语用学后格莱斯理论介绍英文
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b. I do not always take sugar in my coffee. Ex. 2 a. I believe ( cf. know ) that John is away.
b. He may or may not be ---- speaker doesn't know which.
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
* Maxim of Quality: Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
• This principle concerns mainly about the maximization of informational content.
• Ex. a. Some of my friends are linguists.
• b. Not all of my friends are linguists.
The Q- I- and M- Principles
The I- Principle • Definition: Say as little as necessary, produce the minimal linguistics clues sufficient to achieve your
communicational ends, bearing Q in mind. • Ex. 3 • a. John turned the key and the engine started.
The R ﹝elation﹞ Principle Make your contribution necessary . Say no more than you must ( given Q ) .
• Replace Grice's second maxim of quantity and the maxim of relation .
• This principle concerns mainly about
Байду номын сангаасthe minimization of form.
• Ex. Can you pass me the salt ?
The Q- I- and M- Principles
The Q- Principle • Definition: Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose of the exchange.
Specifically: don't provide a statement that is informationally weaker than your knowledge of the world allows, unless providing a stronger statement would contravene the I- principle. • Ex. 1 a. I often take sugar in my coffee.
• Ostensive communication • Optimal relevance
• Ex. 1. a. George has a big cat. b. George has a tiger, a lion, a jaguar ( 美洲豹 ), etc.
c. George has a tiger. d. George has a tiger or a lion, I'm not sure which. e. George has a felid.
The Q- Principle ＆ The R- Principle
The Q ﹝uantity﹞ Principle Make your contribution sufficient. Say as much as you can ( given R ).
• Replace Grice's first maxim of quantity and the maxim of manner.
Post-Gricean Pragmatics
Grice's Cooperative Principle
• Paul Grice is generally regarded as the founding figure of the traditon in which utterance meaning is
* Maxim of Relation: Be relevant
* Maxim of Manner : Avoid absurdity of expression
Avoid ambiguity
Be brief ( avoid unnecessary prolixity).
④ Be orderly
The Principle of Relevance
• Sperber ＆ Wilson
• Minimize the processing effort Maximize the cognitive effect
• Definition: Every act of "ostensive communication" communicates a presumption of its own " optimal relevance ".
analyzed in terms of speaker's intentions.
• Paul Grice
Cooperative Principles
The Four Maxims
• The Four Maxims :
* Maxim of Quantity: Make your contribution as informative as is required.
b. He may or may not be ---- speaker doesn't know which.
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
* Maxim of Quality: Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
• This principle concerns mainly about the maximization of informational content.
• Ex. a. Some of my friends are linguists.
• b. Not all of my friends are linguists.
The Q- I- and M- Principles
The I- Principle • Definition: Say as little as necessary, produce the minimal linguistics clues sufficient to achieve your
communicational ends, bearing Q in mind. • Ex. 3 • a. John turned the key and the engine started.
The R ﹝elation﹞ Principle Make your contribution necessary . Say no more than you must ( given Q ) .
• Replace Grice's second maxim of quantity and the maxim of relation .
• This principle concerns mainly about
Байду номын сангаасthe minimization of form.
• Ex. Can you pass me the salt ?
The Q- I- and M- Principles
The Q- Principle • Definition: Make your contribution as informative as is required for the current purpose of the exchange.
Specifically: don't provide a statement that is informationally weaker than your knowledge of the world allows, unless providing a stronger statement would contravene the I- principle. • Ex. 1 a. I often take sugar in my coffee.
• Ostensive communication • Optimal relevance
• Ex. 1. a. George has a big cat. b. George has a tiger, a lion, a jaguar ( 美洲豹 ), etc.
c. George has a tiger. d. George has a tiger or a lion, I'm not sure which. e. George has a felid.
The Q- Principle ＆ The R- Principle
The Q ﹝uantity﹞ Principle Make your contribution sufficient. Say as much as you can ( given R ).
• Replace Grice's first maxim of quantity and the maxim of manner.
Post-Gricean Pragmatics
Grice's Cooperative Principle
• Paul Grice is generally regarded as the founding figure of the traditon in which utterance meaning is
* Maxim of Relation: Be relevant
* Maxim of Manner : Avoid absurdity of expression
Avoid ambiguity
Be brief ( avoid unnecessary prolixity).
④ Be orderly
The Principle of Relevance
• Sperber ＆ Wilson
• Minimize the processing effort Maximize the cognitive effect
• Definition: Every act of "ostensive communication" communicates a presumption of its own " optimal relevance ".
analyzed in terms of speaker's intentions.
• Paul Grice
Cooperative Principles
The Four Maxims
• The Four Maxims :
* Maxim of Quantity: Make your contribution as informative as is required.