考研英语2000阅读及翻译
2000年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析
2000年考研英语试卷英汉翻译真题解析Directions: Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segmentssintosChinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (10 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 72) Furthermore it is obvious that the strength of a country's economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors insgroupsto step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including thesetting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere insgroupsto reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may co-operate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent of scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.73) Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 74) in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization-with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed-was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures and tensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems forthe governments concerned. 75) Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting themsintoseffect.翻译题解：71) Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts.句子分析：第一、句子可以拆分为三段：Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control/and hence the help of specialized scientists/such as economists and operational research experts.第二、句子的结构：1)主干结构是一个带双宾语的简单句：this requires varying measures of...and hence the help of...2)两个宾语各带有of短语作定语。
2000年考研英语阅读理解
2000 Text 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."51. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱbecause________.[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ______.[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market53. What can be inferred from the passage?[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.54. The author seems to believe the revival of the US economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the________.[A] turning of the business cycle[B] restructuring of industry[C] improved business management[D] success in education核心词汇1. effortless 没有努力的2. dreadful 可怕的3. handicap 障碍4. handle 处理；解决5. drive 驱动；driving force 驱动力6. glowing 光辉的；灿烂的7. competitor 竞争对手8. unparalleled 无可比拟的；unmatched=matchless 无可比拟的9. skilled 熟练的10. beyond 超出11. inevitable 不可避免的12. primacy 主导地位13. narrow 缩小14. retreat 撤退；后退15. predominance 绝对主导地位16. at a loss over 对…不知所措17. fade 消退；减弱18. competitiveness 竞争力19. shrink 缩小；萎缩20. vanish 消失21. in the face of 面对22. textile 纺织品23. sweep into 涌入24. domestic 国内25. on the ropes 危在旦夕；命悬一线26. casualty 牺牲品27. cause 引起28. take…for granted 想当然29. inquiry 调查；询问30. sensational 轰动一时的31. look back on 回顾32. solid 稳定；固定33. attribute…to 把….归因于34. solely 仅仅35. devalue 贬值36. self-doubt 自我怀疑37. yield to 让位于38. blind pride 盲目自豪39. go on a diet 减肥；裁剪机构40. quick-witted 才智敏捷难句精解①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.▲该句是一个并列句，由前后两个转折关系的分句组成，其间的连词为but。
2000考研英语阅读
2000年考研英语阅读Part ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. ②When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. ③Its scientists were the world s best; its workers the most skilled. ④(11)America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.①It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. ②Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. ③By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. ④Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. ⑤By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. ⑥(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) ⑦(12)Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. ⑧For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.①All of this caused a crisis of confidence. ②Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. ③They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. ④The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. ⑤Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.①How things have changed! ②In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. ③(14)Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. ④Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. ⑤“American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,” according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. ⑥“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,” says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. ⑦And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”［429 words］11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because.［A］it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal［B］its domestic market was eight times larger than before［C］the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors［D］the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American.［A］TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market［B］semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises［C］machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions［D］auto industry had lost part of its domestic market13. What can be inferred from the passage?［A］It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.［B］Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.［C］The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.［D］A long history of success may pave the way for further development.14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.［A］turning of the business cycle ［B］restructuring of industry［C］improved business management ［D］success in educationPassage 2①(15)Being a man has always been dangerous. ②There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. ③But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. ④Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. ⑤This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. ⑥More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. ⑦Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. ⑧Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.①There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children. ②Few people are as fertile as in the past. ③Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. ④Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. ⑤Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. ⑥(16)Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished. ⑦India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples.⑧The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. ②Strangely, it has involved little physical change. ③No other species fills so many places in nature. ④But in the past 100, 000 years—even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. ⑤(17)We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us.⑥Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”⑦No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.［406 words］15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?［A］A lack of mates. ［B］A fierce competition.［C］A lower survival rate. ［D］A defective gene.16. What does the example of India illustrate?［A］Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.［B］Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.［C］The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.［D］India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.［A］life has been improved by technological advance［B］the number of female babies has been declining［C］our species has reached the highest stage of evolution［D］the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?［A］Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.［B］Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution.［C］The Evolutionary Future of Nature.［D］Human Evolution Going Nowhere.Passage 3①(20)When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. ②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.①This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. ②Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. ③(21)This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression.④We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. ⑤We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. ⑥Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.①Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. ②But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river —and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the off icers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”①(22)This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. ②All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. ③The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?［334 words］19. This passage is mainly.［A］ a survey of new approaches to art［B］ a review of Futurist poetry［C］about merits of the Futurist movement［D］about laws and requirements of literature20. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to.［A］determine its purposes ［B］ignore its flaws［C］follow the new fashions ［D］accept the principles21. Futurists claim that we must.［A］increase the production of literature［B］use poetry to relieve modern stress［C］develop new modes of expression［D］avoid using adjectives and verbs22. The author believes that Futurist poetry is.［A］based on reasonable principles［B］new and acceptable to ordinary people［C］indicative of a basic change in human nature［D］more of a transient phenomenon than literaturePassage 4①（23）Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. ②But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values.③Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.①The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. ②In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. ③In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.①While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking andmechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. ②（25）“Those things that do not show up in the test scores—personality, ability, courage or humanity—are completely ignored,”says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. ③“Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.” ④Last year Japan experienced 2，125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. ⑤Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. ⑥Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation author ities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”①（26）But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. ②“In Japan,” says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.” ③With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. ④Urban Japanese have long endured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. ⑤In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.［447 words］23. In the Westerners’ eyes, the postwar Japan was.［A］under aimless development ［B］ a positive example［C］ a rival to the West ［D］on the decline24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?［A］Women’s participation in social activities is limited.［B］More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.［C］Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.［D］The life-style has been influenced by Western values.25. Which of the following is true according to the author?［A］Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.［B］Japanese education is characterized by mechanical learning as well as creativity.［C］More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.［D］Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that.［A］the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life［B］the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.［C］the Japanese endure more than ever before［D］the Japanese appreciate their present lifePassage 5①(27)If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. ②If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. ③ (28)In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. ④What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. ⑤There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped—with the educated themselves riding on them.①Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. ②Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.③(29)What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. ④Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. ⑤For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”①The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. ②As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. ③This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. ④Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. ⑤Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. ［431 words］27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.［A］its returns well compensate for the sacrifices［B］it is rewarded with money, fame and power［C］its goals are spiritual rather than material［D］it is shared by the rich and the famous28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.［A］customary of the educated to discard ambition in words［B］too late to check ambition once it has been let out［C］dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal［D］impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.［A］they think of it as immoral［B］their pursuits are not fame or wealth［C］ambition is not closely related to material benefits［D］they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained.［A］secretly and vigorously ［B］openly and enthusiastically［C］easily and momentarily ［D］verbally and spiritually。
考研阅读逐句译2000年第1篇
考研阅读逐句译2000年第1篇第1句A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. 单词：effort努力；dreadful可怕的；handicap障碍；proper适当的。
结构：A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, （第一个并列句）//but, if properly handled,（条件状语）//it may become a driving force（第二个并列句）译文：长时间不费吹灰之力就可以获得成功，这样的经验可能会成为一种可怕的障碍，但是，如果处理得当，就会成为一个积极的推动力。
第2句When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. 单词：glow 发光；competitor 竞争者，compete 竞争；parallel 平行的，相似；unparalleled 无比的，无双的，无匹的；scale 规模。
结构：When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War,（时间状语从句）// it had a market eight times larger than any competitor,（主句）//giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale.（ing分词短语在句子末尾一般表示结果）译文：二战结束之后，美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期时，它拥有的市场比任何竞争者大八倍，这使其工业的经济规模举世无双。
2000年考研英语阅读理解
2000 Text 1 A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries industries unparalleled unparalleled unparalleled economies economies economies of of of scale. scale. scale. Its scientists Its scientists were were the world's the world's best, best, its workers its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic domestic market. market. market. America's America's America's machine-tool machine-tool machine-tool industry industry industry was was was on on on the ropes. For the ropes. For a while it it looked looked looked as as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty. All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began began to to to believe believe believe that that that their their their way way way of of of doing doing doing business business business was was was failing, failing, failing, and and and that that that their their their incomes incomes incomes would would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes causes of of of America's America's America's industrial industrial industrial decline. decline. decline. Their Their Their sometimes sometimes sometimes sensational sensational sensational findings findings findings were were were filled filled filled with with warnings about the growing competition from overseas. How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued devalued dollar dollar dollar or or or the the the turning turning turning of of of the the the business business business cycle. cycle. cycle. Self-doubt Self-doubt Self-doubt has has has yielded yielded to to blind blind blind pride. pride. "American industry has has changed changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their their productivity," productivity," productivity," says Stephen says Stephen Moore Moore of of of the the the Cato Institute, Cato Institute, a a think-tank think-tank think-tank in in in Washington, Washington, Washington, D.C. D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States." 51. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱ because________. [A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal [B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before [C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors [D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy 52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ______. [A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market [B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises [C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions [D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market 53. What can be inferred from the passage? [A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress. [C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation. [D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development. 54. The author seems to believe the revival of the US economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the________. [A] turning of the business cycle [B] restructuring of industry [C] improved business management [D] success in education 核心词汇核心词汇1. effortless 没有努力的没有努力的2. dreadful 可怕的可怕的3. handicap 障碍障碍4. handle 处理；解决处理；解决5. drive 驱动；driving force 驱动力驱动力6. glowing 光辉的；灿烂的光辉的；灿烂的7. competitor 竞争对手竞争对手8. unparalleled 无可比拟的；unmatched=matchless 无可比拟的无可比拟的9. skilled 熟练的熟练的10. beyond 超出超出11. inevitable 不可避免的不可避免的12. primacy 主导地位主导地位13. narrow 缩小缩小14. retreat 撤退；后退撤退；后退15. predominance 绝对主导地位绝对主导地位16. at a loss over 对…不知所措不知所措17. fade 消退；减弱消退；减弱18. competitiveness 竞争力竞争力19. shrink 缩小；萎缩缩小；萎缩20. vanish 消失消失21. in the face of 面对面对22. textile 纺织品纺织品23. sweep into 涌入涌入24. domestic 国内国内25. on the ropes 危在旦夕；命悬一线危在旦夕；命悬一线26. casualty 牺牲品牺牲品27. cause 引起引起28. take…for granted 想当然想当然29. inquiry 调查；询问调查；询问30. sensational 轰动一时的轰动一时的31. look back on 回顾回顾32. solid 稳定；固定稳定；固定33. attribute…to 把….归因于归因于34. solely 仅仅仅仅35. devalue 贬值贬值36. self-doubt 自我怀疑自我怀疑37. yield to 让位于让位于 38. blind pride 盲目自豪盲目自豪39. go on a diet 减肥；裁剪机构减肥；裁剪机构40. quick-witted 才智敏捷才智敏捷难句精解难句精解①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. ▲该句是一个并列句，由前后两个转折关系的分句组成，其间的连词为but 。
考研阅读逐句译2000年第1篇
唐静考研阅读逐句译 2000年第1篇第1句A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. 单词：effort努力；dreadful可怕的；handicap障碍；proper 适当的。
结构：A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, （第一个并列句）单词：glow 发光；competitor 竞争者，compete 竞争；parallel 平行的，相似；unparalleled 无比的，无双的，无匹的；scale 规模。
结构：When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War,（时间状语从句）ing分词短语在句子末尾一般表示结果）译文：二战结束之后，美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期时，它拥有的市场比任何竞争者大八倍，这使其工业的经济规模举世无双。
后记：5月5日，新浪微博上一个叫Lavanda的同学译文不错：这给它的工业带来的规模经济效益举世无比。
唐静考研阅读逐句译 2000年第1篇第4句 America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. 单词：prosperous 繁荣的；destroy 破坏。
结构：America and Americans were prosperous （主句）定语从句）译文：美国及其人民之富裕，远非欧亚人民所能够想象，而后者的经济受到了战争的破坏。
2000年考研英语阅读理解
2000 Text 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."51. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱbecause________.[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ______.[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market53. What can be inferred from the passage?[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.54. The author seems to believe the revival of the US economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the________.[A] turning of the business cycle[B] restructuring of industry[C] improved business management[D] success in education核心词汇1. effortless 没有努力的2. dreadful 可怕的3. handicap 障碍4. handle 处理；解决5. drive 驱动；driving force 驱动力6. glowing 光辉的；灿烂的7. competitor 竞争对手8. unparalleled 无可比拟的；unmatched=matchless 无可比拟的9. skilled 熟练的10. beyond 超出11. inevitable 不可避免的12. primacy 主导地位13. narrow 缩小14. retreat 撤退；后退15. predominance 绝对主导地位16. at a loss over 对…不知所措17. fade 消退；减弱18. competitiveness 竞争力19. shrink 缩小；萎缩20. vanish 消失21. in the face of 面对22. textile 纺织品23. sweep into 涌入24. domestic 国内25. on the ropes 危在旦夕；命悬一线26. casualty 牺牲品27. cause 引起28. take…for granted 想当然29. inquiry 调查；询问30. sensational 轰动一时的31. look back on 回顾32. solid 稳定；固定33. attribute…to 把….归因于34. solely 仅仅35. devalue 贬值36. self-doubt 自我怀疑37. yield to 让位于38. blind pride 盲目自豪39. go on a diet 减肥；裁剪机构40. quick-witted 才智敏捷难句精解①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.▲该句是一个并列句，由前后两个转折关系的分句组成，其间的连词为but。
(完整)2000年考研英语真题及答案解析,推荐文档
2000年全真试题Part ⅠClose TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)①If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and his production. ②He must store a large quantity of grain 1 consuming all his grain immediately. ③He can continue to support himself and his family 2 he produces a surplus.④He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed for sowing, as an insurance 3 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell in order to 4 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 5 the soil. ⑤He may also need money to construct irrigation 6 and improve his farm in other ways. ⑥If no surplus is available, a farmer cannot be 7 . ⑦He must either sell some of his property or 8 extra funds in the form of loans. ⑧Naturally he will try to borrow money at a low 9 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 10 obtainable. ［139 words］1.［A］other than ［B］as well as ［C］instead of ［D］more than2.［A］only if ［B］much as ［C］long before ［D］ever since3.［A］for ［B］against ［C］of ［D］towards4.［A］replace ［B］purchase ［C］supplement ［D］dispose5.［A］enhance ［B］mix ［C］feed ［D］raise6.［A］vessels ［B］routes ［C］paths ［D］channels7.［A］self-confident ［B］self-sufficient［C］self-satisfied ［D］self-restrained8.［A］search ［B］save ［C］offer ［D］seek9.［A］proportion ［B］percentage ［C］rate ［D］ratio10.［A］genuinely ［B］obviously ［C］presumably ［D］frequentlyPart ⅡReading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answers marked ［A］, ［B］, ［C］and ［D］. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. ②When the United States entered just such a glowingperiod after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. ③Its scientists were the world s best; its workers the most skilled. ④(11)America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.①It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. ②Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. ③By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. ④Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. ⑤By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. ⑥(Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea’s LG Electronics in July.) ⑦（12）Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America’s machine-tool industry was on the ropes. ⑧For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.①All of this caused a crisis of confidence. ②Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. ③They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. ④The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America’s industrial decline. ⑤Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.①How things have changed! ②In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. ③（14）Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. ④Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. ⑤“American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted,”according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government. ⑥“It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity,”says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, DC. ⑦And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as “a golden age of business management in the United States.”［429 words］11. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War II because.［A］it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal［B］its domestic market was eight times larger than before［C］the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors［D］the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy12. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American.［A］TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market［B］semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises［C］machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions［D］auto industry had lost part of its domestic market13. What can be inferred from the passage?［A］It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.［B］Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.［C］The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.［D］A long history of success may pave the way for further development.14. The author seems to believe the revival of the U.S. economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the.［A］turning of the business cycle ［B］restructuring of industry［C］improved business management ［D］success in educationPassage 2①（15）Being a man has always been dangerous. ②There are about 105 males born for every 100 females, but this ratio drops to near balance at the age of maturity, and among 70-year-olds there are twice as many women as men. ③But the great universal of male mortality is being changed. ④Now, boy babies survive almost as well as girls do. ⑤This means that, for the first time, there will be an excess of boys in those crucial years when they are searching for a mate. ⑥More important, another chance for natural selection has been removed. ⑦Fifty years ago, the chance of a baby (particularly a boy baby) surviving depended on its weight. A kilogram too light or too heavy meant almost certain death. ⑧Today it makes almost no difference. Since much of the variation is due to genes, one more agent of evolution has gone.①There is another way to commit evolutionary suicide: stay alive, but have fewer children.②Few people are as fertile as in the past. ③Except in some religious communities, very few women have 15 children. ④Nowadays the number of births, like the age of death, has become average. ⑤Most of us have roughly the same number of offspring. ⑥（16）Again, differences between people and the opportunity for natural selection to take advantage of it have diminished.⑦India shows what is happening. The country offers wealth for a few in the great cities and poverty for the remaining tribal peoples. ⑧The grand mediocrity of today—everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring—means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribes.For us, this means that evolution is over; the biological Utopia has arrived. ②Strangely, it has involved little physical change. ③No other species fills so many places in nature. ④But in the past 100, 000 years—even the past 100 years—our lives have been transformed but our bodies have not. ⑤（17）We did not evolve, because machines and society did it for us. ⑥Darwin had a phrase to describe those ignorant of evolution: they “look at an organic being as a savage looks at a ship, as at something wholly beyond his comprehension.”⑦No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness. But however amazed our descendants may be at how far from Utopia we were, they will look just like us.［406 words］15. What used to be the danger in being a man according to the first paragraph?［A］A lack of mates. ［B］A fierce competition.［C］A lower survival rate. ［D］A defective gene.16. What does the example of India illustrate?［A］Wealthy people tend to have fewer children than poor people.［B］Natural selection hardly works among the rich and the poor.［C］The middle class population is 80% smaller than that of the tribes.［D］India is one of the countries with a very high birth rate.17. The author argues that our bodies have stopped evolving because.［A］life has been improved by technological advance［B］the number of female babies has been declining［C］our species has reached the highest stage of evolution［D］the difference between wealth and poverty is disappearing18. Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?［A］Sex Ratio Changes in Human Evolution.［B］Ways of Continuing Man’s Evolution.［C］The Evolutionary Future of Nature.［D］Human Evolution Going Nowhere.Passage 3①（20）When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. ②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be—even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right—it can hardly be classed as Literature.①This, in brief, is what the Futurist says: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed. ②Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change. ③（21）This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression. ④We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress. ⑤We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs. ⑥Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use many sizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.①Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused. ②But it is a little upsetting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river —and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers: “Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms.”①（22）This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature. ②All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression. ③The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?［334 words］19. This passage is mainly.［A］ a survey of new approaches to art［B］ a review of Futurist poetry［C］about merits of the Futurist movement［D］about laws and requirements of literature20. When a novel literary idea appears, people should try to.［A］determine its purposes ［B］ignore its flaws［C］follow the new fashions ［D］accept the principles21. Futurists claim that we must.［A］increase the production of literature［B］use poetry to relieve modern stress［C］develop new modes of expression［D］avoid using adjectives and verbs22. The author believes that Futurist poetry is.［A］based on reasonable principles［B］new and acceptable to ordinary people［C］indicative of a basic change in human nature［D］more of a transient phenomenon than literaturePassage 4①（23）Aimlessness has hardly been typical of the postwar Japan whose productivity and social harmony are the envy of the United States and Europe. ②But increasingly the Japanese are seeing a decline of the traditional work-moral values. ③Ten years ago young people were hardworking and saw their jobs as their primary reason for being, but now Japan has largely fulfilled its economic needs, and young people don’t know where they should go next.①The coming of age of the postwar baby boom and an entry of women into the male-dominated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Japan’s rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. ②In a recent survey, it was found that only 24.5 percent of Japanese students were fully satisfied with school life, compared with 67.2 percent of students in the United States. ③In addition, far more Japanese workers expressed dissatisfaction with their jobs than did their counterparts in the 10 other countries surveyed.①While often praised by foreigners for its emphasis on the basics, Japanese education tends to stress test taking andmechanical learning over creativity and self-expression. ②（25）“Those things that do not show up in the test scores—personality, ability, courage or humanity—are completely ignored,”says Toshiki Kaifu, chairman of the ruling Liberal Democratic Party’s education committee. ③“Frustration against this kind of thing leads kids to drop out and run wild.”④Last year Japan experienced 2，125 incidents of school violence, including 929 assaults on teachers. ⑤Amid the outcry, many conservative leaders are seeking a return to the prewar emphasis on moral education. ⑥Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, who was then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World War II had weakened the “Japanese morality of respect for parents.”①（26）But that may have more to do with Japanese life-styles. ②“In Japan,”says educator Yoko Muro, “it’s never a question of whether you enjoy your job and your life, but only how much you can endure.”③With economic growth has come centralization; fully 76 percent of Japan’s 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, two-generation households. ④Urban Japanese have longendured lengthy commutes (travels to and from work) and crowded living conditions, but as the old group and family values weaken, the discomfort is beginning to tell. ⑤In the past decade, the Japanese divorce rate, while still well below that of the United States, has increased by more than 50 percent, and suicides have increased by nearly one-quarter.［447 words］23. In the Westerners’ eyes, the postwar Japan was.［A］under aimless development ［B］ a positive example［C］a rival to the West ［D］on the decline24. According to the author, what may chiefly be responsible for the moral decline of Japanese society?［A］Women’s participation in social activities is limited.［B］More workers are dissatisfied with their jobs.［C］Excessive emphasis has been placed on the basics.［D］The life-style has been influenced by Western values.25. Which of the following is true according to the author?［A］Japanese education is praised for helping the young climb the social ladder.［B］Japanese education is characterized by mechanicallearning as well as creativity.［C］More stress should be placed on the cultivation of creativity.［D］Dropping out leads to frustration against test taking.26. The change in Japanese life-style is revealed in the fact that.［A］the young are less tolerant of discomforts in life［B］the divorce rate in Japan exceeds that in the U.S.［C］the Japanese endure more than ever before［D］the Japanese appreciate their present lifePassage 5①（27）If ambition is to be well regarded, the rewards of ambition—wealth, distinction, control over one’s destiny—must be deemed worthy of the sacrifices made on ambition’s behalf. ②If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it must be widely shared; and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least among them. ③（28）In an odd way, however, it is the educated who have claimed to have given up on ambition as an ideal. ④What is odd is that they have perhaps most benefited from ambition—if not always their own then that of their parents and grandparents. ⑤There is a heavy note of hypocrisy in this, a case of closing the barn door after the horses have escaped—with the educated themselves riding on them.①Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and its signs now than formerly. ②Summer homes, European travel, BMWs—the locations, place names and name brands may change, but such items do not seem less in demand today than a decade or two years ago.③（29）What has happened is that people cannot confess fully to their dreams, as easily and openly as once they could, lest they be thought pushing, acquisitive and vulgar. ④Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which now more than ever seem in ample supply: the critic of American materialism with a Southampton summer home; the publisher of radical books who takes his meals in three-star restaurants; the journalist advocating participatory democracy in all phases of life, whose own children are enrolled in private schools. ⑤For such people and many more perhaps not so exceptional, the proper formulation is, “Succeed at all costs but avoid appearing ambitious.”①The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. ②As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. ③This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. ④Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. ⑤Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. ［431 words］27. It is generally believed that ambition may be well regarded if.［A］its returns well compensate for the sacrifices［B］it is rewarded with money, fame and power［C］its goals are spiritual rather than material［D］it is shared by the rich and the famous28. The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that it is.［A］customary of the educated to discard ambition in words［B］too late to check ambition once it has been let out［C］dishonest to deny ambition after the fulfillment of the goal［D］impractical for the educated to enjoy benefits from ambition29. Some people do not openly admit they have ambition because.［A］they think of it as immoral［B］their pursuits are not fame or wealth［C］ambition is not closely related to material benefits［D］they do not want to appear greedy and contemptible30. From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained.［A］secretly and vigorously ［B］openly and enthusiastically［C］easily and momentarily ［D］verbally and spirituallyPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Governments throughout the world act on the assumption that the welfare of their people depends largely on the economic strength and wealth of the community. 31）Under modern conditions, this requires varying measures of centralized control and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 32）Furthermore, it is obvious that the strength of a country’s economy is directly bound up with the efficiency of its agriculture and industry, and that this in turn rests upon the efforts of scientists and technologists of all kinds. It also means that governments are increasingly compelled to interfere in these sectors in order to step up production and ensure that it is utilized to the best advantage. For example, they may encourage research in various ways, including the setting up of their own research centers; they may alter the structure of education, or interfere in order to reduce the wastage of natural resources or tap resources hitherto unexploited; or they may cooperate directly in the growing number of international projects related to science, economics and industry. In any case, all such interventions are heavily dependent on scientific advice and also scientific and technological manpower of all kinds.33）Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above. At the same time, the normal rate of social change throughout the world is taking place at a vastly accelerated speed compared with the past. For example, 34）in the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrialization—with all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followed—was spread over nearly a century, whereas nowadays a developing nation may undergo the same process in a decade or so. All this has the effect of building up unusual pressures andtensions within the community and consequently presents serious problems for the governments concerned. 35）Additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements—themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport. As a result of all these factors, governments are becoming increasingly dependent on biologists and social scientists for planning the appropriate programs and putting them into effect. ［390 words］Section ⅣWriting(15 points)36.Directions:A. Study the following two pictures carefully and write an essay of at least 150 words.B. Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.C. Your essay should meet the requirements below:1）Describe the pictures.2）Deduce the purpose of the painter of the pictures.3）Suggest counter-measures.2000年英语试题答案Part ⅠCloze Test1. C2. A3. B4. A5. C6. D7. B8.D9. C 10. DPart ⅡReading ComprehensionPassage 111. C 12. D 13.B 14. APassage 215.C 16.B 17.A 18.DPassage 319.B 20.A 21.C 22.DPassage 423.B 24.D 25.C 26.APassage 527.A 28.C 29.D 30.BPart ⅢEnglish-Chinese Translation31.在现代条件下，这需要程度不同的集中控制措施，从而就需要获得诸如经济学和运筹学等领域的专家的协助。
2000年第三篇考研英语阅读
考研英语第三篇阅读2000年①When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion, it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as norm al.②With regard to Futurist poetry, however, the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry may be-even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right-it can hardly be classed as Literature.①This, in brief, is what the Futurist s ays: for a century, past conditions of life have been conditionally speeding up, till now we live in a world of noise and violence and speed.②Consequently, our feelings, thoughts and emotions have undergone a corresponding change.③This speeding up of life, says the Futurist, requires a new form of expression.④ We must speed up our literature too, if we want to interpret modern stress.⑤We must pour out a large stream of essential words, unhampered by stops, or qualifying adjectives, or finite verbs.⑥ Instead of describing sounds we must make up words that imitate them; we must use manysizes of type and different colored inks on the same page, and shorten or lengthen words at will.①Certainly their descriptions of battles are confused.②But it is a little ups etting to read in the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river -and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers:"Pluff! Pluff! A hundred and eighty-five kilograms."①This, though it fulfills the laws and requirements of Futurist poetry, can hardly be classed as Literature.②All the same, no thinking man can refuse to accept their first proposition: that a great change in our emotional life calls for a change of expression.③The whole question is really this: have we essentially changed?一、文章结构分析这是一篇关于未来派诗歌这种新文学形式的文学评论。
2000年考研英语阅读答案详解
2000 passage1重点词汇：handicap（v.阻碍；使不利）←hand+i(n)+cap，据说源自古代一种赌博：将罚金置于帽子里，手进入帽子抽签，抽中者处不利地位。
cultural handicap 文化障碍；language handicap 语言障碍。
unparalleled （无可比拟的）←un+parallel+ed；parallel （n.v.a.平行；相似）即para+llel，para-前缀“在旁边”=beside，llel三个l看作是“平行线”。
parallel points in the characters of different men 不同人的个性的相同之处。
prosperous （繁荣的）←prosper（v.繁荣）+ous；prosperity （繁荣）←prosper+ity名词后缀。
The problems to be resolved demand, and create, spiritual resources which the prosperous ease of a golden age will never inspire.等待解决的问题需要并且造成了黄金时代的繁荣安逸不可能激发的精神资源。
The prosperity of a people is proportionate to the number of hands and minds usefully employed.国家的繁荣与有效使用的人手和头脑的数量成比例。
If we did not something taste of adversity, prosperity would not be so welcome.如果不偶尔遭遇不幸，幸福就不会如此甜蜜。
prosperity — something the businessmen create for the politicians to take credit for 繁荣——实业家发明出来让政客居功的某种东西。
考研英语阅读理解部分翻译
2000年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译真题译文+题目翻译但为君故但为君故 整理组Text 1长期的、不费力气的成功史可能成为一种可怕的障碍，但是如果处理得当，它也可能成为一种动力。
美国二战后进入这样辉煌的历史时期时，它拥有比任何竞争对手大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济规模前所未有。
它的科学家是世界上最优秀的，它的工人是世界上最具技能的。
美国和美国人的富庶是被大战破坏了经济的欧洲人和亚洲人所无法想象的。
当其他国家逐渐富有起来时，这种差距的缩小是必然的。
同样必然的是，绝对优势的缩小也是痛苦的。
在80年代中期，美国人为他们工业竞争力的减退感到困惑。
有些巨型的美国工业，如消费电子工业，在外国的竞争面前萎缩或者崩溃。
到1987年，只剩下一家美国电视机制造企业——Zenith（现在已经完全没有了：Zenith已经被韩国的LG电子兼并）。
外国汽车和纺织品横扫着国内市场。
美国的机械工业岌岌可危。
在一段时期，好像半导体制造业，这个美国发明的并且对新的计算机时代极为关键的工业，也将成为下一个牺牲品。
所有这些造成了一种信心危机。
美国人已经不再将繁荣视为自然而然的事。
他们开始怀疑他们的经营方法出了问题，怀疑他们的收入很快就会下降。
80年代中期对美国工业衰退的原因进行一次又一次的调查。
这些调查的发现，有的是耸人听闻的，它们都充满了对海外竞争加剧的警示。
现在情况已经完全改变！在1995年美国可以回顾在过去五年中稳步的增长而日本却步履维艰。
很少有美国人把它的原因归结为美元的贬值或经济周期的转折。
对自己的怀疑已经被盲目的自豪所代替。
“美国的工业结果已经改变了，它经过了一段节食期，已经变得更加机智，”哈佛大学肯尼迪行政学院执行院长理查德·卡凡纳指出。
“看到美国经济如此地提高生产力，我为自己是美国人而感到自豪，”华盛顿特区的智囊机构之一凯托研究院的史蒂芬·莫尔说。
哈佛经管学院的威廉·萨尔曼相信，人们将来会把这个时期视为“美国经济管理的黄金时期”。
2000年考研英语阅读理解
2000 Text 1A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textiles were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductors, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.All of this caused a crisis of confidence. Americans stopped taking prosperity for granted. They began to believe that their way of doing business was failing, and that their incomes would therefore shortly begin to fall as well. The mid-1980s brought one inquiry after another into the causes of America's industrial decline. Their sometimes sensational findings were filled with warnings about the growing competition from overseas.How things have changed! In 1995 the United States can look back on five years of solid growth while Japan has been struggling. Few Americans attribute this solely to such obvious causes as a devalued dollar or the turning of the business cycle. Self-doubt has yielded to blind pride. "American industry has changed its structure, has gone on a diet, has learnt to be more quick-witted," according to Richard Cavanaugh, executive dean of Harvard's Kennedy School of Government. "It makes me proud to be an American just to see how our businesses are improving their productivity," says Stephen Moore of the Cato Institute, a think-tank in Washington, D.C. And William Sahlman of the Harvard Business School believes that people will look back on this period as "a golden age of business management in the United States."51. The U.S. achieved its predominance after World War Ⅱbecause________.[A] it had made painstaking efforts towards this goal[B] its domestic market was eight times larger than before[C] the war had destroyed the economies of most potential competitors[D] the unparalleled size of its workforce had given an impetus to its economy52. The loss of U.S. predominance in the world economy in the 1980s is manifested in the fact that the American ______.[A] TV industry had withdrawn to its domestic market[B] semiconductor industry had been taken over by foreign enterprises[C] machine-tool industry had collapsed after suicidal actions[D] auto industry had lost part of its domestic market53. What can be inferred from the passage?[A] It is human nature to shift between self-doubt and blind pride.[B] Intense competition may contribute to economic progress.[C] The revival of the economy depends on international cooperation.[D] A long history of success may pave the way for further development.54. The author seems to believe the revival of the US economy in the 1990s can be attributed to the________.[A] turning of the business cycle[B] restructuring of industry[C] improved business management[D] success in education核心词汇1. effortless 没有努力的2. dreadful 可怕的3. handicap 障碍4. handle 处理；解决5. drive 驱动；driving force 驱动力6. glowing 光辉的；灿烂的7. competitor 竞争对手8. unparalleled 无可比拟的；unmatched=matchless 无可比拟的9. skilled 熟练的10. beyond 超出11. inevitable 不可避免的12. primacy 主导地位13. narrow 缩小14. retreat 撤退；后退15. predominance 绝对主导地位16. at a loss over 对…不知所措17. fade 消退；减弱18. competitiveness 竞争力19. shrink 缩小；萎缩20. vanish 消失21. in the face of 面对22. textile 纺织品23. sweep into 涌入24. domestic 国内25. on the ropes 危在旦夕；命悬一线26. casualty 牺牲品27. cause 引起28. take…for granted 想当然29. inquiry 调查；询问30. sensational 轰动一时的31. look back on 回顾32. solid 稳定；固定33. attribute…to 把….归因于34. solely 仅仅35. devalue 贬值36. self-doubt 自我怀疑37. yield to 让位于38. blind pride 盲目自豪39. go on a diet 减肥；裁剪机构40. quick-witted 才智敏捷难句精解①A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force.▲该句是一个并列句，由前后两个转折关系的分句组成，其间的连词为but。
2000年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译
2000年考研英语阅读理解部分翻译真题译文+题目翻译但为君故但为君故 整理组Text 1长期的、不费力气的成功史可能成为一种可怕的障碍，但是如果处理得当，它也可能成为一种动力。
美国二战后进入这样辉煌的历史时期时，它拥有比任何竞争对手大八倍的市场，这使其工业经济规模前所未有。
它的科学家是世界上最优秀的，它的工人是世界上最具技能的。
美国和美国人的富庶是被大战破坏了经济的欧洲人和亚洲人所无法想象的。
当其他国家逐渐富有起来时，这种差距的缩小是必然的。
同样必然的是，绝对优势的缩小也是痛苦的。
在80年代中期，美国人为他们工业竞争力的减退感到困惑。
有些巨型的美国工业，如消费电子工业，在外国的竞争面前萎缩或者崩溃。
到1987年，只剩下一家美国电视机制造企业——Zenith（现在已经完全没有了：Zenith已经被韩国的LG电子兼并）。
外国汽车和纺织品横扫着国内市场。
美国的机械工业岌岌可危。
在一段时期，好像半导体制造业，这个美国发明的并且对新的计算机时代极为关键的工业，也将成为下一个牺牲品。
所有这些造成了一种信心危机。
美国人已经不再将繁荣视为自然而然的事。
他们开始怀疑他们的经营方法出了问题，怀疑他们的收入很快就会下降。
80年代中期对美国工业衰退的原因进行一次又一次的调查。
这些调查的发现，有的是耸人听闻的，它们都充满了对海外竞争加剧的警示。
现在情况已经完全改变！在1995年美国可以回顾在过去五年中稳步的增长而日本却步履维艰。
很少有美国人把它的原因归结为美元的贬值或经济周期的转折。
对自己的怀疑已经被盲目的自豪所代替。
“美国的工业结果已经改变了，它经过了一段节食期，已经变得更加机智，”哈佛大学肯尼迪行政学院执行院长理查德·卡凡纳指出。
“看到美国经济如此地提高生产力，我为自己是美国人而感到自豪，”华盛顿特区的智囊机构之一凯托研究院的史蒂芬·莫尔说。
哈佛经管学院的威廉·萨尔曼相信，人们将来会把这个时期视为“美国经济管理的黄金时期”。
2000年考研英语一阅读
2000年考研英语一阅读In the year 2000, the Graduate Record Examination (GRE) for English Language Reading Comprehension consisted of various passages that tested the candidates' understanding of the English language. This article will provide an overview of the exam and offer tips for success.The GRE Reading Comprehension section aimed to assess the candidates' ability to comprehend and analyze written passages in English. The passages covered a wide range of topics, including literature, science, social sciences, and humanities. Each passage was followed by a set of questions that tested the candidates' understanding of the main ideas, supporting details, and logical relationships within the text.To excel in the GRE Reading Comprehension section, candidates needed to develop effective reading strategies. One such strategy was active reading, which involved engaging with the text by underlining key points, jotting down notes, and summarizing the main ideas. This approach helped candidates retain information and identify crucial details when answering the questions.Additionally, candidates needed to pay attention to the structure and organization of the passages. Understanding the passage's main idea and identifying how the author developed their argument or presented their information was crucial for answering questions accurately. Candidates could achieve this by analyzing the topic sentences of each paragraph and identifying the relationships between them.Another important aspect of the GRE Reading Comprehension section was vocabulary. Candidates were expected to have a strong command of English vocabulary to understand the nuances and subtleties of the passages. Building vocabulary through extensive reading and practicing with vocabulary exercises was essential for success in this section.Furthermore, candidates needed to practice time management skills to complete the section within the allotted time. The GRE Reading Comprehension section consisted ofmultiple passages and a limited amount of time, so candidates had to allocate their time wisely. It was recommended to spend a few minutes skimming the passage to get a general understanding before diving into the questions.In terms of question types, the GRE Reading Comprehension section included multiple-choice questions, sentence completion, and short answer questions. Candidates had to read the questions carefully and refer back to the passage to find the relevant information. Eliminating incorrect answer choices and using process of elimination techniques helped increase the chances of selecting the correct answer.To prepare for the GRE Reading Comprehension section, candidates could utilize various resources such as practice tests, study guides, and online forums. Joining study groups or working with a tutor could also provide valuable insights and feedback on areas that needed improvement.In conclusion, the GRE Reading Comprehension section in the year 2000 assessed candidates' ability to comprehend and analyze written passages in English. To succeed in this section, candidates needed to develop effective reading strategies, pay attention to the structure and organization of the passages, build vocabulary, practice time management, and familiarize themselves with different question types. With thorough preparation and practice, candidates could enhance their performance and achieve their desired scores in the GRE Reading Comprehension section.。
2000年考研英语阅读解析
2000年考研英语阅读解析2000年的考研英语阅读部分主要涵盖了多个话题，包括政治、经济、科学、文化、教育等方面的文章。
下面是一篇典型的阅读材料及其解析。
Passage 1In Italy, as in the United States, women have embraced a two-career life style since the 1960s and now their daughters are following the same path. A new poll shows that Italian women, egged on by their feminist mothers, are focused on their careers toa degree seen nowhere else in Europe. These daughters, in their20s and 30s, are marrying late and having fewer children. Many have chosen careers over families, and now they have become the first generation of Italian women to enter the workforce in large numbers. In the past 10 years, the number of women in the work force has increased by more than half.And so in Italy today - a traditionally male-dominated society - women's groups are becoming politically active as never before. The feminist movement has arrived late here, and even now it istiny compared with American or British standards. But in 1996 feminists stood in a general election for the first time, only to be defeated. Then in November 1999 the first real breakthrough: in local council elections women won 70 percent of the seats in one country north of Rome.Unlike women in America, Italian women have no lobbies, andthey still have few women politicians. The Italian Parliament isless than 12 percent women, a smaller proportion than in Britain. On the other hand, women in parliament tend to be more radical on green issues and sexual politics.1. According to the passage, Italian women in the past thirty years__________.A. have become more active in politics.B. have shown great interestin feminism.C. have fewer children.D. have become more career-oriented.解析：根据第一段第一句话"In Italy, as in the United States, women have embraced a two-career life style since the 1960s and now their daughters are following the same path." 可以得出答案为D. 30年来的義大利婦女进入了职场。
考研英语2000阅读及翻译
2000 Passage 11. A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handle d, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed. 一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素，但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的推动力。
二战结束后，美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期，当时，它拥有比任何竞争者大8倍的市场，这使其工业经济具有前所未有的规模经济。
美国的科学家是世上最优秀的，它的工人是最富于技术的。
美国的国富民强是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法达到的。
It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July.) Foreign-made cars and textile s were sweeping into the domestic market. America's machine-tool industry was on the ropes. 2. For a while it looked as though the making of semiconductor s, which America had invented and which sat at the heart of the new computer age, was going to be the next casualty.随着其他国家日益强盛，美国的这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。
考研阅读逐句译2000年第2篇26
考研阅读逐句译2000年第2篇26
唐静考研阅读逐句译2000年第2篇第26句 No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness.
译⽂：
毫⽆疑问，我们会记得⼀种20世纪的⽣活⽅式，尽管对其丑陋之处不得其解。
翻译思路：
1）There be的省略。
这个句⼦，我个⼈觉得应该是省略了（There is）No doubt we will remember a 20th century way of life beyond comprehension for its ugliness.
2）beyond comprehension for its ugliness的“状译法”。
这⾥beyond介词短语应该是作定语修饰前⾯的way of life。
但是翻译的时候，可以这样来直译：我们将记得⼀种20世纪的⽣活⽅式，这种⽣活⽅式因为它的丑陋是我们不能理解的。
这样直译有点问题，“记得的应该是理解到的明⽩的美好的东西”，既然这⾥我们还不能理解，就应该有⼀层让步关系在⾥⾯。
所以这⾥加上⼀个“尽管”更符合汉语的逻辑。
调整为：我们会记得⼀种20世纪的⽣活⽅式，尽管对其丑陋之处不得其解。
3）⼏个⼩问题，⼤家思考。
其⼀，为什么这⾥20th way of life前⾯⽤不定冠词a？其⼆，its ugliness到底说的是上⽂哪些“丑陋”的地⽅？。
2000英语一阅读
2000英语一阅读2000年考研英语一的阅读理解文章及答案如下：Passage 1Title: American Industry's Lower Emissions: Compliance or Innovation?America has succeeded in cutting industrial emissions, in large part because it has made substantial progress in cleaning up the smokestacks of its manufacturing sector. This progress is the resultof innovation in technology as well as a result of greater compliance with environmental regulations.The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) credits the cleanup to two factors: the 1990 Clean Air Act and the development of better pollution control technologies. The Clean Air Act was passed in response to a public outcry over air pollution. It required companies to install expensive pollution control equipment or face stiff fines. The EPA's new regulations also provided incentives for companies to adopt greener production methods.In addition to EPA regulations, companies also have responded to market forces by investing in new technologies that reduce emissions. For example, some companies have adopted "green chemistry" principles that encourage the use of safer chemical processes and products. Other companies have developed new methods for capturing and storing carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas.However, some experts question whether the EPA's regulations were necessary to achieve the reduction in emissions. They point out that the agency's data show a correlation, but not necessarily a cause-and-effect relationship, between the regulations and the drop in emissions. In other words, it is possible that the reduction in emissions would have occurred even without the regulations.The EPA disagrees with this assessment. It maintains that the Clean Air Act was crucial in driving down emissions. "Our research shows that the act was responsible for about half of the overall decrease in industrial air pollution from 1990 to 2000," said an EPA spokesperson."Without this legislation, industrial emissions would have been much higher."The agency also points to the increasing popularity of green products and a growing consumer demand for cleaner technologies as evidence that market forces are playing a role in reducing emissions. "Companies are starting to recognize that they have an obligation to society to reduce their emissions," said an industry official. "And they are responding by adopting greener production methods."The agency's critics counter that the evidence for a significant role by market forces is circumstantial. They argue that the data show only a weak connection between environmentalism in the marketplace and corporate America's response to it. "There's no doubt that companies are starting to realize the financial benefits of going green," said a critic. "But it's hard to prove that this is the primary reason they're cutting emissions."In the end, it may be impossible to determine whether American industry's lower emissions are the result of compliance or innovation.What is clear, however, is that both have played a role. The Clean Air Act and other regulations have provided a framework for reducing emissions, and companies have responded by developing new technologies and production methods that have allowed them to comply with these regulations while also reducing their environmental impact.51. The main idea of this passage is that _______.A. technology innovation is essential to reducing industrial emissionsB. environmental regulations can effectively cut industrial emissionsC. both environmental regulations and innovation contribute to reducing industrial emissionsD. market forces are sufficient to drive companies to reduce emissions52. The Clean Air Act was passed mainly because _______.A. companies were not compliant with environmental regulationsB. there was a public outcry over air pollutionC. the government wanted to encourage innovation in clean technologiesD. industrial emissions were unacceptably high53. Some companies have adopted "green chemistry" principles mainly because _______.A. they want to reduce their costsB. they have been fined for environmental violationsC. EPA regulations require them to do soD. they want to be more competitive in the market54. The EPA maintains that _______.A. it was responsible for the drop in industrial air pollution from 1990 to 2000B. market forces played a key role in reducing industrial emissionsC. the Clean Air Act was crucial in cutting industrial emissionsD. companies adopted greener production methods due to government pressure55. The agency's critics believe that _______.A. market forces are sufficient to drive companies to reduce emissionsB. environmentalism in the market is not strongly related to corporate America's response to itC. companies are cutting emissions primarily for financial benefitsD. green production methods can improve corporate image and profits。
2000年考研英语阅读答案详解
2000 passage1重点词汇：handicap（v.阻碍；使不利）←hand+i(n)+cap，据说源自古代一种赌博：将罚金置于帽子里，手进入帽子抽签，抽中者处不利地位。
cultural handicap 文化障碍；language handicap 语言障碍。
unparalleled （无可比拟的）←un+parallel+ed；parallel （n.v.a.平行；相似）即para+llel，para-前缀“在旁边”=beside，llel三个l看作是“平行线”。
parallel points in the characters of different men 不同人的个性的相同之处。
prosperous （繁荣的）←prosper（v.繁荣）+ous；prosperity （繁荣）←prosper+ity名词后缀。
The problems to be resolved demand, and create, spiritual resources which the prosperous ease of a golden age will never inspire.等待解决的问题需要并且造成了黄金时代的繁荣安逸不可能激发的精神资源。
The prosperity of a people is proportionate to the number of hands and minds usefully employed.国家的繁荣与有效使用的人手和头脑的数量成比例。
If we did not something taste of adversity, prosperity would not be so welcome.如果不偶尔遭遇不幸，幸福就不会如此甜蜜。
prosperity — something the businessmen create for the politicians to take credit for 繁荣——实业家发明出来让政客居功的某种东西。
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考研英语－-２０00-阅读及翻译————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：２000Passage 11. A histoｒyｏf ｌong and efｆｏrtless sｕｃｃess can be a ｄreaｄｆｕl ｈaｎdicap, but, if proｐｅrly haｎdleｄ,it may become a dｒiｖｉng force. When the UniteｄStａtes entereｄｊｕｓt sｕch a glowing pｅriod ａfｔer ｔhe ｅnd ｏf the Ｓeｃond Ｗorｌd Ｗａr, iｔhadａｍａrkeｔｅighｔｔiｍｅｓl ａrger than anｙｃompetｉｔｏr，ｇiving iｔs inｄusｔriｅs unpａrａlｌｅｌｅｄeco ｎoｍies ｏf scａle．Itｓｓcientiｓts were tｈe wｏrld's bｅst, itｓｗoｒｋers thｅmｏsｔskiｌled．Ａmericａand Ａｍericans ｗeｒe prospeｒoｕsｂｅyonｄｔhe dreamｓof thｅEuropｅaｎｓａnd Asｉans whoseｅconｏmieｓｔhe war ｈaｄdｅstroyed.一段长时间并且不费力而成功的历史可能成为一种可怕的不利因素,但若处理得当，这种不利因素也有可能转化为一种积极的推动力。
二战结束后,美国恰好进入了这样的一个辉煌时期，当时，它拥有比任何竞争者大8倍的市场，这使其工业经济具有前所未有的规模经济。
美国的科学家是世上最优秀的,它的工人是最富于技术的。
美国的国富民强是那些经济遭到战争破坏的欧亚诸国做梦也无法达到的。
Iｔwas inｅvｉtable thａt ｔhis ｐｒｉmaｃy shoulｄhave naｒroweｄas otheｒcoｕnｔｒieｓｇrew rｉcher. Ｊust as iｎevｉtａbｌｙ, tｈe ｒetreat from ｐrｅdomiｎancｅpｒoｖed paiｎful．By the mid-1９８0s Ameｒicans had fｏｕｎd thｅｍｓｅlves at a lｏｓs over ｔheir fａｄing ｉndustrial comｐetｉtiｖenｅｓs．Ｓomｅhuｇe Aｍerican inｄustｒiｅs, suｃh ａs conｓumer elｅctrｏｎics, ｈａｄsｈrunkｏr vaｎished ｉn tｈe facｅof fｏreigｎｃompetｉtｉｏn. Ｂy 19８７there waｓonly one Amｅrican teleｖisiｏnｍakerｌeｆt，Zenitｈ．(Now th ｅｒe is nｏｎe:Zeｎitｈwaｓbｏｕｇｈｔby South Koｒea's LG ElectｒonicｓiｎＪuｌy.) Foｒeign－maｄe carｓaｎd textiｌe s were ｓｗｅeping intｏtｈe ｄoｍestｉc market. Aｍeriｃａ＇s machｉne-tool industrｙwas on tｈe ropes. 2．Fo ｒaｗｈiｌe it looｋｅd as tｈouｇｈthe ｍａｋｉng of ｓemicoｎductorｓ,wh ｉch America haｄｉnｖｅnted ａｎd ｗhich sat at ｔhe heａrtｏf tｈｅｎeｗｃomputer aｇe, was goingｔo be the nｅｘt caｓuａlｔy.随着其他国家日益强盛，美国的这一优势地位逐渐下降是不可避免的。
从优势地位上退出的痛苦也同样是不可避免的。
到了80年代中期,面对其日益衰退的工业竞争力，美国人感到不知所措。
面对国外竞争,一些大型的美国工业,如消费电子产业，已经萎缩或渐渐消失。
到1９87年，美国只剩下Zeniｔh这一家电视生产商。
(现在一家也没有了:Zeｎith于当年7月被韩国ＬG电器公司收购。
)外国制造的汽车和纺织品正在大举进入国内市场。
美国的机床工业也即将灭亡。
人们曾一度感觉下一个在海外品牌面前全军覆没的似乎该轮到美国的半导体制造业了，而在新计算机时代有着核心作用的半导体正是美国人发明的。
Aｌｌof tｈiｓcａused a crisis of conｆｉdenｃe．Ameｒicans stopｐed takingｐrosperｉty for gｒanｔed.Ｔhｅy began to bｅlieve thａt thｅｉr wa ｙｏf doｉｎｇbｕsiｎｅｓｓwas ｆailｉng，aｎd tｈａt ｔheir incoｍｅs would ｔherefｏre shortlｙｂｅgｉn to fall aｓｗelｌ.The ｍid-198０s bｒought ｏneinｑuiｒyａfter anotheｒinto the causｅｓof America＇s indｕstｒiaｌdecｌiｎe．３．Ｔheｉｒsomeｔｉmes seｎsatiｏnａl fｉnｄinｇｓｗｅｒe fiｌｌeｄwitｈwarnings aboｕt tｈe grｏwing coｍpetiｔion frｏｍoverseaｓ.所有这一切导致了信任危机。
美国不再视繁荣为理所当然之事。
他们开始相信自己的商业经营方式不灵了,也相信不久他们的收入也会因此而下降。
80年代中期,人们对美国工业衰退的成因作了一次又一次的探寻。
在美国人那些有时耸人听闻的发现中充满着对其他国家日益增长的经济竞争的警告之词。
Hｏw ｔhings hａvｅchａnged! In １９95tｈe UnｉteｄStａｔes caｎlook ｂack ｏｎfｉve ｙears ｏf ｓolｉd gｒowth whiｌe Japan haｓｂeen ｓｔruｇｇｌing．４. FeｗＡmeriｃans attrｉｂuｔe thisｓolelｙto sucｈｏbｖiousｃａus ｅs ａs a deｖaluｅd dollar or the ｔurnｉng ｏf ｔｈe ｂusinｅss cyｃle. Sｅｌf-do ｕbt ｈａs yｉｅlded to blind priｄe."Amｅｒiｃaｎinduｓtry has chaｎgeｄｉtｓstrucｔurｅ, ｈas gone ｏn a diet，ｈasｌｅarnt to be morｅｑuick-wi ｔｔｅd，"ａccｏrding to Rｉcｈard Cavanauｇh,ｅxecｕtiｖe dｅan of Ｈaｒvard's Keｎnedy Scｈｏｏl oｆGovｅrnｍent."It maｋesｍe ｐｒoud to be an Ａmericaｎjuｓt to seｅhow oｕr ｂｕｓinesses aｒe ｉmprovinｇtheｉｒproductivitｙ,"says Stｅｐｈen Mooreｏf the Ｃato Ｉnstitｕte, ａthiｎk-ｔan ｋiｎＷashiｎｇtｏｎ, D.Ｃ. Ａnd WilｌiaｍSaｈｌman of the Ｈａrｖaｒd B ｕsｉneｓs School beliｅves tｈat peoｐle wilｌlｏok bａck on tｈｉｓperiod ａs"ａgｏldeｎage of buｓinｅss ｍanaｇemenｔin the United Sｔateｓ."情况的变化真快!1995年，当日本还在奋力拼搏的时候,美国却可以对5年的稳固发展作一回顾了。
没几个美国人将这一巨变单纯归因于美元贬值或商业周期循环这些显而易见的原因。
到如今,对自身的怀疑已被盲目乐观所取代。
“美国的工业已经改变了结构，消除了滞胀，学会了明智”，这是哈佛大学肯尼迪管理学院行政院长理查德·卡佛纳的看法。
华盛顿特区的智囊团——卡托研究院的史蒂芬·莫尔说:“看到我们的企业正在提高自身的生产率，作为一个美国人,我感到自豪。
”哈佛商学院的威廉·萨尔曼相信人们将会把这一时期视为“美国企业管理的黄金时代”。
2000Ｐasｓage 2Being ａmaｎhas aｌways beenｄａｎｇerous． 1. Thｅreａre about 10５maｌesｂorn foｒeverｙ100fｅｍａles, buｔthｉs raｔｉo dropｓｔo nearｂalancｅat ｔhe age ｏf matｕritｙ, aｎd aｍｏｎｇ70-year-oｌds there arｅtwiｃｅas ｍany wｏmenａｓmen．Ｂut the greａt universal of male mｏrtalｉｔyｉs beiｎg chａnged.Nｏｗ, boy babies surviveａlmost ａs well ａｓｇirlｓdｏ.Ｔhｉs meaｎｓthat, ｆoｒthe fiｒｓt time,ｔherｅw ｉｌl be ａn exｃesｓof boyｓin thｏｓe cｒuｃiaｌyｅarｓwhen ｔhey arｅｓe ａrcｈiｎｇforａmaｔe．Ｍoｒｅimportａnｔ, anotｈeｒchancｅfｏr natu ｒａｌseｌｅｃtioｎhａs bｅeｎremｏved．Fｉｆｔｙｙｅarsａgo, ｔhe chance oｆa babｙ(paｒticularly aｂoy bａbｙ)ｓｕrviving depeｎded on iｔｓwｅighｔ. A kｉloｇram ｔoo light or tooｈeavy ｍｅant ａlmost ｃｅrtaｉn deaｔh. Today iｔｍakｅs almoｓｔno ｄiffｅrｅncｅ. Ｓinceｍｕcｈof tｈe variaｔion is dｕe toｇenes,oｎe mｏｒe aｇentｏf eｖｏｌutiｏn haｓgone．做男人总是充满危险,出生时男女比例大约是10５:10０，但到了成熟期,这一比例几乎持平，而在70岁的老人中女性是男性的两倍,但是男性死亡率普遍偏高这种情况正在改变，现在男婴存活率几乎同女婴一样高。
这就意味着男孩到了寻找伴侣的关键年龄将首次出现男孩过剩现象。
更重要的是，又一次自然选择的机会不复存在了。