,说明它们两者之间没有必然的直接关系.也就是 说,house
和
之间没有必然联系，它们之间是约定俗成的．
2.Lexical meaning:
(1).Denotative meaning: It is the central factor in linguistic communication. eg: chair → 椅子 mother → 母亲 man → 男人 woman → 女人 politician → 政客 blood → 血液 chicken → 小鸡 adult → 成年人
(Ⅰ).Definition:
Meaning is a notion in semantics classically defined as having two components: reference, anything in the referential realm denoted by a word or expression, and sense, the system of paradigmatic and syntagmatic relationships between a lexical unit and other lexical units in a language.
(Ⅱ).Natures of Word Meaning:
1. Conventionality （约定俗成）
Most English words are conventional，arbitrary symbols; consequently, there is no intrinsic relation between the symbol and its sense. There is no way to explain why this or that symbol has this or that meaning.
Why do we name
a “house”
There is no way to explain “why”.
However, there is some way to explain “house” in “It houses us.” or “We are housed.”
So, words may have two natures: “conventionality” and “motivation”.
The English linguist, Eric Partridge, says:“Words have no meaning; people have meaning for them.”（词 本无义，人赋予之。）
I say:“Words are words, because they are meaningful.”
2. Motivation: （理据形成）
Motivation refers to the connection between word symbol and its sense. From the point of view of motivation, the great majority of English words are conventional. However, there is a small group of words that can be described as motivated, that is, a direct connection between the symbol and its sense can be really observed.
(3).Semantic motivation:
Semantic motivation refers to motivation based on semantic factors. It is a kind of mental association. eg: the leg of a table,
1. Grammatical meaning:
(1).word-class: modern (adj) → modernize(v) → modernization(n) (How to use them ?)
(2).Inlfectional paradign: （词形变化） cat → cats write → writes → wrote → written → writing
A complete word:
meaning (房子)
form --------------- referent (house)
这个图形表示:
第一 ,词有两个方向—“形式” 和“意义(概念)” . “形式”指的是拼
写;与此相对的是词的 “意义(概念)”,也就是词的内容.每个词都有一 定的形式和意义,这两方面缺一不可.
Motivation can arise in three major ways:
(1).Phonetic motivation:ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ(onomatopoeic words)
(2).Morphological motivation: (derivation, compounding, conversion)
a stony heart, Her favorite dish is steak. He manages to earn bread.
(Ⅲ). Main Types of Word Meaning
Word meaning is made up of various components which are interrelated and interdependent. These components are commonly described as types of meaning. Two main types of word meaning are grammatical and lexical.
第二,词义与所指对象连接在一起.一方面,词义在客观世界中是有 所指的;另一方面,词义又是客观世界的某一(或某些)事物在语言中的 反映.
第三,在“语义三角” 中, “形式”和“所指对象”间不是实线,而 是用虚线连接起来的,说明它们两者之间没有必然的直接关系.也就是 说,house
和
之间没有必然联系，它们之间是约定俗成的．
2.Lexical meaning:
(1).Denotative meaning: It is the central factor in linguistic communication. eg: chair → 椅子 mother → 母亲 man → 男人 woman → 女人 politician → 政客 blood → 血液 chicken → 小鸡 adult → 成年人