语言学课件 meaning(1)

1.Conceptual approach suggests that any particular sound image is psychologically associated with a particular concept.
2.Meaning of language comes from concept, not the real object in real world.
Problems of Referential Approach
Conceptual Approach
sense (concept/thought)
language (sound)
referent (real object)
Summarization of conceptual approach
I.Entailment Semantic
inclusion (a) He has been to Paris. (b) He has been to Europe
II.Presupposition (a)He
once beat his wife. (b) He has a wife.
2.social
meaning: what is communicated of the social circumstances of language use) (social situation/social statues) 3.affective meaning: what is communicated of the feeling and attitudes of the addresser towards to the addressee (Politician/ statesman)
Sense relationship between words
I.
Synonymy: words or expressions with the same or similar meaning II. Antonymy 1.gradable antonym 2.complementary Non-gradable antonyms whose semantic features are mutually exclusive.

4. Reflected meaning: we associate one sense of an expression with another (multiple conceptual meaning). (he is blue; I see he is brown) 5.collocative meaning: what is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of another.
Course:
An Introduction to Linguistics
Part V: Meaning of Language
Section2: Semantics
张法春
Leech’s interpretation of meaning
I.
Conceptual meaning: logical,denotative meaning or cognitive meaning. boy [ +HUMAN –ADULT +MALE] II. Associative meaning 1. Connotative meaning: communicative value (emotive/ additional meaning; wolf )
Root
trunk
branch
leaf
IV.hyponymy A
specific-general semantic relationship between lexical items. wildlife
Wolf
tiger
lion
leopard
V.polysemy A
single word has several meaning. VI. Homonymy Words which have the same linguistic form but are different in meaning
Course: Part V:
An Introduction to Linguistics Meaning of Language
Section1: Approaches to Meaning
张法春
Teaching Procedures
●I. ●
Review: Syntax
◆ Four approaches of syntactic analysis ◆ Referential Approach ◆ Conceptual Approach ◆ Cognitive Approach ◆ Behaviorist Approach
R = behavioral response
Summarization of behaviorist approach
• 1. The meaning of a linguistic form is defined as observable behaviors. • 2.Meaning exists in the relation between speech and the practical events that precede and follow it.

Problems
the first snow of 2008
Problems of Conceptual Approach
the first snow of 2008
an artist a farmer a scientist a driver
Cognitive Approach
real world cognitive world language
Father of modern linguistics
Jiu Zhaigou
Summarization of referential approach
The meaning of an expression is what it refers to in the real world.
Language and the thing it refers to in real world is directly related.
III.
Thematic meaning What is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis. (FSP)
Componential analysis
III.
Implicature (a) I can not bear his temper anymore. (b) I have tried my best to bear his temper. IV.Synonymy (a) Mary is older than Tom. (b) Tom is younger than Mary.
Behaviorist Approach
Pavlov
His experiment
American structuralist, Bloomfield
S
r ……s
R
Biblioteka Baidu
S = behavioral stimulus r = linguistic response s = linguistic stimulus
I.
Noun Boy [+human] [+male ] [-old] Father =parent(X, Y) & Male(X) Mother= parent(X, Y) & ~male(X) Son=child (X, Y) & male (X)
II.
Verb Take=cause (X, (have(X, Y)) Give=cause(X, (~have(X, Y)) Die= become(X, (~alive(X)) Kill= cause (X, (become(Y, (~alive(Y)))) Murder=intend(X, (cause(X, (become(Y, (~alive(Y)))))
Prescriptive: Traditional Approach Structuralism T- G Approach Functionalism modern linguistics
Descriptive
Referential Approach
● language
● real object
Homework
Summarize
the major contribution, as well as weakness, of each approach to meaning. Q1: What is Leech’s interpretation of meaning? Q2: What is the difference between semantic meaning and pragmatic meaning?
V.Inconsistency (a)
John is a bachelor. (b) John has just been married.
VII.
Homophony Words which sound alike but are different and often have different meanings ( see & sea; flower & flour)
Intersentential semantic relations
II. Approaches to Meaning
●
III. Homework
Review: Syntax
I. Traditional Approach
II. Structuralist Approach III. T-G Approach IV. Functional Approach
Methodology of Linguistics Study
3.relational
antonyms Words or expressions whose crucial semantic features display a reciprocal relationship. (husband/wife)
III.meronymy A
part-whole relationship between lexical items. tree
interaction
linguistic representation categorization
•
cognition process (ICM, ECM)
conceptualization
Summarization of cognitive approach
• 1. Two worlds real world: objective, absolute cognitive world: individualized, subjective • 2. A person is to interact with real world with his body to establish his own individualized cognitive world. • 3. All meaning, including meaning of language, comes from cognitive world, particularly human beings’ bodily experience.